Current Status and Prospects of Bioassay

The status of bioassay, which is a relatively new method in analytical chemistry, is discussed. This method is of paramount importance for environmental analysis. Attention is focused on the combined effects of analytes on indicator organisms.     

Melanoma Chemoprevention: Current Status and Future Prospects

The incidence of skin cancers, both nonmelanoma and melanoma, is increasing in the United States. The ultraviolet radiation, mainly from sun, is considered the major cause for these neoplasms. While nonmelanoma skin cancers are far more numerous, melanoma remains the most challenging. This is because melanoma can become extremely aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide due to lack of effective early detection, as well as disease recurrence, following both surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, in addition to better treatment options, newer means are required to prevent melanomas from developing. Chemoprevention is a reasonable cost‐effective approach to prevent carcinogenesis by inhibiting the processes of tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Melanoma is a progressive disease, which makes it very suitable for chemopreventive interventions, by targeting the processes and molecular pathways involved in the progression of melanoma. This review discusses the roles of various chemopreventive agents such as NSAIDs, statins, vitamins and dietary agents in melanoma and highlights current advancements and our perspective on future of melanoma chemoprevention. Although considerable preclinical data suggest that melanoma may be prevented or delayed by a numerous chemopreventive agents, we realize there are insufficient clinical studies evaluating their efficacy and long‐term safety for human use.     

Opals: Status and Prospects

The beauty of opals results from a densely packed, highly ordered arrangement of silica spheres with a diameter of several hundred nanometers. Such ordered nanostructures are typical examples of materials called photonic crystals, which can be formed by known microstructuring methods and by self‐assembly. Opals represent a self‐assembly approach to these structured media; such an approach can lead to novel materials for photonics, photocatalysis, and other areas. Although self‐assembly leads to many types of defects, resulting in the surprising and very individual appearance of natural opals, it causes also difficulties in technological applications of opal systems.     

小型燃料电池的研究现状与应用前景分析

本文评述了小型燃料电池的研究现状,详细分析了小型燃料电池的电性能、燃料方案与排放物三方面存在的问题,指出了其可能的应用范围。最后展望了小型燃料电池进一步发展所需要继续研究的课题。     

新一代动力锂离子电池磷酸锰锂正极材料的研究现状与展望

磷酸锰锂（LiMnPO₄）正极材料具有能量密度高、成本低、安全性高和热稳定性好等优点,目前已成为锂电产业界研究的热点,有望成为继磷酸铁锂（LiFePO₄）之后的新一代正极材料. 然而,磷酸锰锂的电子电导率和锂离子扩散率均很低,其电化学性能提高较为困难,至今尚无法制备出满足实际应用的高性能LiMnPO₄正极材料,严重制约了LiMnPO₄材料及其电池的发展. 本文从LiMnPO₄的结构特性出发,对近年来国内外在碳包覆、离子掺杂、纳米化和控制晶体形貌等改性研究、全电池研究、专利情况以及商业化尝试等多方面进行了综述,并对LiMnPO₄的发展进行了展望.     

磁共振/光学双模态分子探针的研究现状与展望

基于磁共振与荧光成像的双模态成像技术不仅克服了传统单一分子影像技术在灵敏度、特异度、分辨率等方面的固有缺陷，更是拓宽了分子影像技术在诊断及治疗监控等领域的研究范围及应用前景。本文将对磁共振/荧光双模态分子探针的应用情况和研究进展等进行综述。     

Radiation Chemistry and Radiation Technology at the Boundary of the Centuries: The Current Status and Prospects for Development

A brief review of the current status of radiation chemistry and radiation technology is presented. Particular attention is focused on the results of studies performed in the last five to six years of the 20th century. Data on the most important branches and the most considerable advances in modern radiation chemistry are given. Recent achievements in radiation technology are summarized. A forecast of the development of radiation chemistry and radiation technology technology for the next few decades is made.     

Application of Metabolomics in Fungal Research

Metabolomics is an essential method to study the dynamic changes of metabolic networks and products using modern analytical techniques, as well as reveal the life phenomena and their inherent laws. Currently, more and more attention has been paid to the development of metabolic histochemistry in the fungus field. This paper reviews the application of metabolomics in fungal research from five aspects: identification, response to stress, metabolite discovery, metabolism engineering, and fungal interactions with plants.     

Mixotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: Status and Prospects

Biodiesel from microalgae provides a promising alternative for biofuel production. Microalgae can be produced under three major cultivation modes, namely photoautotrophic cultivation, heterotrophic cultivation, and mixotrophic cultivation. Potentials and practices of biodiesel production from microalgae have been demonstrated mostly focusing on photoautotrophic cultivation; mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production has rarely been reviewed. This paper summarizes the mechanisms and virtues of mixotrophic microalgae cultivation through comparison with other major cultivation modes. Influencing factors of microalgal biodiesel production under mixotrophic cultivation are presented, development of combining microalgal biodiesel production with wastewater treatment is especially reviewed, and bottlenecks and strategies for future commercial production are also identified.     

Recent Development of Electrolytes for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (Aorfbs): Current Status,Challenges, and Prospects

In recent years, aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) have attracted considerable attention due to advancements in grid-level energy storage capacity research. These batteries offer remarkable benefits, including outstanding capacity retention, excellent cell performance, high energy density, and cost-effectiveness. The organic electrolytes in AORFBs exhibit adjustable redox potentials and tunable solubilities in water. Previously, various types of organic electrolytes, such as quinones, organometallic complexes, viologens, redox-active polymers, and organic salts, were extensively investigated for their electrochemical performance and stability. This study presents an overview of recently published novel organic electrolytes for AORFBs in acidic, alkaline, and neutral environments. Furthermore, it delves into the current status, challenges, and prospects of AORFBs, highlighting different strategies to overcome these challenges, with special emphasis placed on their design, composition, functionalities, and cost. A brief techno-economic analysis of various aqueous RFBs is also outlined, considering their potential scalability and integration with renewable energy systems.     

低热膨胀聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究进展与展望

聚酰亚胺是一种很有发展前途的高分子材料,热膨胀系数高的问题限制了聚酰亚胺的应用,降低热膨胀系数已成为聚酰亚胺研究热点之一。本文概述了国内外关于降低聚酰亚胺薄膜热膨胀系数的主要方法:分子结构设计法、共聚法、树脂共混法、添加纳米粒子法。阐述了工艺因素(如涂膜方式、牵伸条件等)对聚酰亚胺热膨胀系数的影响,并对未来低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺薄膜的发展方向进行了展望。     

二次金属离子电池的研究现状*

二次电池是应用范围广泛,发展前景广阔的电化学储能器件。综述了二次金属离子电池体系的基本工作原理和研究现状,对二次金属离子电池储能技术的发展做出了展望。     

Sol-Gel Science and Technology: Current State and Future Prospects

This paper addresses the current state and future prospects of sol-gel processing. It summarizes responses to a questionnaire received from more than four dozen leaders of the sol-gel community. Overall, the respondents remain quite sanguine about the future prospects for the field, and with numerous areas where sol-gel processing can provide unique capabilities and novel materials. The present authors acknowledge this potential, but argue that its achievement will depend upon greatly increased involvement of the sol-gel community with applications, and carrying out a much larger fraction of sol-gel research in the context of applications.     

生物降解聚合物的研究和产业化进展及展望

结合作者等近十年来在生物降解聚合物领域的研究和产业化工作,本文概述了聚乳酸、聚氨基酸、聚对二氧六环酮及其它生物降解聚合物的合成进展,综述了可生物降解温度敏感水凝胶、形状记忆高分子材料的研究概况,阐述了可生物降解聚合物在生物活性大分子控释体系、超细纤维组织工程支架上的应用研究,介绍了可生物降解聚合物在食品包装、纺织和汽车电子等方面的应用,总结了可生物降解聚合物、医疗器械、药物制剂和组织工程等领域产业化近况.最后展望了生物降解聚合物的研究、应用和产业化前景.     

有机碘的研究现状及应用

碘是人体必需微量元素,有重要的生理功能,碘缺乏或过量都会导致疾病。介绍了一些有机碘特别是氨基酸碘的制备方法和研究现状,以及有机碘在医药领域中的应用。     

Coupling of Solar Energy and Thermal Energy for Carbon Dioxide Reduction: Status and Prospects

Enormous efforts have been devoted to the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by utilizing various driving forces, such as heat, electricity, and radiation. However, the efficient reduction of CO₂ is still challenging because of sluggish kinetics. Recent pioneering studies from several groups, including us, have demonstrated that the coupling of solar energy and thermal energy offers a novel and promising strategy to promote the activity and/or manipulate selectivity in CO₂ reduction. Herein, we clarify the definition and principles of coupling solar energy and thermal energy, and comprehensively review the status and prospects of CO₂ reduction by coupling solar energy and thermal energy. Catalyst design, reactor configuration, photo‐mediated activity/selectivity, and mechanism studies in photo‐thermo CO₂ reduction will be emphasized. The aim of this Review is to promote understanding towards CO₂ activation and provide guidelines for the design of new catalysts for the efficient reduction of CO₂.     

质子交换膜燃料电池电流密度分布特性和研究展望

质子交换膜燃料电池具有无污染、噪声低、能量密度高、燃料转换效率高、响应速度快的显著优点,得到了迅速发展,但寿命仍然是制约其大规模商业化的重要原因。局部电流密度作为质子交换膜燃料电池运行过程中的重要参数,既能作为电池运行过程中的故障诊断和定位工具,提升电池运行的稳定性和和耐久性;又能提供电池运行期间其内部现象的有关信息,为深入理解电池反应机理以及优化电池设计提供有力指导,因此研究局部电流密度具有非常重要的意义。本文介绍并分析了实时原位测量局部电流密度的方法,比较了前人实验所得结果与模拟所得结果,阐述了相关参数对局部电流密度分布的影响机制,回顾并评析了局部电流密度用于燃料电池分析中的实际工作。最后,立足于局部电流密度的研究现状,给出了局部电流密度下一步的研究方向。     

Bioluminescence and exogenous compounds: physico-chemical basis for bioluminescent assay

Bioluminescent systems are convenient objects to study mechanisms of influence of exogenous molecules on living organisms. Classification of physical and physico-chemical mechanisms of the effects of luminous bacteria Photobacterium leiognathi on bioluminescent reactions is suggested. Five mechanisms are discussed: (1) change of electron-excited states' population and energy transfer, (2) change of efficiency of S-T conversion in the presence of external heavy atom, (3) change of rates of coupled reactions, (4) interactions with enzymes and variation of enzymatic activity, (5) nonspecific effects of electron acceptors. Effects of various groups of chemical compounds are discussed according to the classification suggested. The compounds are: a series of fluorescent dyes, organic oxidizers, organic and inorganic heavy-atom containing compounds, and metallic salts. Applications of fluorescence time-resolved and steady-state techniques, as well as bioluminescence kinetics study, are discussed. The patterns of exogenous compounds' influence form a physico-chemical basis for bioluminescent ecological assay.