亚慢性Sm(NO_3)_3暴露对小鼠肝脏的影响

探讨Sm(NO_3)_3亚慢性暴露对小鼠肝功能、肝脏组织结构、酶活的影响。ICR小鼠80只,雌雄各半,随机分成5组,分别自由饮用0,5,50,500,2000 mg·L~(-1)的Sm(NO_3)_3溶液90 d,测定小鼠肝功能指标及肝脏组织SOD,GSH-Px,CAT活力及MDA含量,肝脏光镜切片观察肝组织形态学的变化。结果显示60,90 d 2000 mg·L~(-1)雌性组体重、雄性组肝脏脏器系数与对照组相比具有显著下降(P0.05);2000 mg·L~(-1)AST雌雄性组、ALT雄性组、Urea雌性组与对照相比具有显著升高(P0.05),ALB雄性组与对照相比显著降低(P0.05);GSH-PX活力5,50 mg·L~(-1)雄性组与对照组相比有极显著升高(P0.01),而500,2000 mg·L~(-1)组雄性鼠有极显著和显著下降(P0.01,P0.05),SOD活力在500,2000 mg·L~(-1)雌雄组与对照组相比有显著和极显著降低(P0.05,P0.01),MDA在50,500,2000 mg·L~(-1)雌性组与对照相比有显著与极显著升高(P0.05,P0.01),CAT 500,2000 mg·L~(-1)雄性组与对照组相比有显著降低(P0.05);500 mg·L~(-1)组肝细胞肿大,胞质疏松,肝窦、中央静脉有狭窄,2000 mg·L~(-1)细胞排列紊乱,细胞界限不清,部分肝窦狭小甚至完全闭塞,少数肝细胞有破裂现象。以上结果表明亚慢性Sm(NO_3)_3暴露可导致小鼠肝功能异常、肝组织结构损伤,并与暴露浓度、时间及性别相关;提示氧化损伤可能是亚慢性Sm(NO_3)_3暴露致小鼠肝脏毒性损伤的作用机制之一。     

亚慢性钐染毒对雄性小鼠精子质量的影响

为探讨稀土元素钐对雄性小鼠精子的毒性作用, 让5组小鼠自由饮用含硝酸钐0, 5, 50, 500, 2000 mg·L-1的溶液3个月后, 观察钐对小鼠精子活力、数量、畸形率及顶体完整率的影响. 结果表明: 各处理组精子活力、数量都有所降低, 其中2000 mg·L-1剂量组与对照组相比, 各指标值均有极显著差异(P《0.01); 50, 500, 2000 mg·L-1剂量组的精子畸形率与对照组相比也具有极显著差异(P《0.01), 且染毒剂量与精子总畸形率呈现出直线变化的剂量对数-效应关系. 因此精子畸形率可作为稀土元素钐作用于雄性生殖系统的标志指标; 各处理组的顶体完整率也均低于对照组. 说明亚慢性钐暴露对小鼠精子具有一定的毒性作用.     

慢性硝酸钐暴露对大鼠血流动力学及心脏组织结构与部分血液指标的影响

探讨Sm(NO3)3慢性暴露对大鼠血流动力学、心脏组织结构及血常规指标的影响。SD大鼠48只,雌雄各半,随机分成4组,分别自由饮用0,3,4.5,6 mg·L-1Sm(NO3)3溶液180 d。开胸取心时采血进行血常规测定,心脏光镜切片观察心肌组织形态学的变化;部分心脏离体后应用Langendorff离体心脏灌流模型,观察Sm(NO3)3慢性暴露对大鼠心脏功能的影响。结果显示3 mg·L-1组LVSP,+dp/dtmax极显著地增高(p0.01),CF显著下降(p0.05);但4.5,6 mg·L-1组LVSP显著增高(p0.05),LVEDP,+dp/dtmax,-dp/dtmax,HR,CF等指标无明显改变;3,4.5 mg·L-1Sm(NO3)3组WBC,MID,Lym数与对照相比有极显著和显著增高(p0.01,p0.05)。3 mg·L-1组心肌充血出血,肌束呈波浪状,肌细胞体积增大,胞浆内呈红染的颗粒状变性,核轻度增大。4.5 mg·L-1组心肌内皮细胞增生,小灶肌束断裂,部分细胞颗粒状变性。6 mg·L-1组心肌肌束排列紊乱,微灶细胞变性坏死,细胞核消失,间质少量淋巴细胞浸润。以上结果表明一定浓度Sm(NO3)3对离体大鼠心脏有正性变力作用;增加WBC,MID,Lym数,并可导致心肌组织的代偿性增生与损伤。     

亚慢性钐暴露对小鼠睾丸组织的影响

为了探讨稀土元素钐对雄性小鼠睾丸的毒性作用,让5组小鼠自由饮用含硝酸钐0,5,50,500,2000mg·L-1的溶液3个月后,观察钐对睾丸组织生化指标及组织病理学的影响。结果表明,各处理组睾丸结构遭到不同程度的破坏,尤其是精子和间质细胞大量减少。2000mg·L-1剂量组乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力和500,2000mg·L-1剂量组乳酸脱氢酶X(LDH-X)活力均受到明显抑制;50,500,2000mg·L-1剂量组山梨醇脱氢酶(SDH)活力明显下降,而γ-谷氨酰基转移酶(γ-GT)活力不受影响;随钐浓度的增加,Na+K+-ATPase,Mg2+-ATPase活力有“低促高抑”的趋势,Ca2+-ATPase活力则均呈抑制作用。说明亚慢性钐暴露对小鼠生殖性腺具有一定的毒性作用。     

钕对甜瓜光合特性、产量和品质的影响

以甜瓜为材料,探讨了叶面喷施不同浓度硝酸钕(0,5,10,25,50,100 mg·L-1)对甜瓜光合特性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,10和25 mg·L-1硝酸钕处理的表现最突出:这两个处理的甜瓜叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均极显著或显著高于其他处理,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均极显著低于其他处理;PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、相对光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)均极显著或显著高于其他处理,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)均极显著低于其他处理;且10 mg·L-1硝酸钕处理的果实产量最高、品质最佳。100 mg·L-1硝酸钕处理对甜瓜生长后期的光合作用产生抑制,降低了果实产量和品质。25 mg·L-1硝酸钕处理浓度较高,但对于甜瓜光合、产量和品质等指标的影响与10 mg·L-1硝酸钕处理并无显著差异,因此认为,10mg·L-1硝酸钕可以作为稀土钕在甜瓜生产上应用的适宜浓度。     

降铅冲剂对低水平铅暴露仔鼠血铅及脑铅的影响

目的:研究降铅冲剂对低水平铅暴露仔鼠血铅及脑铅的影响,为评价降铅冲剂的作用提供依据。方法:选用Wister大鼠仔鼠60只,体质量80~100 g,随机分成6组,每组10只,分别为空白组、模型对照组、EDTA对照组、降铅冲剂低剂量组、降铅冲剂中剂量组、降铅冲剂高剂量组;造模后开始给药,EDTA对照组给CaNa2EDTA注射液10(mg/kg)/d腹腔注射,降铅冲剂低、中、高剂量组分别予降铅冲剂5(g/kg)/d、10(g/kg)/d、20(g/kg)/d的剂量灌胃,空白组和模型对照组予等量蒸馏水灌胃,给药共30 d。用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪测定仔鼠血铅、脑铅。结果:(1)染铅后,各染铅组的血铅水平与空白组比较都显著升高(P<0.001),经过30 d的治疗后,各治疗组的治疗后血铅水平均有不同程度下降,与模型对照组比较均有统计学意义。(2)染铅后,各染铅组的脑铅水平与空白组比较都显著升高(P<0.05),治疗后,各组脑铅与治疗前比较均显著升高,降铅冲剂低、中剂量组的脑铅与模型对照组比较显著下降。结论:降铅冲剂能显著降低低水平铅暴露仔鼠的血铅和脑铅含量,其综合疗效优于CaNa2EDTA。     

氯化钐对雌性大白鼠内分泌腺结构和功能的影响

实验通过血清激素测定和透射电镜观察相结合,研究氯化钐对雌性Wistar大白鼠内分泌腺结构和功能的影响,发现连续三天每天经腹腔给予大白鼠SmCl_3 80mg/kg·bw后,第六天大鼠血清中GH水平明显升高(P<0.01),而T_4水平显著下降(P<0.01);FSH、LH、TSH、T_3和皮质醇的血清浓度与对照组相比无明显改变。电镜下观察到生长激素细胞粗面内质网扩张,分泌颗粒减少,甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞核固缩,粗面内质网高度扩张呈病理性改变。实验结果表明,一定剂量的SmCl_3具有促进生长激素细胞分泌,使血清生长激素水平升高和损伤甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞,使血清T_4水平降低的作用。     

基于MALDI-TOF-MS的脂质组学研究——鲫鱼受镉暴露的潜在生物标志物

以含镉(Cd)500 μg/L水体中养殖0, 10, 20 d的3组鲫鱼为研究对象, 测定鱼肉中Cd含量, 借助HPLC与MALDI-TOF-MS离线联用技术得到鱼肉磷脂图谱, 并采用偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLS-DA)针对图谱数据开展模式识别分析. 结果表明, 在20 d暴露期内, 鱼肉中Cd含量呈持续上升趋势, 而磷脂酰胆碱(PC)含量在暴露10 d后显著低于正常水平(未受镉暴露)(p<0.05), 暴露20 d后基本恢复到正常水平. PLS-DA分析实现了3组样本的组间判别, 说明磷脂指纹图谱能更好的反映外源Cd对鲫鱼的代谢影响. PC可以作为指示水体Cd对鲫鱼毒害作用的生物标志物. HPLC与MALDI-TOF-MS离线联用技术不仅能定量分析鱼肉中PC总量, 也分离纯化了PC组分, 从而使MALDI-TOF-MS成功用于复杂鱼肉样品的磷脂分析, 适用于脂质组学研究.     

ICP-AES法测定高纯氧化铕中稀土杂质元素

研究了锌粉还原 5709萃淋树脂分离富集 ICP AES法测定高纯氧化铕中14个稀土杂质元素的方法,用ICP AES法测定稀土元素工作曲线下限为(以氧化物计)镧为0.05mg·L-1,铈、镨、钇为0.25mg·L-1,钕、钐、铽、镝、钬为0.1mg·L-1,铒、铥、镱、镥、钇为0.05mg·L-1,回收率为90%～106%。方法简便、准确、快速,可用于99.99%氧化铕中14个稀土杂质元素的测定。     

神经鞘磷脂合成酶基因沉默对细胞凋亡的影响

以HEK293细胞为模型, 利用RNA干扰技术, 将神经鞘磷脂合成酶(SMS)的同工酶(SMS1和SMS2)的siRNA分别联合、转染HEK293细胞. 通过薄层层析法评价SMS酶活性, 同时测神经酰胺(Cer)、卵磷脂(PC)及神经鞘磷脂(SM)的水平, 并以流式细胞仪和Annexin V-FITC、PI双染法检测细胞凋亡. 结果显示, 与对照组相比, SMS基因沉默后SMS表达水平降低(分别降低17%, 20%, 49%); SM水平显著性降低(P<0.05); Cer水平显著性升高(P<0.05); TNF-α诱导的凋亡显著性升高[分别为58%(P<0.01), 24%(P<0.05), 77%(P<0.01)]. 这些结果提示, SMS基因沉默能降低SM水平并升高Cer水平, 明显增加TNF-α诱导的HEK293细胞凋亡. 由于SM是动脉粥样硬化形成的独立危险因子, 因此本研究有可能为动脉粥样硬化的治疗找到新的靶点和有效途径.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。