Determination of ofloxacin enantiomers in sewage using two-step solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A robust analytical method has been developed and validated for the trace analysis of ofloxacin enantiomers in sewage using two-step solid-phase extraction purification and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FL). Ofloxacin enantiomers were separated on an Aglient TC-C-18 column using MeOH-water containing 4mmol/L CuSO4 and 5mmol/L l-isoleucine as mobile phase. The ofloxacin enantiomers were first extracted by a weak cation-exchange resin (WCX) and eluted with acidified MeOH (0.5% formic acid), then further purified by mixed mode of anion-exchange resin (MAX), resulting in ofloxacin recoveries generally above 95%. The limit of quantification was 0.08microg/L for each enantiomer. No significant matrix effect was found during the analytical procedure and standard solution calibration curves could be used for quantification. Total concentrations of both enantiomers in real sewage samples based on LC-FL method were consistent with those obtained upon liquid chromatography using tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.     

化学-X-射线荧光光谱法测定地质样品中的痕量稀土元素

本文采用对氯偶氮氯膦(CPA—PCL)为螯合剂,VS-Ⅱ型强碱性阴离子交换纤维为载体,以先吸着后螯合方式对稀土元素与基体元素进行分离与富集,并经酸溶制备成溶液,采用溶液进样法直接由X射线荧光光谱法(XRFS)测定15个稀土元素。该法具有简便、整合剂用量少、基体效应小的特点,精密度、准确度及检测限均能满足地质样品分析要求,取得满意结果。     

Determination of trace elements in manganese metal and compounds by ion-exchange chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry : Part 1. Determination of Li,Na, K,Be, Ti(IV), Mg,Ni, Ca and Al

Traces of the specified elements can be separated from 1-g amounts of manganese(II), using a 20-g column of AG50W-X8 cation-exchange resin. The trace elements are separated into four groups and are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, except titanium, which is determined spectrophotometrically. With the exception of sodium, recoveries for 10 μg amounts vary between 94% (for nickel) and 101% (for magnesium). Relevant elution curves, results for the analysis of synthetic mixtures and for the determination of eight trace elements in samples of manganese metal, manganese chloride and manganese dioxide are presented.     

Preparation of cation-exchange stir bar sorptive extraction based on monolithic material and its application to the analysis of soluble cations in milk by ion chromatography

In this study, a new cation-exchange coating for stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) based on poly (acrylic acid-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic material was synthesized. The effect of polymerization conditions such as the ratio of functional monomer to cross-linker and the content of porogenic solvent on the extraction efficiencies were investigated in detail. The monolithic material was characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the usability of the new coating for the extraction of inorganic cations, the analysis of soluble K(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) in milk by ion chromatography with conductivity detection was selected as a paradigm. Several extractive parameters, including pH value in sample matrix, desorption solvent, extraction and desorption time were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, low detection limits (S/N = 3) and quantification limits (S/N = 10) of the proposed method for the target cations were achieved within the range of 0.12-0.28 and 0.4-0.92 μg L(-1), respectively. The method also showed good linearity, simplicity, practicality and low cost for the extraction of inorganic cations. Finally, the proposed method was successfully used to analyse three different trademarks of commercial milk samples with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 71.1% to 102.8%.     

Simple ion chromatographic method for the determination of chlormequat residues in pears

Current methods for quantitative determination of chlormequat residues in food crops are characterized by rather low recoveries and the need for derivatization (in case of gas chromatography, GC), or by high capital investment (in case of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, LC–MS). We propose a cation-exchange chromatography method for the analysis of chlormequat in pears. The method is based on extraction of the target compound with 40 mM HCl, followed by centrifugation and filtration. The filtrate is directly injected into an ion chromatograph equipped with a commercially available cation-exchange column and a suppressed conductivity detection system. While the limit of detection (LOD) (0.5 mg/kg) may not be small enough to allow dietary analysis, the method meets all validation requirements and is an alternative for the existing GC and LC–MS methods in quality control.     

Modification of Soxhlet Extractor for Rapid and Effective Recovery of Phenolic Pollutants Adsorbed on XAD-4 Resin

A newly modified extractor facilitated rapid extraction (10.0 mL, 1 h) of eleven phenols from XAD-4 resin for comparable recoveries to those with conventional Soxhlet extractor (80.0 mL, 3 h). Combined with analysis by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode as tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives, the overall method was linear (≥ 0.9991) with satisfactory precision (≤ 9.2% RSD), accuracy (≤ 7.7% RE), detection limit (≤ 0.02 μg L^?1), and recovery rates (≥ 75.0%) in 0.05 to 1.0 μg L^?1. Six phenolic pollutants were quantitatively screened along with bisphenol A (0.028 μg L^?1) from river water.     

Extractive chromatographic separation and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric determination of trace impurities in high purity europium oxide

An easily applicable separation method has been developed for the accurate and simultaneous determination of trace amounts of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in high purity europium oxide by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) combined with extraction chromatography. Spectral interferences and europium matrix effects were examined. The chromatographic separation procedure was carried out with a di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP)-Levextrel resin as the stationary phase, which retained the matrix europium, and dilute nitric acid as the mobile phase, which eluted the analyte of interest. The effect of nitric acid concentration on the adsorption of europium and the analyte ions on the resin, the eluting behaviour of these elements on the chromatographic column, and the capacity of the resin for europium oxide were investigated. The quantitative limits for determination (10 sigma), based on a 0.5-g amount of europium oxide, are between 0.36 microg/g for Mn and 6.4 microg/g for Pb. The method was applied to two spiked samples and a high purity europium oxide certified reference material. Results were obtained for recoveries of 93.2-112% and precision of 4-13%, expressed as the relative standard deviation and excellent agreement with the certified value with a relative error of <4%.     

Determination of steroid sex hormones in wastewater by stir bar sorptive extraction based on poly(vinylpyridine-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic material and liquid chromatographic analysis

In this study, a simple and rapid method was developed for the determination of seven steroid hormones in wastewater. Sample preparation and analysis were performed by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) based on poly(vinylpyridine-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic material (SBSEM) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. To achieve the optimum extraction performance, several main parameters, including extraction and desorption time, pH value and contents of inorganic salt in the sample matrix, were investigated. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the method showed good linearity and repeatability, as well as advantages such as sensitivity, simplicity, low cost and high feasibility. The extraction performance of SBSEM to the target compounds also compared with commercial SBSE which used polydimethylsiloxane as coating. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the target compounds in wastewater samples. The recoveries of spiked target compounds in real samples ranged from 48.2% to 110%.     

Radiochemical analysis of uranium isotopes in soil and sediment samples with extraction chromatography

An accurate and simple analytical technique for uranium isotopes in highly contaminated soil samples was developed and validated by application to IAEA-Reference samples and environmental samples. For overcoming the demerits of the TBP extraction method, sample materials were decomposited with HNO(3) and HF and uranium isotopes were purified with an anion exchange resin and a TRU Spec resin. With the extraction chromatography method, hindrance elements were completely removed from the uranium fraction. The chemical yields with the extraction chromatography method were <10% higher than those with the TBP extraction method. The concentrations of uranium isotopes using the extraction chromatography method were consistent with the reference values reported by the IAEA.     

Rapid method for determination of plutonium, americium and curium in large soil samples

The analysis of actinides in environmental soil and sediment samples is very important for environmental monitoring. There is a need to measure actinide isotopes with very low detection limits. A new, rapid actinide separation method has been developed and implemented that allows the measurement of plutonium, americium and curium isotopes in large soil samples (100–200 g) with high chemical recoveries and effective removal of matrix interferences. This method uses stacked TEVA Resin®, TRU Resin® and DGA-Resin® cartridges from Eichrom Technologies (Darien, IL, USA) that allows the rapid separation of plutonium (Pu), americium (Am), and curium (Cm) using a single multi-stage column combined with alpha-spectrometry. The method combines an acid leach step and innovative matrix removal using cerium fluoride precipitation to remove the difficult soil matrix. This method is unique in that it provides high tracer recoveries and effective removal of interferences with small extraction chromatography columns instead of large ion-exchange resin columns that generate large amounts of acid waste. By using vacuum box cartridge technology with rapid flow rates, sample preparation time is minimized.     

The development of sequential separation methods for the analysis of actinides in sediments and biological materials using anion-exchange resins and extraction chromatography

Summary New, quantitative methods for the determination of actinides have been developed for application to marine environmental samples (e.g., sediment and fish). The procedures include aggressive dissolution, separation by anion-exchange resin, separation and purification by extraction chromatography (e.g., TRU, TEVA and UTEVA resins) with measurement of the radionuclides by semiconductor alpha-spectrometry (SAS). Anion-exchange has proved to be a strong tool to treat large volume samples, and extraction chromatography shows an excellent selectivity and reduction of the amounts of acids. The results of the analysis of uranium, thorium, plutonium and americium isotopes by this method in marine samples (IAEA-384, -385 and -414) provided excellent agreement with the recommended values with good chemical recoveries.     

Separation and concentration of technetium using a Tc-selective extraction chromatographic resin

For⁹⁹Tc separation from environmental samples, liquid-liquid extraction, ion-exchange chromatography and coprecipitation, have been described. Although these methods are removing matrix elements, some combinations of them is necessary for purification and concentration of Tc. Besides, the procedures are time-consuming and generally a week or more is needed to purify Tc in the samples. In this study, a novel extraction chromatographic resin for the separation and preconcentration of Tc from several kinds of solutions is described. The material is shown to retain Tc efficiently and selectively from these solutions. Sorbed Tc is readily recovered using 5 ml of 12M HNO₃ and the recoveries with^95mTc are more than 97% for all sample solutions.     

Method for the determination of residues of the herbicide glyphosate and its principal metabolite,aminomethylphosphonic acid,in plant materials by nitrogen-selective gas chromatography

A method has been developed for the determination of residues of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in stem tissues of blueberries and raspberries. This method involves extraction with water, removal of pigments by charcoal treatment followed by column chromatography using a cation-exchange resin for removal of sugar, a single-step derivatization reaction, and quantification by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Limits of detection for glyphosate and its metabolite were 0.03 and 0.01 mg kg^?1, respectively, for both blueberry and raspberry stems.     

A definitive RNAA method for determination of selenium in biological samples: uncertainty evaluation and assessment of degree of accuracy

This article describes work on the development of a highly accurate RNAA method for determination of selenium in biological samples. The analytical post-irradiation procedure is based on a combination of cation-exchange and extraction chromatography with final selective and quantitative fixation of selenium on a column packed with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) supported on Amberlite XAD4, followed by gamma-ray spectrometric measurement. The suitability and accuracy of the method was demonstrated by analysing CRMs with certified selenium content. The uncertainty budget for Se determination in standard reference material Peach Leaves NBS 1547 was estimated; the combined standard uncertainty was calculated as 1.7%. The described method fulfils all the criteria for definitive methods. It was subsequently used for determination of selenium in biological materials intended as new CRMs and proficiency test samples.     

Solid-phase extraction sorbent consisting of alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants immobilized onto strong cation-exchange polystyrene resin

Presented is a solid-phase extraction sorbent material composed of cationic alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants attached to a strong cation-exchange resin via ion-exchange. The original hydrophilic cation-exchange resin is made hydrophobic by covering the surface with alkyl chains from the hydrophobic portion of the surfactant. The sorbent material now has a better ability to extract hydrophobic molecules from aqueous samples. The entire stationary phase (alkyltrimethylammonium surfactant) is removed along with the analyte during the elution step. The elution step requires a mild elution solvent consisting of 0.25 M Mg2+ in a 50% 2-propanol solution. The main advantage of using a removable stationary phase is that traditionally utilized toxic elution solvents such as methylene chloride, which are necessary to efficiently release strongly hydrophobic species from SPE stationary phases, may now be avoided. Also, the final extract is directly compatible with reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The performance of this procedure is presented using pyrene as a test molecule.     

Development of a magnetic solid‐phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method for the analysis of semivolatile organic compounds

Semivolatile organic compounds are a category of organic micropollutants including phthalate esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and so on, which are commonly analyzed by solid‐phase extraction followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. In this work, a highly sensitive and feasible method of magnetic solid‐phase extraction combined with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was established for the determination of semivolatile organic compounds in water. The novel method was based on a permanent magnetic resin with uniform particle size and high surface area (1154.3 m²/g). The results demonstrated that the extraction efficiency of the resin was superior to that of a C₁₈ cartridge. The method was proved to be of satisfactory recoveries (75–115.7%) and limits of detection and quantification (0.063–6.524 and 0.212–21.745 μg/L, respectively). The method was applied to the analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in the midstream Huai River. It was observed that polychlorinated biphenyls exceeded current water standards. To further illustrate the potential effects on human health, health risk assessment was conducted based on the obtained data. The existence of health risk was proved, with hexachlorobenzene and 2,2’,4,4’‐tetrachlorobiphenyl as the major causes. The method possesses the characteristics of high efficiency and rapid analysis, offering a good prospect of applications in large quantities of practical water.     

Americium and samarium determination in aqueous solutions after separation by cation-exchange

The concentration of trivalent americium and samarium in aqueous samples has been determined by means of alpha-radiometry and UV–Vis photometry, respectively, after chemical separation and pre-concentration of the elements by cation-exchange using Chelex-100 resin. Method calibration was performed using americium (²⁴¹Am) and samarium standard solutions and resulted in a high chemical recovery for cation-exchange. Regarding, the effect of physicochemical parameters (e.g. pH, salinity, competitive cations and colloidal species) on the separation recovery of the trivalent elements from aqueous solutions by cation-exchange has also been investigated. The investigation was performed to evaluate the applicability of cation-exchange as separation and pre-concentration method prior to the quantitative analysis of trivalent f-elements in water samples, and has shown that the method could be successfully applied to waters with relatively low dissolved solid content.     

Separation of traces of manganese,cobalt, nickel and copper from gram amounts of tellurium by cation-exchange chromatography in hydrochloric acid/acetone media

Traces of Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) and minor amounts (up to 20 mg of these elements are separated from gram amounts of tellurium by cation-exchange chromatography on small columns (3 g) of macroporous AG MP-50 resin or larger colunns (5 g) of microporous AG 50W-X8 resin. The trace elements are retained from 0.5 M HCl containing 70% acetone while tellurium passes through and is eluted completely with this solution. The trace elements are then eluted with 3.0 M HCl and can be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Copper (II) can also be separated but requires a 10-g column of AG MP-50 resin. Separations are sharp and quantitative and only microgram amounts of tellurium remain in the trace element fraction when a 3-g sample of tellurium dioxide is taken; 10-μg amounts of the trace elements were separated from such samples and determined with standard deviations of <1%. Relevant elution curves and results for the analysis of synthetic mixtures are presented.     

Determination of trace elements in manganese metal and compounds by ion-exchange chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry : part 2. Determination of Bi,Cd, In,Zn, Pb,Fe(III), Ga,Cu(II), Co and U(VI)

Traces of the specified elements are separated from 1 g of manganese (II), using a 30- g column of AG50W-X8 cation-exchange resin and mixtures of hydrochloric acid and acetone as eluents. The trace elements are separated into three groups and are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, except uranium for which spectrophotometry is used. Recoveries for 10 μg amounts (20 μg for gallium) vary between 94% (for gallium) and 103% (for uranium). A combined elution curve, results for the analysis of synthetic mixtures and for the determination of ten trace elements in samples of manganese metal, chloride and dioxide are presented.     

Isolation of thorium in biological samples

A scheme for the isolation of subpicogram to microgram amounts of thorium from bone and soft tissue samples is described. Thorium is first collected by co-precipitation with iron(III) hydroxide and then adsorbed by a cation-exchange resin column from a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution of the precipitate. A double precipitation is necessary for bone samples whereas a single precipitation suffices for liver samples. The thorium is eluted from the column with an ammonium carbonate solution which is then evaporated to dryness to effect the isolation. Good recoveries of thorium from bone samples are obtained.