Resolution of the Wavefront Set Using General Continuous Wavelet Transforms

We consider the problem of characterizing the wavefront set of a tempered distribution \(u\in \mathcal {S}'(\mathbb {R}^{d})\) in terms of its continuous wavelet transform, where the latter is defined with respect to a suitably chosen dilation group \(H\subset \mathrm{GL}(\mathbb {R}^{d})\). In this paper we develop a comprehensive and unified approach that allows to establish characterizations of the wavefront set in terms of rapid coefficient decay, for a large variety of dilation groups. For this purpose, we introduce two technical conditions on the dual action of the group H, called microlocal admissibility and (weak) cone approximation property. Essentially, microlocal admissibility sets up a systematic relationship between the scales in a wavelet dilated by \(h\in H\) on one side, and the matrix norm of h on the other side. The (weak) cone approximation property describes the ability of the wavelet system to adapt its frequency-side localization to arbitrary frequency cones. Together, microlocal admissibility and the weak cone approximation property allow the characterization of points in the wavefront set using multiple wavelets. Replacing the weak cone approximation by its stronger counterpart gives rise to single wavelet characterizations. We illustrate the scope of our results by discussing—in any dimension \(d\ge 2\)—the similitude, diagonal and shearlet dilation groups, for which we verify the pertinent conditions. As a result, similitude and diagonal groups can be employed for multiple wavelet characterizations, whereas for the shearlet groups a single wavelet suffices. In particular, the shearlet characterization (previously only established for \(d=2\)) holds in arbitrary dimensions.     

Smoothness Estimates for Soft-Threshold Denoising via Translation-Invariant Wavelet Transforms

In this paper, we study a generalization of the Donoho–Johnstone denoising model for the case of the translation-invariant wavelet transform. Instead of soft-thresholding coefficients of the classical orthogonal discrete wavelet transform, we study soft-thresholding of the coefficients of the translation-invariant discrete wavelet transform. This latter transform is not an orthogonal transformation. As a first step, we construct a level-dependent threshold to remove all the noise in the wavelet domain. Subsequently, we use the theory of interpolating wavelet transforms to characterize the smoothness of an estimated denoised function. Based on the fact that the inverse of the translation-invariant discrete transform includes averaging over all shifts, we use smoother autocorrelation functions in the representation of the estimated denoised function in place of Daubechies scaling functions.     

A stable algorithm for numerical evaluation of Hankel transforms using Haar wavelets

The purpose of the paper is to propose a stable algorithm for the numerical evaluation of the Hankel transform F _n (y) of order n of a function f(x) using Haar wavelets. The integrand \(\sqrt x f(x)\) is replaced by its wavelet decomposition. Thus representing F _n (y) as a series with coefficients depending strongly on the local behavior of the function \(\sqrt x f(x)\), thereby getting an efficient and stable algorithm for their numerical evaluation. Numerical evaluations of test functions with known analytical Hankel transforms illustrate the proposed algorithm.     

Harmonic analysis associated with a discrete Laplacian

It is well known that the fundamental solution of

$${u_t}\left( {n,t} \right) = u\left( {n + 1,t} \right) - 2u\left( {n,t} \right) + u\left( {n - 1,t} \right),n \in \mathbb{Z},$$

with u(n, 0) = δ _nm for every fixed m ∈ Z is given by u(n, t) = e ^?2t I _n?m (2t), where I _k (t) is the Bessel function of imaginary argument. In other words, the heat semigroup of the discrete Laplacian is described by the formal series W _t f(n) = Σ _m∈Z e ^?2t I _n?m (2t)f(m). This formula allows us to analyze some operators associated with the discrete Laplacian using semigroup theory. In particular, we obtain the maximum principle for the discrete fractional Laplacian, weighted ? ^p (Z)-boundedness of conjugate harmonic functions, Riesz transforms and square functions of Littlewood-Paley. We also show that the Riesz transforms essentially coincide with the so-called discrete Hilbert transform defined by D. Hilbert at the beginning of the twentieth century. We also see that these Riesz transforms are limits of the conjugate harmonic functions. The results rely on a careful use of several properties of Bessel functions.

     

Continuous and discrete Bessel wavelet transforms

Using the theory of Hankel convolution, continuous and discrete Bessel wavelet transforms are defined. Certain boundedness results and inversion formula for the continuous Bessel wavelet transform are obtained. Important properties of the discrete Bessel wavelet transform are given.     

Gibbs Phenomenon in Wavelet Analysis

We prove Dirichlet-type pointwise convergence theorems for the wavelet transforms and series of discontinuous functions and we examine the Gibbs ripples close to the jump location. Examples are given of wavelets without ripples, and an example (the Mexican hat) shows that the Gibbs ripple in continuous wavelet analysis can be 3.54% instead of 8.9% of the Fourier case. For the discrete case we show that there exist two Meyer type wavelets the first one has maximum ripple 3.58% and the second 9.8%. Moreover we describe several examples and methods for estimating Gibbs ripples both in continuous and discrete cases. Finally we discuss how a wavelet transform generates a summability method for the Fourier case.     

An elementary proof of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">A</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript> bound

A martingale transform T, applied to an integrable locally supported function f, is pointwise dominated by a positive sparse operator applied to |f|, the choice of sparse operator being a function of T and f. As a corollary, one derives the sharp A _p bounds for martingale transforms, recently proved by Thiele-Treil-Volberg, as well as a number of new sharp weighted inequalities for martingale transforms. The (very easy) method of proof (a) only depends upon the weak-L ¹ norm of maximal truncations of martingale transforms, (b) applies in the vector valued setting, and (c) has an extension to the continuous case, giving a new elementary proof of the A ² bounds in that setting.     

Continuous shearlet frames and resolution of the wavefront set

In recent years directional multiscale transformations like the curvelet- or shearlet transformation have gained considerable attention. The reason for this is that these transforms are??unlike more traditional transforms like wavelets??able to efficiently handle data with features along edges. The main result in Kutyniok and Labate (Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 361:2719?C2754, 2009) confirming this property for shearlets is due to Kutyniok and Labate where it is shown that for very special functions ?? with frequency support in a compact conical wegde the decay rate of the shearlet coefficients of a tempered distribution f with respect to the shearlet ?? can resolve the wavefront set of f. We demonstrate that the same result can be verified under much weaker assumptions on ??, namely to possess sufficiently many anisotropic vanishing moments. We also show how to build frames for ${L^2(\mathbb{R}^2)}$ from any such function. To prove our statements we develop a new approach based on an adaption of the Radon transform to the shearlet structure.     

Batch queues,reversibility and first-passage percolation

We consider a model of queues in discrete time, with batch services and arrivals. The case where arrival and service batches both have Bernoulli distributions corresponds to a discrete-time M/M/1 queue, and the case where both have geometric distributions has also been previously studied. We describe a common extension to a more general class where the batches are the product of a Bernoulli and a geometric, and use reversibility arguments to prove versions of Burke’s theorem for these models. Extensions to models with continuous time or continuous workload are also described. As an application, we show how these results can be combined with methods of Seppäläinen and O’Connell to provide exact solutions for a new class of first-passage percolation problems.     

Horospherical transform on real symmetric varieties: Kernel and cokernel

In this paper, we define a horospherical transform for a semisimple symmetric space Y. A natural double fibration is used to assign a more geometrical space Ξ of horospheres to Y. The horospherical transform relates certain integrable analytic functions on Y to analytic functions on Ξ by fiber integration. We determine the kernel of the horospherical transform and establish that the transform is injective on functions belonging to the most continuous spectrum of Y.     

A Theorem à la Fatou for the Square Root of Poisson Kernel in $$\delta $$-Hyperbolic Spaces and Decay of Matrix Coefficients of Boundary Representations

In this note, we prove a theorem à la Fatou for the square root of Poisson Kernel in the context of quasi-convex cocompact discrete groups of isometries of \(\delta \)-hyperbolic spaces. As a corollary we show that some matrix coefficients of boundary representations cannot satisfy the weak inequality of Harish-Chandra. Nevertheless, such matrix coefficients satisfy an inequality which can be viewed as a particular case of the inequality coming from property RD for boundary representations. The inequality established in this paper is based on a uniform bound which appears in the proof of the irreducibility of boundary representations. Moreover this uniform bound can be used to prove that the Harish-Chandra’s Schwartz space associated with some discrete groups of isometries of \(\delta \)-hyperbolic spaces carries a natural structure of a convolution algebra. Then in the context of CAT(?1) spaces we show how our elementary techniques enable us to apply an equidistribution theorem of Roblin to obtain information about the decay of matrix coefficient of boundary representations associated with continuous functions.     

Multiple-scale decomposition for the Zlamal approximation

For the Zlamal approximation (a piecewise-polynomial continuous approximation of degree at most two), it is proved that the space of approximating functions obtained by subdividing a triangulation contains the space corresponding to the given triangulation. Formulas for the multiple-scale decomposition (that is, the decomposition of old basis functions in the new ones) are explicitly written in the case of placing one additional vertex on one edge of the initial triangulation. The cases of placing a vertex on a boundary or an interior edge are considered. The obtained formulas can also be used when several vertices are added to sufficiently distant triangles, because the operation under consideration and its influence on the coefficients in the decomposition of the approximating function in the standard Zlamal basis are local. The local bases of the additional terms W in the decomposition of the new space of approximating functions into the direct sum of the old space and W are specified (in particular, in the cases of placing a new vertex on a boundary or an interior edge). For these bases, decomposition formulas and reconstructions of the wavelet transform are explicitly written. All of the formulas were tested by using the MuPAD 2.5.3 computer algebra system running under Linux.     

Equivariant perturbation in Gomory and Johnson’s infinite group problem—III: foundations for the k-dimensional case with applications to $$ $$

We develop foundational tools for classifying the extreme valid functions for the k-dimensional infinite group problem. In particular, we present the general regular solution to Cauchy’s additive functional equation on restricted lower-dimensional convex domains. This provides a k-dimensional generalization of the so-called Interval Lemma, allowing us to deduce affine properties of the function from certain additivity relations. Next, we study the discrete geometry of additivity domains of piecewise linear functions, providing a framework for finite tests of minimality and extremality. We then give a theory of non-extremality certificates in the form of perturbation functions. We apply these tools in the context of minimal valid functions for the two-dimensional infinite group problem that are piecewise linear on a standard triangulation of the plane, under a regularity condition called diagonal constrainedness. We show that the extremality of a minimal valid function is equivalent to the extremality of its restriction to a certain finite two-dimensional group problem. This gives an algorithm for testing the extremality of a given minimal valid function.     

Embedding optimal transports in statistical manifolds

We consider Monge-Kantorovich optimal transport problems on ? ^d , d ≥ 1, with a convex cost function given by the cumulant generating function of a probability measure. Examples include theWasserstein-2 transport whose cost function is the square of the Euclidean distance and corresponds to the cumulant generating function of the multivariate standard normal distribution. The optimal coupling is usually described via an extended notion of convex/concave functions and their gradient maps. These extended notions are nonintuitive and do not satisfy useful inequalities such as Jensen’s inequality. Under mild regularity conditions, we show that all such extended gradient maps can be recovered as the usual supergradients of a nonnegative concave function on the space of probability distributions. This embedding provides a universal geometry for all such optimal transports and an unexpected connection with information geometry of exponential families of distributions.     

Characterization of Piecewise-Smooth Surfaces Using the 3D Continuous Shearlet Transform

One of the most striking features of the Continuous Shearlet Transform is its ability to precisely characterize the set of singularities of multivariable functions through its decay at fine scales. In dimension n=2, it was previously shown that the continuous shearlet transform provides a precise geometrical characterization for the boundary curves of very general planar regions, and this property sets the groundwork for several successful image processing applications. The generalization of this result to dimension n=3 is highly nontrivial, and so far it was known only for the special case of 3D bounded regions where the boundary set is a smooth 2-dimensional manifold with everywhere positive Gaussian curvature. In this paper, we extend this result to the general case of 3D bounded regions with piecewise-smooth boundaries, and show that also in this general situation the continuous shearlet transform precisely characterizes the geometry of the boundary set.     

Vanishing moment conditions for wavelet atoms in higher dimensions

We provide explicit criteria for wavelets to give rise to frames and atomic decompositions in L²(?^d), but also in more general Banach function spaces. We consider wavelet systems that arise by translating and dilating the mother wavelet, with the dilations taken from a suitable subgroup of GL(?^d), the so-called dilation group.The paper provides a unified approach that is applicable to a wide range of dilation groups, thus giving rise to new atomic decompositions for homogeneous Besov spaces in arbitrary dimensions, but also for other function spaces such as shearlet coorbit spaces. The atomic decomposition results are obtained by applying the coorbit theory developed by Feichtinger and Gröchenig, and they can be informally described as follows: Given a function ψ ∈ L²(?^d) satisfying fairly mild decay, smoothness and vanishing moment conditions, any sufficiently fine sampling of the translations and dilations will give rise to a wavelet frame. Furthermore, the containment of the analyzed signal in certain smoothness spaces (generalizing the homogeneous Besov spaces) can be decided by looking at the frame coefficients, and convergence of the frame expansion holds in the norms of these spaces. We motivate these results by discussing nonlinear approximation.     

连续切波变换的高维奇异性分析

在高维数据处理过程中,确定高维平方可积函数的奇异性有着重要的意义,它可作为模式识别、数据挖掘、频谱分析、大型机械故障诊断、航空航天、遥感与控制以及三维图像处理的基础.本文首先给出高维平方可积函数的连续切波变换重构公式;其次研究几种特殊函数的切波系数的衰减性质;最后运用重构公式中的切波系数刻画平方可积函数的奇异支撑集.本文的结果推广了Kutyniok和Dahlke等人给出的一些已知结果.     

Plancherel Inversion as Unified Approach to Wavelet Transforms and Wigner Functions

We demonstrate that the Plancherel transform for Type-I groups provides one with a natural, unified perspective for the generalized continuous wavelet transform, on the one hand, and for a class of Wigner functions, on the other. We first prove that a Plancherel inversion formula, well known for Bruhat functions on the group, holds for a much larger class of functions. This result allows us to view the wavelet transform as essentially the inverse Plancherel transform. The wavelet transform of a signal is an L²-function on an appropriately chosen group while the Wigner function is defined on a coadjoint orbit of the group and serves as an alternative characterization of the signal, which is often used in practical applications. The Plancherel transform maps L²-functions on a group unitarily to fields of Hilbert-Schmidt operators, indexed by unitary irreducible representations of the group. The wavelet transform can essentially be looked upon as a restricted inverse Plancherel transform, while Wigner functions are modified Fourier transforms of inverse Plancherel transforms, usually restricted to a subset of the unitary dual of the group. Some known results on both Wigner functions and wavelet transforms, appearing in the literature from very different perspectives, are naturally unified within our approach. Explicit computations on a number of groups illustrate the theory. Communicated by Gian Michele Graf submitted 05/06/01, accepted: 19/09/02