“共存原理”是没有根据的──对《亚光速和超光速映射理论》一文的意见

超光速粒子存在的可能性及其性质是个值得探讨的课题,对超光速粒子的讨论,已有不少工作[1-4].《亚光速和超光速映射理论》以下简称《映射》)一文试图根据对立统一规律,建立亚光速和超光速粒子的统一理论,是应该肯定的.但所提出的“共存原理”没有根据. 按共存观点,超光速粒子与亚光速粒子有完全一一对应的共存关系,凡在加速器中的粒子碰撞时产生一个亚光速粒子就必须“同时产生”一个超光速粒子,这是与大量粒子物理实验的观测不符合的.即使根据《映射》一文的观点,也得不到这样的结果.从文中的(3.8)、(5.5)和(5.6)式可以推得而且沿用该文的…     

光前驱波

文章回顾了近一百年来光前驱波的研究历史及最新的进展.自爱因斯坦的狭义相对论发表以来,真空中的光速不变原理已经被广泛地接受.然而对光在介质中的传播速度,由于复杂的色散关系,却一直存在不同的解读,尤其是对光载信息传播速度以及单个光子的运动.光前驱波的研究旨在回答这个问题.作者和其研究团队在最近的研究中找到了前驱波在光学波段的清晰的证据,并首次发现了单光子波包里的光前驱波.研究结果表明,光载信息传播速度不可能超光速,单光子的运动满足真空光速极限原理,即便是在所谓的“超光速”(群速度超光速)介质中.     

射电子源视超光速运动问题的分析

一、引 言 七十年代以来,利用甚长基线干涉仪对一些河外致密射电源的一系列精确观察,证实了在某些河外射电源中有两个或多个子源以相当大的角速度相互分离.如果按照哈勃关系和这些射电源的红移值估计距离,那么子源间视横向速度甚至要超过光速.这个现象引起了天文学和物理学界的广泛注意. 河外射电源的研究对于星系的形成和演化,对于宇宙学都有十分重要的意义.尤其是有子源结构的射电源,已发现它们有特别的作用[1].在具有极端的物条件的类星体或星系核中,如果确实存在着真实的超光速运动粒子,或超光速传播的相互作用,将是对整个物理学基本理…     

运动介质中电磁波的能流密度

利用电磁场变换,讨论了运动介质中一列平面单色电磁波的能流密度给出超光速情形下电磁波及介质的性质。结果表明,随着介质运动速度的增加,电磁波能流密度方向可发生突变。     

行星的运动

学术界正在准备发射一批人造地球卫星。这些实验不仅将引起所有国家的技术工作者的生动兴趣,而且也会吸引广大群众的注意。因此使我们协会的会员们去注意行星运动中的一个颇有趣味的性质是很适时的。如大家所知,这些天体的运动是依从于刻卜勒诸定律的。这些定律对于人造卫星,在把它们发射出地球大气层到绝对真空中去的情形下,也是适用的。同时假设,仅有径向力作用到这些天体中的每一个上面:对行星是太阳的引力,对人造卫星是地球的引力。所提及的性质可表为下面的形式:行星运     

流体的粘滞阻力对物体运动的影响

力学中有求解物体在流体介质（如空气和水）中运动的问题,如船在水中的运动,小球在空气或水中下落时的运动等．在这类问题中,什么情况下流体的粘滞阻力可以忽略,常使学生产生疑问,而教师又很少解释清楚．下面以小球在流体介质中下落力例,讨论粘滞阻力对物体运动的影响．     

行星的视运动与圆外旋轮线

用简化模型（行得在同一平面内绕太阳作匀速圆周运动）分析了行星相对于地球的运动（视运动）。给出了视运动的运动方程，证明了行星视运动的轨迹与圆外旋轮线，讨论了行星的顺向运动与逆向运动，给出了关于水星、金星、火星、土星、木星的数值结果。     

相对论力学中恒力作用下带电粒子的运动

将相对论力学规律的三维形式应用于带电粒子运动问题,导出恒力作用下粒子的加速度关系式及速度关系式,并据此分别得出光速c是带电粒子速度极限的结论,同时还将其与经典力学中恒力作用下的粒子运动进行了比较。     

人造地球卫星的运动规律

与由苏联人造地球卫星的出现有关,从许多方面提出了问题:它如何发射?何以能飞行? 本文不准备对所有作用于人造卫星的外力、如地球的非正球形及大气阻力等,作高度精确的叙述,只对某些基本关系及规律提出基本的知识,这些关系与规律包括利用多级火箭使卫星加速及卫星环绕地球的运动。在第一级近似中略去月球,其他行星及太阳对卫星飞行的影响,可将卫星在地球引力场中的运动表示为如下的情形。要使人造卫星围绕地球沿圆形轨道运转而不落到地面上,必须要依据达朗伯原理,使卫星在规定轨道高度上的重力等于离心力。以下符号表示的意义     

介质中光速种种

本文着重介绍了近年来对于介质中光速的实验研究，特别是介质中的光脉冲的超光速现象。     

Cycles of solar activity and the configurations of planets

In this paper, using the parameter??the average difference between the heliocentric longitudes of the planets Venus, Earth and Jupiter??the strong link found 22-year and 11-year cycles of solar activity with the lowest values of the parameter. The envelope curve of the minimum values of this parameter is well described as the conjunctions of the three planets, when they are almost in a straight line from the sun, which causes the maximum of solar activity, and the conjunctions in the larger longitudinal sector (25?C30 degrees), which occur much more frequently and are accompanied by different combinations of planets on the opposite side of the Sun, which also cause the maximum of solar activity. Location of these planets on opposite sides of the Sun in various combinations is very well compatible with the parameter used.     

Lobachevsky geometry and unsolved problems of solar cosmogony

An axiomatic method of constructing physics in Lobachevsky space is proposed. Dynamical equations are applied to explain the principal properties of the solar system, its planets, their satellites, and rings.     

Oscillating Propagation of Kink in Nondissipative Frenkel-Kontorova Chain Due to External DC Force

We report the oscillating propagation of kink in a nondissipative Frenkel-Kontorova （FK） chain driven by external DC force, which is different from the usual propagation of localized modes with equal speed. When the kink moves in the opposite direction of the external DC force, the kink will be accelerated and the potential of the FK chain in the external force field is transformed to be the kinetic energy of the kink. If the kink reaches the boundary of the FK chain, the kink will be bounced back and moves in the opposite direction, then the kink will be decelerated gradually and the kinetic energy of the kink ＆ transformed to be the potential of the FK chain in the external force field. If the speed of the kink reaches zero, the kink will move in the opposite direction again driven by the external DC force, and a new oscillating cycle begins. Simulation result demonstrates exactly the transformation between the kinetic energy of the kink and the potential of the FK chain in the external force field. The interesting energy exchange is induced by the special topology of kinks, and other localized modes, such as breathers and envelope solitons, have no the interesting phenomenon.     

天体物理学讲座第三讲 恒星形成：从星际分子云到原始行星系统

对行星系统起源问题的研究在近年来已经取得很大进展,一方面是星际分子云与恒星形成的天文研究取得了令人瞩目的成就,研究表明,包括太阳在内的恒星是由冷暗的星际分子云收缩形成的。在形成恒星的过程中,普遍伴随出现围绕恒星的盘状的原始行星系统,在这种原始行星系统中间,尘埃颗粒逐渐生长,并凝聚成行星,彗星等,从分子云到原始行星系统大约经历百万年,而木星这样的大行星有可能在恒星收缩阶段同时形成,并且在行星系统的发展过程中逐渐发展,行星系统起源的另一方面进展来自包括彗星,太阳系行星际探测,从而对太阳系这样的行星系统的组成和性质,对行星大气等有了更精确的了解,以此为参考,能够测定那些离太阳系的其他新近发现的行星系统的物理化学性质,从而提供了一系列互相联系和对比的样本,通过上述进展,现代天文学正逐渐揭开行星系统形成之谜。     

The magnetospheres of Mercury,Earth, and the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn

Brief information is given on the magnetospheres of the planets in the solar system that have intrinsic magnetic fields: Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. A universal model is constructed for the magnetosphere of a planet. Modifications of this model that are applied to individual planets are considered. The proposed models describe the basic physical processes that are responsible for the structure and dynamics of the magnetosphere. The numerical results of the simulations are compared with the direct measurements of magnetic fields and charged particle fluxes in the vicinity of the planets obtained in spacecraft (SC) missions.     

General Relativity and Cosmology Derived From Principle of Maximum Power or Force

The field equations of general relativity are shown to derive from a limit to force or to power in nature. The limits have the value of c⁴/4G and c⁵/4G. The proof makes use of a result of Jacobson. All known experimental data are consistent with the limits. Applied to the universe, the limits predict its darkness at night and the observed scale factor. Other experimental tests of the limits are proposed. The main counterarguments and paradoxes are discussed, such as the transformation under boosts, the force felt at a black hole horizon, the mountain problem, and the contrast to scalar–tensor theories of gravitation. The resolution of the paradoxes also clarifies why the maximum force and the maximum power have remained hidden for so long. The derivation of the field equations shows that the maximum force or power plays the same role for general relativity as the maximum speed plays for special relativity.     

The 11-year cycle of solar activity and configurations of the planets

In this paper a parameter was used, viz., the average difference between the heliocentric longitudes (ADL) of the planets Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. For the minimum ADL (the planets are in conjunction), as well as at the minimum deviation of the planets from a line passing through them and the Sun at the location of the planets on opposite sides from the Sun, an index was composed that uniquely describes the 11-year cycle of solar activity.     

Relationship of solar activity cycles to planetary configurations

A single-valued relation of the 22-year and 11-year solar activity cycles is calculated with allowance for the minimum values of the average difference between the heliocentric longitudes of Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. The envelope curve of the minimum values of this parameter describes both conjunctions of the three planets when they are positioned in an almost straight line from the Sun (causing peak solar activity) and the far more frequent assemblies in a broader longitudinal sector (25–30 degrees) that are characterized by different combinations of planets on opposite sides of the Sun, also eliciting peak solar activity.     

Aberration and the Fundamental Speed of Gravity in the Jovian Deflection Experiment

We describe our explicit Lorentz-invariant solution of the Einstein and null geodesic equations for the deflection experiment of 2002 September 8 when a massive moving body, Jupiter, passed within 3.7’ of a line-of-sight to a distant quasar. We develop a general relativistic framework which shows that our measurement of the retarded position of a moving light-ray deflecting body (Jupiter) by making use of the gravitational time delay of quasar’s radio wave is equivalent to comparison of the relativistic laws of the Lorentz transformation for gravity and light. Because, according to Einstein, the Lorentz transformation of gravity field variables must depend on a fundamental speed c, its measurement through the retarded position of Jupiter in the gravitational time delay allows us to study the causal nature of gravity and to set an upper limit on the speed of propagation of gravity in the near zone of the solar system as contrasted to the speed of the radio waves. In particular, the v/c term beyond of the standard Einstein’s deflection, which we measured to 20% accuracy, is associated with the aberration of the null direction of the gravity force (“aberration of gravity”) caused by the Lorentz transformation of the Christoffel symbols from the static frame of Jupiter to the moving frame of observer. General relativistic formulation of the experiment identifies the aberration of gravity with the retardation of gravity because the speed of gravitational waves in Einstein’s theory is equal to the speed of propagation of the gravity force. We discuss the misconceptions which have inhibited the acceptance of this interpretation of the experiment. We also comment on other interpretations of this experiment by Asada, Will, Samuel, Pascual–Sánchez, and Carlip and show that their “speed of light” interpretations confuse the Lorentz transformation for gravity with that for light, and the fundamental speed of gravity with the physical speed of light from the quasar. For this reason, the “speed of light” interpretations are not entirely consistent with a retarded Liénard–Wiechert solution of the Einstein equations, and do not properly incorporate how the phase of the radio waves from the quasar is perturbed by the retarded gravitational field of Jupiter. Although all of the formulations predict the same deflection to the order of v/c, our formulation shows that the underlying cause of this deflection term is associated with the aberration of gravity and not of light, and that the interpretations predict different deflections at higher orders of v/c beyond the Shapiro delay, thus, making their measurement highly desirable for deeper testing of general relativity in future astrometric experiments like Gaia, SIM, and SKA.     

Movement of a millimeter-sized oil drop pushed by optical force

We show experimentally that when an unfocused continuous wave(CW) laser beam is obliquely incident onto the surface of a millimeter-sized mineral oil drop on sucrose solution, it will exert a pushing force on the oil drop, making it move forwards along the surface of the sucrose solution. However, after a period of time, the oil drop stops moving. This can be explained as the phenomenon caused by the change of Abraham momentum, the optical gradient force, and friction together.