Oxidation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones by nitrogen dioxide

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones are rapidly oxidised by nitrogen dioxide to gem-nitroazo compounds 2, in yields ranging from 60–85%. The nitration products of aldohydrazones 3 undergo spontaneous rearrangement to hydrazones 5. An addition-elimination mechanism is proposed, in accordance with the observed kinetic deuterium-isotope effect.     

2,4-二硝基苯醛腙的APCI-MS/MS研究

环境样品中的微量醛酮常用2,4-二硝基苯肼将其衍生化为2,4-二硝基苯腙(DNPH),然后通过配置大气压化学电离源(APCI)的HPLC-MS/MS进行分离测定[1].APCI源产生的离子寿命长达10 μs,足够离子和离子之间、离子和分子之间在离子源及离子阱内发生反应,MS/MS产生的离子机理通常比较复杂.本文为了探究醛类化合物的2,4-二硝基苯腙衍生物的(-)APCI-MS/MS行为,找出其裂解规律,对甲醛、乙醛和丙醛的2,4-二硝基苯腙衍生物作了(-)APCI-MS/MS,结果均出现m/z 76、120、151、179离子,情形与Stephan Kolliker等人报道的丙酮腙的结果相符,明显不同之处是醛腙的MS/MS都出现m/z 163离子强信号,笔者认为后者可能为m/z 179离子失去1个氧原子而生成了苯并三唑离子.     

Microdetermination of ketosteroids as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones

Summary The simple gravimetric microprocedure to determine carbonyl compounds in the form of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones has been applied to the analysis of ketosteroids. Evaluation of the method with 9 ketosteroids gives values of –0.1 to –0.4% C=O group and variance of 0.00976%. Comparative study with 10 simple aldehydes and ketones shows that this method gives better precision and accuracy for the simple compounds.

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Zusammenfassung Die einfache mikrogravimetrische Bestimmung der Carbonylverbindungen als 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone wurde auf Ketosteroide angewandt und erbrachte bei neun derartigen Substanzen Werte, die zwischen 0,1 und 0,4% unterhalb der Theorie lagen mit einer Varianz von 0,00976%. Vergleichende Untersuchungen mit zehn einfachen Aldehyden und Ketonen ergaben, daß diese Methode bei einfachen Verbindungen richtigere und genauere Ergebnisse liefert.

     

Thermal stabilities of some benzaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones

The thermal stability of some benzaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones has been studied using DSC technique. The crystalline solids are thermally stable and start to decompose after melting. Non-isothermal DSC curves, recorded at several heating rates, were used to evaluate the melting properties and the kinetics of thermal decomposition. Both isoconversional and model fitting methods were used for the evaluation of the kinetic parameters. Based on the results of the model free method, a kinetic model was derived and the kinetic parameters were obtained by means of a multivariate non-linear regression. A good agreement between the experimental and fitted data was found.     

Acid-catalyzed isomerization and decomposition of ketone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones

The quantitative analysis of ketones using DNPH is usually conducted in the presence of an acid catalyst. However, this method may cause an analytical error because 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have both E- and Z-stereoisomers. Purified ketone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone comprised only the E-isomer. However, under the addition of acid, both E- and Z-isomers were seen. In the case of 2-butanone-, 2-pentanone- and 2-hexanone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, the equilibrium Z/E isomer ratios were 0.20, 0.21 and 0.22, respectively. In addition, when trace water was added to the hydrazone derivatives in acetonitrile solution, the concentration of ketone derivatives were seen to decrease and the concentration of free DNPH was seen to increase. The decomposition rate of 2-butanone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone was dependent on the concentration of acid-catalysis and reached an equilibrium state - carbonyl, DNPH, hydrazone-derivative and H₂O - within 10 h at 0.1 mol L⁻¹ phosphoric acid solution. The equilibrium constants of ketone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, [carbonyl] [DNPH]/[hydrazone] [H₂O], were relatively large and ranged from 0.74 × 10⁻⁴ to 5.9 × 10⁻⁴. Hydrazone derivatives formed from 2-ketones such as 2-pentanone, 2-hexanone and 4-methyl-2-pentanone showed lower equilibrium constants than corresponding 3-ketones. Consequently, only a minimum concentration of catalytic acid must be added. The best method for the determination of ketone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones by HPLC or GC is to add phosphoric acid to both the standard reference solution and samples, forming a 0.001 mol L⁻¹ acid solution, and analyze after 27 h.     

Two‐dimensional separation techniques using supercritical fluid chromatography

High‐resolution separation systems are essential for the analysis of complex mixtures in a wide variety of application areas. To increase resolution, multidimensional chromatographic techniques have been one key solution. Supercritical fluid chromatography provides a unique opportunity in these multidimensional separations based on its potential for high solvent compatibility, rapid duty cycles, and orthogonality to other separation modes. This review focuses on two‐dimensional chromatography methods from the past decade that use supercritical fluid chromatography because of these advantages. Valving schemes and modulation strategies used to interface supercritical fluid chromatography with other liquid chromatography and gas chromatography techniques are described. Particular applications of multidimensional separations using supercritical fluid chromatography for the analysis of oils and chiral separations of pharmaceutical compounds are highlighted. Limitations of and a potential trajectory for supercritical fluid chromatography in this field are also discussed.