Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Visible-Light-Driven Dumbbell-Like BiVO4 and Ag/BiVO4 Photocatalysts

Visible-light-driven dumbbell-like BiVO₄ and Ag/BiVO₄ photocatalysts has been successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method at 180 °C for 24 h. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The results obtained showed that ethylenediamine, citric acid, pH and hydrothermal reaction temperature have pronounced effects on the morphology of BiVO₄. Transmission electron microscopy observation shows that the Ag nanoparticles are homogenously dispersed on the surface of the BiVO₄ nanorods. Photocatalytic activities of the dumbbell-like BiVO₄ and Ag-loaded BiVO₄ photocatalysts were also evaluated by using methylene blue as a representative dye indicator under visible light irradiation. It is found that the photocatalytic performance of the as-synthesized BiVO₄ is obviously improved with the incorporation of the Ag nanoparticles. Mechanism for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of the Ag/BiVO₄ photocatalyst is also discussed.     

The facile synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride from amino acid and urea for photocatalytic H<Subscript>2</Subscript> production

We report on the facile synthesis of g-C₃N₄ based polymers by co-condensing urea with glycine for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The as-prepared photocatalysts were then characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence emission spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. Compared with pristine g-C₃N₄, obtained from direct pyrolysis of urea, the CNU-G₅ photocatalyst showed largely enhanced photocatalytic H₂ activities about 75 μmol h^?1, which is 5 times higher than of the pristine CNU. The enhanced activities are ascribed to the larger specific area surface, strengthened optical absorption and improved electron transport ability. Our work opens up a new pathway for the synthesis graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts with glycine modification to enhance photocatalytic activities.     

g-C3N4-BiOBr复合材料制备及可见光催化性能

利用原位沉积法将BiOBr纳米片生长到g-C₃N₄表面,制得g-C₃N₄-BiOBr p-n型异质结复合光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis-DRS)和荧光光谱(PL)等测试对光催化剂结构和性能进行表征。通过可见光辐照降解甲基橙水溶液检测评估复合光催化剂光催化活性。研究结果表明:复合光催化剂由BiOBr和g-C₃N₄两相组成,BiOBr纳米片在片状g-C₃N₄表面快速形核生长形成面-面复合结构。相比于纯相g-C₃N₄和BiOBr,g-C₃N₄-BiOBr复合材料具有更强可见光吸收能力,吸收带边红移。在可见光辐照100 min后,性能最佳的2:8 g-C₃N₄-BiOBr复合光催化剂光催化活性分别是纯相g-C₃N₄和BiOBr的1.8和1.2倍,经过4次循环实验后,其降解率仍达84%,说明复合结构光催化剂催化性能和稳定性增强。复合光催化剂的荧光强度显著降低,说明光生载流子复合得到了有效抑制。复合光催化剂催化性能的提高归因于p-n型异质结促进电荷有效分离、抑制电子-空穴复合和吸收光波长范围的扩展,相比单一成分材料具有更好的催化活性和稳定性。自由基捕获实验证明,可见光降解甲基橙光催化过程中的主要活性成分为空穴,并据此提出了可能的光催化机理。     

g-C3N4-BiOBr复合材料制备及可见光催化性能

利用原位沉积法将Bi OBr纳米片生长到g-C_3N_4表面,制得g-C_3N_4-Bi OBr p-n型异质结复合光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis-DRS)和荧光光谱(PL)等测试对光催化剂结构和性能进行表征。通过可见光辐照降解甲基橙水溶液检测评估复合光催化剂光催化活性。研究结果表明:复合光催化剂由Bi OBr和g-C_3N_4两相组成,Bi OBr纳米片在片状g-C_3N_4表面快速形核生长形成面-面复合结构。相比于纯相g-C_3N_4和Bi OBr,g-C_3N_4-Bi OBr复合材料具有更强可见光吸收能力,吸收带边红移。在可见光辐照100 min后,性能最佳的2:8 gC_3N_4-Bi OBr复合光催化剂光催化活性分别是纯相g-C_3N_4和Bi OBr的1.8和1.2倍,经过4次循环实验后,其降解率仍达84%,说明复合结构光催化剂催化性能和稳定性增强。复合光催化剂的荧光强度显著降低,说明光生载流子复合得到了有效抑制。复合光催化剂催化性能的提高归因于p-n型异质结促进电荷有效分离、抑制电子-空穴复合和吸收光波长范围的扩展,相比单一成分材料具有更好的催化活性和稳定性。自由基捕获实验证明,可见光降解甲基橙光催化过程中的主要活性成分为空穴,并据此提出了可能的光催化机理。     

g-C3N4纳米管的制备及其光催化降解性能

以三聚氰胺和碳酸氢铵混合物为原料,采用简便热解法制备g-C₃N₄纳米管。热解过程中碳酸氢铵分解释放出大量的NH₃,能够诱导纳米管的形成。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、红外光谱（IR）、N₂吸附-脱附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱以及紫外可见光谱（UV）等分析测试方法对该光催化剂的微观形貌结构和催化性能进行了表征。以罗丹明光催化降解为模型反应研究了g-C₃N₄纳米管的光催化活性。g-C₃N₄纳米管的表面积明显增大,且能够有效地促进光生电子转移,在可见光下具有较强的光催化性能,降解率在60和120 min时分别能达到95%和99.4%,且循环重复利用5次后降解率不低于92%。     

g-C3N4纳米管的制备及其光催化降解性能

以三聚氰胺和碳酸氢铵混合物为原料,采用简便热解法制备g-C_3N_4纳米管。热解过程中碳酸氢铵分解释放出大量的NH3,能够诱导纳米管的形成。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、N_2吸附-脱附、紫外-可见漫反射光谱以及紫外可见光谱(UV)等分析测试方法对该光催化剂的微观形貌结构和催化性能进行了表征。以罗丹明光催化降解为模型反应研究了g-C_3N_4纳米管的光催化活性。g-C_3N_4纳米管的表面积明显增大,且能够有效地促进光生电子转移,在可见光下具有较强的光催化性能,降解率在60和120 min时分别能达到95%和99.4%,且循环重复利用5次后降解率不低于92%。     

Ag/Ag3PO4/g-C3N4三元复合光催化剂的制备及其可见光驱动下的光催化活性增强

报道了一种新型Ag/Ag₃PO₄/g-C₃N₄三元复合光催化剂的制备及其半导体界面处的快速载流子分离所引起的光催化活性的显著增强效应。通过X射线衍射,扫描电子显微镜,紫外-可见吸收光谱以及光致发光光谱等就其晶体结构、形貌、组分、光学吸收以及载流子的快速分离行为进行了表征与分析。以罗丹明B作为模型化合物分子,研究发现,所制备的Ag/Ag₃PO₄/g-C₃N₄三元复合光催化剂在可见光照射下表现出比Ag₃PO₄以及Ag₃PO₄/g-C₃N₄二元催化剂更为优异的光催化活性。研究认为,Ag₃PO₄表面尺寸约为40 nm的Ag纳米粒子在可见光下受激所产生的等离子表面共振效应以及Ag₃PO₄与g-C₃N₄界面处所形成的类似异质结结构对所制备的Ag/Ag₃PO₄/g-C₃N₄三元复合光催化剂光催化活性的显著增强起到重要作用。     

一锅法制备Co3O4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂及其光催化性能

以三聚氰胺和六水合氯化钴为原料,一锅法制备Co_3O_4负载的多孔石墨相氮化碳(Co_3O_4/g-C_3N_4)复合光催化材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、光致发光光谱(PL)等手段对其结构和光学特性进行表征。以盐酸四环素(TC)为目标污染物,评价了不同负载量Co_3O_4/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂的可见光催化性能。结果表明,所制备的Co_3O_4/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂为多孔结构,其比表面积较大,并在可见光区域具有显著的吸收。利用原位生成的Co_3O_4纳米粒子在氮化碳表面形成异质结构,可有效转移光生载流子,降低光生电子-空穴的再结合率,从而提高光催化活性。并且存在最佳Co_3O_4复合量,当六水合氯化钴加入量为三聚氰胺的8%(w/w)时,所制备的复合光催化剂CoCN-8具有最佳的光催化性能。在可见光的照射下,60 min内可降解85%的TC,而同样条件下,纯g-C_3N_4仅降解23%的TC。     

g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2复合材料的构筑及其光催化性能（英文）

以合成的g-C3N4纳米片和Ag/TiO2空心微球为原料,采用机械搅拌的方法构筑了g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2三元复合光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见光漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)和光致发光光谱(PL)对g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2进行了表征。研究表明,g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2是由Ag/TiO2微球和g-C3N4纳米片复合而成的。与TiO2相比,其可见光响应范围延长,光生载流子的分离速率加快。在室温下,用降解罗丹明B的反应考察了g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2的可见光催化活性。研究表明,光照180 min时,g-C3N4(0.5%)/Ag/TiO2显示了最高的光催化活性(91.9%),分别是TiO2和Ag/TiO2的7.5和1.8倍。光催化活性的提高与合理的异质结构建和Ag的导电性能有关。     

Comparison study of BiVO4 heterojunctions photocatalyst with different carbon materials

MWCNT/BiVO₄ and RGO/BiVO₄ heterojunctions were synthesized by the sol–gel method, and the photocatalytic activity of MWCNT/BiVO₄ and RGO/BiVO₄ were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of RhB in a heterogeneous photocatalytic reactor. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicated that a series of heterojunction structure composites were successfully synthesized, the heterojunction structure playing a crucial role in the electron–hole recombination. The crystal structure of BiVO₄ was still monoclinic after the doping of MWCNT and RGO according to the XRD analysis, while the active sites of MWCNT/BiVO₄ and RGO/BiVO₄ were more than pure BiVO₄. The RGO with a two-dimensional carbon sheet expressed higher performance than MWCNT with a one-dimensional carbon sheet for BiVO₄ because the layered structure of the RGO had a stronger electron-trapping capability than MWCNT. The optimal MWCNT content was 2%, and the 6% RGO/BiVO₄ showed the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiency of RhB. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency remained above 80% after five cycle tests.

     

碳纳米管改性g-C3N4提升可见光催化降解性能

以尿素为原料,引入少量的多壁碳纳米管(CNT)改性,采用简便方法制备CNT/g-C_3N_4催化剂。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计(UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer)、荧光光谱(PL)等手段对CNT/g-C_3N_4催化剂进行表征。结果表明,g-C_3N_4与CNT之间的协同作用,影响了gC_3N_4的能带结构,增强了其对可见光的吸收,改善了光生载流子的分布,提高了电子-空穴对的分离效率。并以罗丹明B(RhB)水溶液模拟废水,在可见光下考察催化剂的光催化降解性能,发现当CNT掺杂量为0.1%(w/w)时效果最佳,降解速率常数是体相g-C_3N_4的3.1倍,且研究发现超氧自由基是该体系下的主要活性物种。     

Ln掺杂BiVO4(Ln=Eu、Gd、Er)光催化剂的制备和活性研究

采用水热合成法, 制备出Eu、Gd和Er掺杂的BiVO₄复合光催化剂,并采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子谱、扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见漫反射光谱技术对其进行分析表征。通过可见光下降解水溶液中甲基橙分子来考察其光催化性能,结果显示掺杂的复合光催化剂活性都强于纯的BiVO₄,对掺杂复合光催化剂的催化活性增强机理进行了讨论和描述。     

Interfacial engineering of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based metal sulfide heterojunction photocatalysts for energy conversion: A review

As one of the most appealing and attractive technologies, photocatalysis is widely used as a promising method to circumvent the environmental and energy problems. Due to its chemical stability and unique physicochemical, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has become research hotspots in the community. However, g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst still suffers from many problems, resulting in unsatisfactory photocatalytic activity such as low specific surface area, high charge recombination and insufficient visible light utilization. Since 2009, g-C₃N₄-based heterostructures have attracted the attention of scientists worldwide for their greatly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Overall, this review summarizes the recent advances of g-C₃N₄-based nanocomposites modified with transition metal sulfide (TMS), including (1) preparation of pristine g-C₃N₄, (2) modification strategies of g-C₃N₄, (3) design principles of TMS-modified g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalysts, and (4) applications in energy conversion. What is more, the characteristics and transfer mechanisms of each classification of the metal sulfide heterojunction system will be critically reviewed, spanning from the following categories: (1) Type I heterojunction, (2) Type II heterojunction, (3) p-n heterojunction, (4) Schottky junction and (5) Z-scheme heterojunction. Apart from that, the application of g-C₃N₄-based heterostructured photocatalysts in H₂ evolution, CO₂ reduction, N₂ fixation and pollutant degradation will also be systematically presented. Last but not least, this review will conclude with invigorating perspectives, limitations and prospects for further advancing g-C₃N₄-based heterostructured photocatalysts toward practical benefits for a sustainable future.     

Novel visible-light-driven photocatalyst of NiO/Cd/g-C3N4 for enhanced degradation of methylene blue

Novel NiO/Cd/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts were synthesized using a green and straightforward microwave-assisted method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The ternary NiO/Cd/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites were evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) at room temperature under the visible light irradiation. Experimental results revealed that the weight percent of cadmium had a remarkable effect on the photodegradation efficiency. The NiO/Cd/g-C₃N₄ (0.1%) sample exhibited superior activity in the degradation reaction. The activity of this nanocomposite was about 4.5 and 3.25 fold higher than those of the pure g-C₃N₄ and NiO/g-C₃N₄ samples in the degradation of MB, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the low energy gap, increased absorption capacity of the visible light, and efficient suppression of the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. A detailed photocatalytic mechanism over the nanocomposite of NiO/Cd/g-C₃N₄ (0.1%) was proposed with superoxide radical anion O₂^– as the main reactive species. The stability of the nanocomposite was confirmed after four consecutive runs as well.     

Direct electrospinning method for the construction of Z-scheme TiO2/g-C3N4/RGO ternary heterojunction photocatalysts with remarkably ameliorated photocatalytic performance

A series of Z-scheme TiO₂/g-C₃N₄/RGO ternary heterojunction photocatalysts are successfully constructed via a direct electrospinning technique coupled with an annealing process for the first time. They are investigated comprehensively in terms of crystal structure, morphology, composition, specific surface area, photoelectrochemical properties, photodegradation performance, etc. Compared with binary TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ and single-component photocatalysts, ternary heterojunction photocatalysts show the best photodegradation performance for RhB under stimulated sunlight. This can be attributed to the enlarged specific surface area (111.41 m²/g), the formation of Z-scheme heterojunction, and the high separation migration efficiency of photoexcited charge carriers. A potential Z-scheme mechanism for ternary heterojunction photocatalysts is proposed to elucidate the remarkably ameliorated photocatalytic performance based on active species trapping experiments, PL detection test of hydroxyl radicals, and photoelectrochemical properties.     

Advantageous Interfacial Effects of AgPd/g-C3N4 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: Electronic Structure and H2O Dissociation

Bimetallic AgPd nanoparticles have been synthesized before, but the interfacial electronic effects of AgPd on the photocatalytic performance have been investigated less. In this work, the results of hydrogen evolution suggest that the bimetallic AgPd/g-C₃N₄ sample has superior activity to Ag/g-C₃N₄ and Pd/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts. The UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, CO adsorption diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, and FTIR results demonstrate that in the AgPd/g-C₃N₄, the surface electronic structures of Pd and Ag are changed, which is beneficial for faster photogenerated electron transfer and greater H₂O molecule adsorption. In situ ESR spectra suggest that, under visible light irradiation, there is more H₂O dissociation to radical species on the AgPd/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst. Furthermore, DFT calculations confirm the interfacial electronic effects of AgPd/g-C₃N₄, that is, Pd^δ−⋅⋅⋅Ag^δ+, and the activation energy of H₂O molecule dissociation on AgPd/g-C₃N₄ is the lowest, which is the main contributor to the enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution.     

Two-step calcination synthesis of Z-scheme α-Fe2O3/few-layer g-C3N4 composite with enhanced hydrogen production and photodegradation under visible light

Solar photocatalytic technology is of great significance for adjusting energy structure and environmental improvement. Developing an efficient and low-cost photocatalyst is key to realizing the conversion of solar to chemical energy. In this study, α-Fe₂O₃-modified few-layer g-C₃N₄ hybrids (α-Fe₂O₃/FL g-C₃N₄) were successfully prepared by a two-step calcination route with a mixture of α-Fe₂O₃ and melamine. The samples were characterized by Thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, UV–Vis absorption spectrum, photoluminescence, and Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy; furthermore, their photoelectrochemical measurements and their photocatalytic performances were evaluated by visible light-driven hydrogen evolution and degradation of RhB. The results showed that the hydrogen production activity and degradation ability of α-Fe₂O₃/FL g-C₃N₄ were significantly enhanced compared with those of α-Fe₂O₃ / multilayer g-C₃N₄ (α-Fe₂O₃/ML g-C₃N₄) and FL g-C₃N₄. The enhanced photoactivities were mainly attributed to the synergistic effect between the increased visible-light absorption, enhanced surface area, and highly efficient electron transfer and separation on the Z-type heterojunction interface. This work not only provides evidence for the formation of FL g-C₃N₄ nanosheets using a thermal exfoliation method but also provides new insights into the interfacial charge carrier dynamics of Z-scheme α-Fe₂O₃/FL g-C₃N₄ heterostructures for photocatalytic H₂ generation and pollutant degradation.     

Characterization of the visible-light-driven BiVO4 photocatalyst synthesized via a polymer-assisted hydrothermal method

BiVO₄ photocatalyst was synthesized by a polymer-assisted hydrothermal method at different temperatures and reaction times. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose was used in order to assist the formation of BiVO₄ oxide. The resulting samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and adsorption–desorption N₂ isotherms (BET). The predominant BiVO₄ phase of the system within the 160–200 °C range was the monoclinic crystalline structure, which was obtained in pure form only under certain experimental conditions. Short reaction times promoted the formation of linear arrays of BiVO₄ formed by particles with irregular form ranging in size between 100 and 200 nm. The photocatalytic activity of BiVO₄ samples was evaluated in the degradation of rhodamine B (rhB) under visible-light irradiation. The samples exhibited a higher activity when they were synthesized at higher temperatures and longer times of hydrothermal reaction. The total organic carbon analysis of a sample irradiated for 100 h revealed that mineralization of rhB by the BiVO₄ photocatalyst is feasible.     

Synthesis and Characterization of an α-Fe2O3-Decorated g-C3N4 Heterostructure for the Photocatalytic Removal of MO

This study describes the preparation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), and their g-C₃N₄/α-Fe₂O₃ heterostructure for the photocatalytic removal of methyl orange (MO) under visible light illumination. The facile hydrothermal approach was utilized for the preparation of the nanomaterials. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) were carried out to study the physiochemical and optoelectronic properties of all the synthesized photocatalysts. Based on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-visible diffuse reflectance (DRS) results, an energy level diagram vs. SHE was established. The acquired results indicated that the nanocomposite exhibited a type-II heterojunction and degraded the MO dye by 97%. The degradation ability of the nanocomposite was higher than that of pristine g-C₃N₄ (41%) and α-Fe₂O₃ (30%) photocatalysts under 300 min of light irradiation. The formation of a type-II heterostructure with desirable band alignment and band edge positions for efficient interfacial charge carrier separation along with a larger specific surface area was collectively responsible for the higher photocatalytic efficiency of the g-C₃N₄/α-Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite. The mechanism of the nanocomposite was also studied through results obtained from UV-vis and XPS analyses. A reactive species trapping experiment confirmed the involvement of the superoxide radical anion (O₂^•−) as the key reactive oxygen species for MO removal. The degradation kinetics were also monitored, and the reaction was observed to be pseudo-first order. Moreover, the sustainability of the photocatalyst was also investigated.     

Ag3PO4/BiVO4复合光催化剂的制备及可见光催化降解染料

结合回流法和原位沉淀法成功制备磷酸银/矾酸铋(Ag₃PO₄/BiVO₄)复合光催化剂. 通过X 射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)及光致发光(PL)光谱对制备样品进行表征. XRD和FESEM结果表明成功制备Ag₃PO₄/BiVO₄复合光催化剂. 采用节能发光二极管灯(LED)作为可见光光源, 在低消耗光催化系统中评价制备样品可见光催化降解染料的活性.当Ag₃PO₄和BiVO₄的组成摩尔比为1:3 时, 复合Ag₃PO₄/BiVO₄光催化剂呈现出高于纯相Ag₃PO₄的催化活性,可减少Ag₃PO₄的使用量. Ag₃PO₄/BiVO₄复合光催化剂在中性溶液中表现出高活性, 同时证实其对阳离子染料的光催化降解效果强于阴离子染料. 在Ag₃PO₄/BiVO₄系统中, 超氧自由基和空穴是主要的活性物种. 经过三次循环利用, Ag₃PO₄/BiVO₄复合催化剂的可见光催化活性表现出不同程度的降低, 归因于降解过程中产生金属银.