确定分子量的聚丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯的合成及其水溶液中水氢键缺损的拉曼光谱学研究

水溶性高分子经化学交联可得水凝胶 ,水凝胶也可由水溶性高分子经物理交联如部分结晶微区 ,疏水相互作用及缠绕交联得到 .线型水溶性高分子在水中以高浓度溶解时 ,高分子链之间相互搭迭缠绕也能形成物理“交联” .Ｋｉｔａｎｏ[1～ 4 ] 等研究了聚环氧乙烷、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺和聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮等亲水性高分子水溶液中水分子间的氢键缺损情况 ,在重量浓度相同的情况下 ,随着分子量的增大 ,水分子间的氢键缺损加剧 .他们认为分子量大 ,高分子之间的缠绕就比较严重 ,在水溶液中就会形成许多小的微区 ,水分子在这些小微区中形成分子间氢键…     

十二烷基硫酸钠对聚乙烯醇亚浓水溶液流变行为的影响

表面活性剂会影响聚乙烯醇(PVA)分子间及分子内氢键形成,进而改变其水溶液的流变响应.本文在确定十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在PVA亚浓水溶液中的临界聚集浓度(CAC)和临界胶束浓度(CMCP)基础上,考察了SDS对PVA亚浓溶液(10 wt%)流变行为的影响.研究发现,不同浓度SDScsur对PVA水溶液稳态流变行为的影响差异较大:(1)当csur CMCP,随着csur增加,胶束起物理交联点作用,ηa增大,复合溶液的动态储能模量亦显著增大.加入SDS后,PVA体系内结合水的数目降低,但当csur> CMC后,结合水的数目几乎不变,黏流活化能也表现出相近的变化规律.与稀溶液相比,SDS对PVA亚浓溶液的降黏幅度较大.     

凝固过程中分子缠结对PAN结晶行为的影响

制备不同浓度聚合物溶液凝固得到的PAN薄膜以及不同喷丝速率下得到的初生纤维,运用流变仪、X射线衍射仪等进行表征,研究凝固过程中分子缠结对PAN分子结晶行为的影响。结果表明,聚合物溶液浓度的不同会影响聚合物溶液中分子线团的密集程度,从而影响分子之间的缠结,最终导致结晶行为发生变化。分子间缠结度越高,分子结晶度越低。剪切作用能够改变分子链的构象,促进分子间的解缠结,有利于提升PAN分子的运动能力,增大PAN初生纤维的结晶度。     

碱催化PVA酯化交联膜的制备

在氢氧化钠催化条件下,将聚乙烯醇(PVA)与草酸(OA)酯化交联,制得了一种新的PVA-OA均质膜并利用红外光谱表征了交联膜的化学结构。考察了均质膜的耐水性能和机械性能,发现随着交联度的增加,其耐水性和拉伸强度增强,而断裂伸长率下降。将PVA与聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)制成PVA/PVDF蒸汽渗透膜复合膜,利用乙醇-水混合物考察了其分离性能,结果表明PVA理论交联度在6%～7%时,其综合性能较优。     

多酸含量对无机/高分子复合薄膜结构及光致变色性能的影响

制备了一系列不同浓度的钨磷酸/聚乙烯醇(PWA/PVA)复合薄膜, 通过红外光谱、原子力显微镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱对复合薄膜的结构和光致变色性能进行了研究. 红外光谱分析结果表明, Keggin结构钨磷酸和聚乙烯醇分子的基本结构在复合薄膜中仍然存在, 钨磷酸分子与高分子底物间存在氢键作用, 形成电荷转移桥. 原子力显微镜(AFM)结果表明复合前后PVA薄膜表面形貌发生了显著变化, 复合膜表面形貌随钨磷酸含量的不同而不同. 在紫外光照射下, 复合薄膜由无色变为蓝色. 复合膜的升色速度和褪色速度均随着钨磷酸含量的增加而加快. 这些结果表明钨磷酸含量对复合膜的微结构存在影响, 从而导致了复合膜具有不同的光致变色性能.     

分子动力学方法研究聚甲基乙烯基醚／水体系中氢键和准氢键的结构与分布

用分子动力学方法模拟室温下不同浓度的聚甲基乙烯基醚／水体系的微观溶剂化结构．得到的径向分布函数和氢键给体和受体距离分布表明,聚合物与水形成的氢键比水之间形成的氢键短约0．005nm．准氢键C—H…O的数目是范德华作用对的7．2％．我们发现,在各浓度下,水分子并不能均匀地分布在聚合物结构单元上,即使在很稀的溶液（3．3％,质量分数）中,仍然有10％左右的醚氧没有和水分子形成氢键．这说明在溶液中,不但高分子链间有紧密的接触,而且高分子链内的链段间也有紧密的接触,导致链上的一些醚氧不能和水分子有效地接触而形成氢键．准氢键随浓度的变化和氢键的变化趋势类似,但形成准氢键的结构单元数目与形成氢键的结构单元数目比值在0．2附近．文献上用动态DSC测量低分子量聚甲基乙烯基醚（PVME）水溶液的相转变焓发现,在浓度为30％左右有一转折,与本模拟所得出的在浓度为27％左右氢键和准氢键比例的转折相关,这给相转变焓的转折点提供了分子尺度的微观解释．另外,浓度小于54％的溶液中存在“自由水”,在86％的浓溶液中每个结构单元大约与1．56个水分子缔合．     

分子结构对聚酰亚胺膜分离CO_2/CH_4性能的影响

气体在致密高分子膜中的渗透过程与高分子的链段活动性和自由体积有关,高分子的链段活动性越大,气体的扩散越容易,气体的透过速度越快,高分子自由体积增大,气体的溶解系数增大,扩散速率加快,透气速率上升．因此,为了得到高选择性和高透气性的分离膜,可对其化学结...     

不同电解质体系水的拉曼谱的研究

通过一系列电解质体系水的拉曼光谱测量，得到了阴、阳离子种类和浓度引起的水伸缩振动和弯曲振动谱带丰富的变化信息，ＣｌＯ４＾－能有效地破坏水分子间的氢键，随着ＣｌＯ４浓度的增加，水分子间的氢键并非逐步被打断，而是氢键被破坏的水分子越来越多，从而使水分子有序度增大，这种氢键破坏方式符合水的混合模型（ＭｉｘｔｕｒｅＭｏｄｅｌ）ＳＯ＾２－４浓度的增对水的Ｒａｍａｎ光谱影响较小，是由于ＳＯ＾２－４与水分了间的     

聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠互穿网络水凝胶结构与性能研究

采用天然高分子海藻酸钠(SA)与聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合,通过化学交联法制备PVA/SA互穿网络水凝胶。SA的加入减弱了PVA分子间的氢键作用,而随SA含量增加,SA分子与PVA分子间的氢键作用增强。同时凝胶网络由致密变得疏松,网孔增大,出现微相分离的"核壳"结构。由于交联后的SA与PVA分子的Tg较接近,水凝胶仅有一个Tg,两相仍为部分相容。应变及频率扫描曲线中低应变区的储能模量远大于损耗模量,其网络松弛因子n值接近0,证明该凝胶具有较完整的网络结构,并表现为弹性。适量的SA可提高凝胶的力学及溶胀性能。     

具有界面交联结构藻酸钠复合膜的制备与性能

报道了一种具有界面交联结构的新型藻酸钠复合膜及其对醇水和其它有机物水体系的渗透汽化分离性能.该膜的活性层为藻酸钠,支撑层为氨化聚丙烯腈(PAN)多孔膜,在这两层之间存在着界面交联结构.研究了PAN多孔膜的水解时间、进行氨基化的二元胺种类及浓度对复合膜分离性能的影响,用己二胺进行氨基化所得到的复合膜的分离性能明显优于用乙二胺的结果.扫描电镜照片显示水解及氨基化改变了PAN超滤膜的孔结构,这也是影响新型复合膜性能的一个重要原因.     

Thermosensitive poly(methyl methacrylate) emulsion prepared in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) with a cloud point as a protective colloid

An emulsion of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was prepared using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) of low degree of hydrolysis with a cloud point as a protective colloid. The behaviour of an aqueous solution of PVA with 80% degree of hydrolysis was first investigated in terms of the Huggins constant in viscometry. MMA was polymerized using the PVA at 20 °C, where no abnormality in the aqueous PVA was observed. The change in transmittance of the emulsion observed with a UV–vis photometer revealed that in the case of UV light of wavelength 370 nm, the transmittance decreased markedly at around 30 °C with an increase in temperature, and then increased with a decrease in temperature. The thermosensitive property resulted from PVA with a low degree of hydrolysis with a cloud point, at a higher temperature of which the PVA loses solubility in water owing to weakening of the hydrogen bond between PVA molecules and water.     

不同结晶度聚乙烯醇水凝胶中水氢键缺损的拉曼光谱学研究

聚乙烯醇 (ＰＶＡ)是一种水溶性高分子 ,它在一定条件下可以部分结晶形成水凝胶 ,其结晶度必然影响其机械性能及水在水凝胶中的状态 .部分结晶交联所得的ＰＶＡ水凝胶 ,由于无毒、机械性能好常用来作为生物医用材料 ,如接触眼镜、人工关节润滑软骨等[1,2 ] .水凝胶是轻度交联的高分子网络 ,其内含有大量的水 ,高分子交联网络与水之间的相互作用决定着水凝胶的物理性质和化学性质[3 ,4 ] .一般认为 ,水凝胶中的水以三种状态存在 ,即键合水 (Ｂｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒ)、自由水 (Ｆｒｅｅｗａｔｅｒ)和间隙水 (Ｉｎｔｅｒｓｔｉｔｉａｌｗａｔｅｒ…     

Manipulating the degradation rate of PVA nanoparticles by a novel chemical‐free method

The high water solubility of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is one of the challenging problems in its application. In order to rectify this problem, PVA needs to be crosslinked. Freeze‐thawing in solid state as a novel physical crosslinking method was employed for enhancement the stability of PVA nanoparticles in aqueous solutions during this study. PVA nanoparticles were successfully prepared by electrospraying and electrospray conditions were optimized in the view points of polymer concentration and solvent system. The morphology of nanoparticles was tailored from collapsed particles and mixture of particles/fibers to spherical particle by manipulating of polymer solution concentration and solvent system. After preparation of PVA nanoparticles in optimum condition, they were frozen at ?20°C and subsequently thawed at 25°C for different cycles of 1, 2, and 3. Field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and biodegradation were used to evaluate the effect of freeze‐thawing on properties of PVA nanoparticles. FE‐SEM showed the spherical morphology of the PVA nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 200 to 300 nm. The FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the crystallinity of PVA nanoparticles increases after freeze‐thawing process. Moreover, by increasing the number of cycles, degree of crystallinity of nanoparticles increases. The XRD and DSC analysis of PVA nanoparticles again demonstrated the increasing of crystallinity of nanoparticles after freeze‐thawing process. The biodegradation behavior of PVA nanoparticles after freeze‐thawing exhibited the decreasing of degradation rate by increasing the number of cycles. Our overall results present a solvent‐less and safe method for crosslinking of PVA nanoparticles in solid state, which make it suitable for biomedical applications.     

Influence of different degrees of hydrolysis of poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane on transport properties in pervaporation of IPA/water mixture

Crosslinked dense poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes with different degrees of hydrolysis were prepared and used in sorption and pervaporation of isopropanol (IPA)/water mixtures. Partial flux of water permeation was increased with the water content in the liquid mixture, but the partial flux of IPA due to the coupling effect of sorption and permeation, had a maximum value. The degree of PVA hydrolysis and the feed temperature influenced the permeation flux and water selectivity due to crystallinity and the number of polar side groups in PVA. Thus the partial flux of water and IPA was inversely proportional to the degree of PVA hydrolysis and the selectivity of PVA for water was proportional to the hydrolysis level of PVA.     

Enhancement of nanofiber elasticity by using wheat glutenin as an addition

The properties of glutenin allow it to be a potential substrate for biomaterial production. In the present study, composite nanofiber was fabricated from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glutenin based on the synergy of them. In the composite nanofiber, glutenin and PVA act as elasticizer and skeleton polymer, respectively. The property of composite nanofiber is markedly superior to that of PVA. For example, the homogeneity and average diameter of nanofiber from PVA/glutenin were increased, while the number and diameter of beads were decreased. Compared to nanofiber from PVA, the elongation and water absorbance of nanofiber from PVA/glutenin were increased by 121 and 150%, respectively. The proposed mechanism of composite nanofiber formation might be non-covalent networks such as hydrogen bond and SS bond that were built up during electrospinning. It is illustrated that the combination of elasticity of glutenin and crosslinking of PVA/glutenin lead to higher water absorbance, looser texture and better mechanical strength.     

States of water in poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels with various water contents were prepared from 10 wt% aqueous solutions of mixtures of PVA and anionic poly(styrene sulfonic acid) sodium salt (NaPSS) by casting, dehydrating, and then extracting NaPSS. The existence of three types of ice were suggested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements for every frozen hydrogel. In the frozen hydrogels the states of water, except unfrozen water, were ice of free water and disordered ice crystals. The mobility and activation energy for motion of water molecules in unfrozen hydrogels were investigated by using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR) measurements. It was concluded that there are two states of water in the unfrozen hydrogel, i.e. unfrozen water and disordered water which is mainly formed in narrow apertures in the hydrogel. The discrepancy between the DSC and PNMR measurements was explained by a structural transformation during cooling.     

Time-dependence of pervaporation performance for the separation of ethanol/water mixtures through poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane

To clarify the cause of time-dependent separation behavior, the pervaporation performance with operating time through pure poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane and glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linked PVA membranes was investigated. The results showed that the water concentration in the permeate for the air-side surface of the PVA membrane increased dramatically from 92.2 to 95.7% in about 110 min and then remained almost unchanged. However, the water selectivity for the glass-side surface did not change with operating time. Similar results were observed for the GA cross-linked PVA membranes. Furthermore, the contact angle of water on the air-side surfaces of those membranes decreased with the time of contact with the feed. These results revealed that this dynamic pervaporation process was mainly attributable to the reconstruction of hydroxyl groups at the air-side surfaces of PVA membranes in response to the change of their surrounding medium during pervaporation. The reconstruction at the glass-side surface of the membrane did not occur because of the preferential localization of hydroxyl groups at the interface between the membrane and the glass plate during film formation of PVA solution. The above conclusion was further confirmed by the following results. The water concentration in the permeate through PVA membranes with the air-side surface facing the feed reached equilibrium more quickly with increasing operation temperature or decreasing degree of cross-linking, which was consistent with the fact that the rate of surface reconstruction accelerated with the increase of temperature or the decrease of the degree of cross-linking.     

Effect of poly(ethylene oxide) on the structure and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)

To improve the drawability of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) thermal products, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), a special resin with good flexibility, excellent lubricity, and compatibility with many resins, was applied, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WXRD) were adopted to study the hydrogen bonds, water states, thermal properties, crystal structure, and nonisothermal crystallization of modified PVA. It was found that PEO formed strong hydrogen bonds with water and PVA, thus weakened the intra‐ and inter‐hydrogen bonds of PVA, changed the aggregation states of PVA chains, and decreased its melting point and crystallinity. Moreover, the interactions among PVA, water, and PEO retarded the water evaporation and made more water remain in the system to plasticize PVA. The existence of PEO also slowed down the melt crystallization process of PVA, however, increased the nucleation points of system, thus made more and smaller spherulites formed. The weakened crystallization capability of PVA and the lubrication of PEO made PVA chains to have more mobility under the outside force and obtain high mechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1946–1954, 2010     

Short branching in poly(vinyl alcohol). III. Some properties of model polymers of short-branched poly(vinyl alcohol)

Melting point, the iodine color reaction, and foam fractionation were studied on model poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) having short branches of one or two monomer units in length. An increase in the amount of short branching units caused a marked decrease in color intensity of the PVA–iodine reaction and in the melting point. These tendencies were more remarkable when the short branching was two monomer units in length than when it was one monomer unit. It was also found that foam fractionation of an aqueous PVA solution produced PVA fractions with different degree of short branching, the degree increasing with increase in the fraction number. The color intensity of the PVA–iodine reaction has been confirmed to decrease with increase in the fraction number, but this result cannot be explained solely in terms of the short branching. It is concluded that the phenomenon of foam fractionation of PVA and the iodine color reaction of the fraction appear to be governed by many factors such as molecular weight, stereoregularity, and short branching.