亲和毛细管电泳研究生物分子的手性识别*

结合作者研究组近年来对毛细管电泳的系统研究,评述了亲和毛细管电泳方法研究生物分子的手性识别进展。简要介绍了该领域研究的意义、原理,列举了含有蛋白、抗生素、糖及核酸等4种重要生物分子的作用体系及一些应用,并展望了该领域的发展潜力及前景。     

毛细管电泳法表征离子液体与蛋白质的相互作用

基于毛细管区带电泳考察了不同离子液体的阳离子母核、烷基侧链碳原子数目和阴离子组成对牛血清白蛋白的影响,以及离子液体[C4mim]BF4与肌红蛋白、牛血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、牛凝血酶和转铁蛋白之间的相互作用。利用亲和毛细管电泳法比较了[C4mim]BF4与上述蛋白之间的相互作用,并计算得到结合常数Kb分别为1.24×107 L/mol,1.23×106 L/mol,5.75×104 L/mol和5.60×104 L/mol。结果表明,转铁蛋白、血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、牛血清白蛋白与离子液体的相互作用依次减弱,存在1～2个数量级的差异。结合毛细管区带电泳和亲和毛细管电泳模式可实现离子液体与多种蛋白质相互作用的定性与定量表征。     

毛细管电泳的原理及应用(第四讲)毛细管电泳在氨基酸、肽及蛋白分析中的应用

毛细管电泳的原理及应用（第四讲）毛细管电泳在氨基酸、肽及蛋白分析中的应用罗国安王义明周国华（清华大学化学系北京１０００８４）１概述毛细管电泳（ＣＥ）的应用包括很多内容。被分析的物质有离子、小分子、生物大分子乃至高分子和粒子的分析；分析对象从无机物、...     

毛细管电泳中的毛细管区段灌注及其相关技术

毛细管区段灌注是一种随手性毛细管电泳、亲和毛细管电泳和胶束电动力色谱-质谱发展而产生的实验技术。由于它能消除采用以上方法时遇到的缓冲溶液对检测的影响。因此引起人们的关注。本文对区段灌注技术的原理,区段灌注技术在手性毛细管电泳、亲和毛细管电泳和胶束电动力色谱中的应用,以及目前区段灌注技术存在的一些问题进行了评述。本文还对由区段灌注技术发展而来的逆流毛细管电泳、液相预柱毛细管电泳、多步配体进样等实验技术进行了简介。     

亲和毛细管电泳技术及其应用

对近几年新发展起来的亲和毛细管电泳技术（ACE）的原理、分类及方法作了简要介绍,着重介绍了亲和毛细管区带电泳、毛细管亲和凝胶电泳、胶束电动色谱中的亲和电泳、亲和毛细管等电聚焦、亲和探针毛细管电泳等过程和方法。对ACE在分子生物学、生物化学中的应用及该技术在亲和常数测定、核酸片段识别、竞争免疫分析、药物先导化合物的筛选等方面的应用也作了介绍。     

微流控芯片毛细管电泳在蛋白质分离分析中的应用研究进展

重点介绍了近年来国内外在微流控芯片毛细管电泳法用于蛋白质分离分析方面的研究进展。按照分离模式的不同,综述了各种应用于蛋白质分离的微流控芯片毛细管电泳系统,讨论了抑制芯片中的蛋白吸附的各种方法,并展望了芯片毛细管电泳系统在蛋白质分离领域的发展前景。引用文献47篇。     

毛细管等电聚焦和电渗泵驱动聚焦区带分离蛋白质

建立了一种利用电渗泵驱动毛细管内的聚焦区带,实现毛细管电泳等电聚焦分离蛋白质的方法。通过控制电压来调节泵的输出流量,从而调节聚焦区带的迁移速度。适用于毛细管电泳等电聚焦两步法分离蛋白质等两性物质。考察了对牛血清白蛋白和溶菌酶两种粗提蛋白质混合物的分离,迁移时间的RSD分别为1.6%和1.3%,峰面积的RSD均为1.6%,证明方法可行。     

α-干扰素的液相色谱/毛细管电泳两维分离分析

用亲和色谱/反相色谱、亲和色谱/毛细管电泳和凝胶色谱/毛细管电泳等两维系统, 对白细胞提取液中的α-干扰素进行分离分析, 并对结果进行比较,充分肯定了亲和色谱/毛细管电泳联用在蛋白质类药物制备纯化中的显著作用,以及毛细管电泳作为此类药物分析工具的可能性。     

集成毛细管电泳芯片及其制作技术的进展

集成毛细管电泳芯片是一个新兴的微量分析装置,它具有高效、快速、度样用量少、节约药品等优点。文章回顾了集成毛细管电泳芯片的历史,介绍了毛细管电泳芯片在原材料、制作方法、表征、进样、分离、检测等方面的进展,并展望了毛细管电泳芯片的前景。     

糖蛋白微观不均一组分的毛细管电泳分离

为分离糖蛋白的微观不均一组分 ,建立了以醇胺为电泳缓冲液主要成分、以聚丙烯酰胺涂层毛细管为分离通道的电泳方法 .利用本法可使琼脂糖电泳纯的鸡卵白蛋白分裂出 2 5个以上的峰 ,使转铁蛋白分裂出 1 0个左右的峰 .控制分离能力的关键因素包括缓冲液的组成、浓度、pH和毛细管内壁的性质等 ,其选择与样品有关 .     

Transient electrophoretic processes in capillaries of non-uniform cross-section

The previous model of electrofocusing in a tapered capillary was extended to cover both focusing and non-focusing modes of capillary electrophoresis. The more general equation derived can be used either for tapered or for funnel-like segments of capillary for which the product of the local cross-section and the length-based separation coordinate is constant. The particular forms of the equation are used to discuss the changes in the vaRiance of a moving Gaussian zone in practically interesting cases of electrophoresis in a capillary of non-uniform cross-section.     

Development of a capillary electrophoretic method for the separation of diastereoisomers of a new human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor

A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method was developed for the separation of diastereoisomers of a new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor TMC114. In total 16 isomers of this drug have been synthesized (eight pairs of enantiomers). We succeeded in the separation of the eight diastereoisomers, but no enantiomers could be separated. Because of the high similarity and water-insolubility of these isomers, the separation is a real challenge. Different CE modes were tried out: capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE), micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), and microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEEKC). Only MEEKC offered resolution of these compounds.     

Study on liposomes by capillary electrophoresis

Liposomes made of mixtures of zwitterionic and anionic lipids were investigated by means of capillary electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering. The influence of the molar lipid ratio and of the buffers, used in the running electrolyte solution, on the physical characteristics of the liposomes were investigated. Data on effective electrophoretic mobilities, total charges as well as sizes of the liposomes are given. In addition, examples on the use of liposomes as carriers in electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis for the separation of benzene derivatives, steroids, and phenols are shown.     

Microfluidic chip electrophoresis for biochemical analysis

Microfluidic chip electrophoresis has been widely employed for separation of various biochemical species owing to its advantages of low sample consumption, low cost, fast analysis, high throughput, and integration capability. In this article, we reviewed the development of four different modes of microfluidics‐based electrophoresis technologies including capillary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, and field (electric) flow fractionation. Coupling detection schemes on microfluidic electrophoresis platform were also reviewed such as optical, electrochemical, and mass spectrometry method. We further discussed the innovative applications of microfluidic electrophoresis for biomacromolecules (nucleic acids and proteins), biochemical small molecules (amino acids, metabolites, ions, etc.), and bioparticles (cells and pathogens) analysis. The future direction of microfluidic chip electrophoresis was predicted.     

高效毛细管电泳法测定二氢叶酸还原酶活力的研究

通过胶束电动毛细管电泳法研究分离二氢叶酸还原酶体系中二氢叶酸、四氢叶酸、 NADP、 NADPH和酶5种组分,在含0.002%Brij-35的pH 9.18 50 mmol/L 的硼砂缓冲溶液中,5种组分在18min内得到基线分离.通过对其产物四氢叶酸峰面积的定量测定,计算出二氢叶酸还原酶的米氏常数,建立了毛细管电泳法对二氢叶酸还原酶活力的测定方法.     

Capillary electrophoresis‐based approaches for the study of affinity interactions combined with various sensitive and nontraditional detection techniques

Nearly all processes in living organisms are controlled and regulated by the synergy of many biomolecule interactions involving proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, nucleotides, saccharides, and small molecular weight ligands. There is growing interest in understanding them, not only for the purposes of interactomics as an essential part of system biology, but also in their further elucidation in disease pathology, diagnostics, and treatment. The necessity of detailed investigation of these interactions leads to the requirement of laboratory methods characterized by high efficiency and sensitivity. As a result, many instrumental approaches differing in their fundamental principles have been developed, including those based on capillary electrophoresis. Although capillary electrophoresis offers numerous advantages for such studies, it still has one serious limitation, its poor concentration sensitivity with the most commonly used detection method–ultraviolet‐visible spectrometry. However, coupling capillary electrophoresis with a more sensitive detector fulfils the above‐mentioned requirement. In this review, capillary electrophoresis combined with fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and several nontraditional detection techniques in affinity interaction studies are summarized and discussed, together with the possibility of conducting these measurements in microchip format.     

A fluorescence toolbox: A review of investigation of electrophoretic separations,process, and interfaces

This review focuses on fluorescence spectroscopy techniques for the investigation of electrophoretic separations. Fluorescence has been used as a sensitive detector for capillary, gel, and microchip electrophoresis for decades. However, advanced fluorescence methods can be used to study transport, interfacial phenomena, intermolecular and affinity interactions, and other processes that occur during separation. This so‐called spectroscopic toolkit can be implemented to understand fundamental behavior in electrophoresis and electrokinetic chromatography. Techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and fluorescence anisotropy are discussed in relation to electrophoretic separations. Newer methods such as super‐resolution microscope are also introduced.     

Analysis of aspartyl peptide degradation products by high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

A reversed-phase HPLC method for the analysis of degradation products of the model aspartyl tripeptides Phe-Asp-GlyNH2 and Gly-Asp-PheNH2 after incubation at pH 2 and 10 was developed. Most of the compounds could be separated with a gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Resolution of the isomeric pairs L-Phe-alpha-L-Asp-GlyNH2/L-Phe-beta-L-Asp-GlyNH2 and L-Phe-alpha-D-Asp-GlyOH/L-Phe-beta-D-Asp-GlyOH was achieved with a gradient of acetonitrile in phosphate buffer, pH 5.0. Under acidic conditions the major degradation pathway was cleavage of the peptide backbone amide bonds yielding dipeptides and amino acids, C-terminal deamidation as well as formation of succidinimyl peptides. At alkaline pH both deamidation of the C-terminal amide as well as isomerization and concomitant enantiomerization of Asp were observed. The peaks were identified both by reference substances and by online electrospray mass spectrometry. The results were compared to a previous developed capillary electrophoresis method. Diastereomeric pairs ofpeptides that could not be separated by capillary electrophoresis were resolved by HPLC while the separation of corresponding pairs of alpha- and beta-Asp peptides was not always achieved by HPLC in contrast to capillary electrophoresis illustrating that both techniques can be complimentary in peptide analysis.     

Determination of surfactants by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis has been increasingly used during the past few years for the separation and determination of surfactants. These substances are applied in many household and industrial products such as laundry detergents, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, often as homologous and isomeric mixtures. Product development and control as well as toxicological and environmental analyses require selective and sensitive analytical methods. This review presents capillary electrophoretic techniques to determine important representatives of cationic, anionic, and neutral surfactants. The application of different buffer additives such as organic solvents, cyclodextrins or micelles to enhance the resolution of complex mixtures is discussed. Besides direct and indirect UV and fluorescence detection, examples for conductivity and mass spectrometric detection are also given. Derivatization procedures to improve the detectability and implement charge in neutral analytes are described. The successful use of capillary electrophoresis for surfactant determinations has proven that it can serve as a routine technique in many real-world applications. Robust, validated methods for the quantitation of single compounds, such as alkylbenzene sulfonates, sodium dodecyl sulfate and benzalkonium salts, are now available. Characteristic peak patterns (fingerprint analysis) can be used for the identification of surfactants in multicomponent formulations (e.g. ethoxylates and phosphonates).     

单分子毛细管电泳

对室温下液流中的单分子光学检测技术的基本原理、主要方法以及它在生物学中的应用做了综述。重点强调了毛细管电泳与单分子检测相结合-单分子毛细管电泳在分析科学中战略上的重要性，并展望了单分子光学检测技术为特征的单分子毛细管电泳在分析化学中的应用前景。