铈对低镍铬锰氮奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀的影响研究

针对不同稀土Ce含量的低镍铬锰氮奥氏体不锈钢,采用电化学动电位再活化法和Cu-CuSO4-16%H2SO4热酸浸泡法研究了两种热处理状态下不同铈含量试样的晶间腐蚀程度。研究结果表明:两种热处理状态下,未添加稀土试样腐蚀最严重。不同稀土含量的试样750℃敏化处理2 h比650℃敏化处理2 h腐蚀程度略重。从两组试验的金相显微组织照片和EPR活化率数据来看,两种热处理状态稀土Ce含量为0.053%时奥氏体不锈钢抗晶间腐蚀能力最强,但当铈含量增加到0.067%时,试样腐蚀又开始恶化。     

溅射AlY涂层对不锈钢热腐蚀性能的影响

采用直流磁控溅射法在1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备Al Y涂层,并对部分涂层进行600℃真空扩散退火和预氧化处理,研究了不锈钢和具有不同状态Al Y涂层的不锈钢的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:不锈钢以及涂层试样的腐蚀动力学近似服从抛物线规律;24 h腐蚀后,不锈钢试样增重最大,涂层试样增重比不锈钢试样小,三种涂层试样中,增重从大到小依次是:未处理的涂层试样、真空扩散退火试样及预氧化试样。不锈钢在Na2SO4盐膜下腐蚀24 h后,形成了以Cr2O3和Ni O为主,及少量Fe2O3的氧化膜;在不锈钢表面溅射Al Y涂层并经过适当的预处理,促进了表面Al2O3及Cr2O3保护膜的形成,抑制了基体金属的氧化,提高了不锈钢的热腐蚀抗力。     

含铈不锈钢的抗菌性能

以00Cr18Ni9不锈钢成分为基础,添加0～5%的稀土元素铈（Ce）.利用电子探针分析了加铈（Ce）不锈钢中Ce的分布;用化学分析法测定了含铈不锈钢中铈（Ce）和碳（C）的含量;用X射线衍射方法测试了含铈（Ce）不锈钢中铈（Ce）的析出相成分;采用贴膜法测试了含Ce不锈钢对大肠杆菌ATCC 8099、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 6538的抗菌性能.结果表明： 含Ce不锈钢具有优异的抗菌性能,与含Cu抗菌不锈钢相比,含Ce不锈钢无需时效热处理就具有优异的抗菌性能.并讨论了含Ce不锈钢的抗菌机制.     

铈对00Cr17铁素体不锈钢高温抗氧化性的影响

利用电子分析天平、场发射扫描电镜、XRD衍射仪研究了不同Ce含量对00Cr17铁素体不锈钢高温抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:00Cr17钢中加入Ce后,钢的抗氧化性能得到提高,在1000℃以上时效果更加显著。氧化温度在700~1000℃范围内,随着Ce添加量的增加,氧化速率常数kp减小,氧化激活能提高,氧化膜由Cr2O3单相组成,而氧化温度在1100℃时,实验钢的氧化膜由Cr2O3和Fe2O3两相组成,Ce减缓了Fe2O3相的形成速率。Ce改善00Cr17铁素体不锈钢抗氧性的主要原因是降低了氧化物的生长速率,提高了氧化膜的致密性,增强了氧化膜与基体的粘附性。     

镧对4Cr13钢组织及耐蚀性的影响

以含不同量稀土元素La的4Cr13马氏体不锈钢为研究对象,实验用钢经冶炼、锻造、热处理后,通过观察不同稀土含量的研究试样在光学显微镜下的组织,测试研究试样在模拟溶液中的自腐蚀电位,并使用交流阻抗法测试研究试样的交流阻抗谱,从而研究La对4Cr13马氏体不锈钢的组织及耐蚀性的影响.分析得出:在一定范围内,随着La加入量的增加,其耐腐蚀性增强,La加入4Cr13马氏体不锈钢中能够细化晶粒,改变碳化物形态,减少碳化物偏聚,提高钢的强度、塑性和耐腐蚀性.     

敏化处理304不锈钢局部腐蚀行为的扫描微电极法研究

通过扫描微电极法研究敏化处理奥氏体不锈钢(304ss)的局部腐蚀行为,并结合传统电化学方法及光学显微镜进行测试观察. 结果表明,在10% FeCl3溶液未敏化处理(304ss-NS)或550 oC轻度敏化处理(304ss-S1)的不锈钢倾向于发生点腐蚀,而650 oC(304ss-S2)或750 oC(304ss-S3)深度敏化处理不锈钢则倾向于发生晶间腐蚀.     

电化学动电位再活化法(EPR法)的应用研究

应用电化学动电位再活化法(EPR法)评价不锈钢复合板和低铬铁素体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性. 结果表明,以电化学动电位再活化法测得的反向扫描与正向扫描电流最大值之比（ir / ia）评价堆焊不锈钢复合板00Cr17Ni14Mo2/20R复层晶间敏感性与传统H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法测定的结果吻合甚好;评价爆炸复合板复层06Cr13R低铬铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性与草酸浸蚀法测定的也一致. 说明该法可以成功用于定量、定性地评价不锈钢复合板和低铬铁素体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性.     

镧和铈钝化镀锌钢板的研究

采用镧盐和铈盐钝化镀锌钢板,通过醋酸铅点滴,失重,中性盐雾和电化学交流阻抗实验检测试样耐腐蚀性能.实验结果显示镧盐和铈盐钝化试样的耐黑变时间分别为70和44 s;腐蚀速率为1.9979×10-3g·m-3·h-1和3.6523×10-3g·m-2·h-1;抗白锈时间为54和46 h;阻抗值大幅提高;实验结果表明镧盐和铈盐钝化处理能大幅度提高试样耐腐蚀性,镧盐转化膜相对于铈盐转化膜更耐腐蚀.清漆划格实验表明清漆在稀土钝化后的试样表面附着力良好;原子力扫描结果显示稀土转化膜由大量不定型的固体颗粒不均匀沉积而成;EDS检测结果表明镧盐转化膜由O,Fe,Zn和La组成,铈盐转化膜由O,Fe,Zn和Ce组成.     

用于部分氧化甲烷制合成气铈基氧载体的性能分析

对铈基氧载体在熔融盐中利用其品格氧直接部分氧化甲烷制合成气的反应性能进行了研究；分别制备了在650，750，850和950℃焙烧下的铈基氧载体，在不同的反应温度下，利用制备的铈基氧载体对甲烷转化率、H2及CO的选择性进行了试验研究，结果表明：750℃下焙烧的铈基氧载体具有最高的活性，反应温度为825℃时，甲烷的转化率达到了96．5％，同时H2的选择性也比其他温度制备的氧载体高；对750℃焙烧下的氧载体分别添加1％MgO和1％TiO2，考察助剂对氧载体反应性能的影响，结果表明：添加1％MgO和1％TiO2能较好的改善氧载体的性能，且添加1％MgO时氧载体的性能最好。     

铈对奥氏体耐热钢高温氧化腐蚀性能的影响

为探讨铈对铬镍奥氏体耐热钢抗氧化腐蚀性能的影响,研究了添加铈的Sandvik253MA钢在900℃熔融Na_2SO_4中的抗氧化腐蚀性能。试验表明,添加铈后提高了钢的抗氧化腐蚀性能,使其优于铬、镍含量较高的AISI310S钢。铈在钢中的主要作用是加速保护性氧化膜的生成,使氧化物的晶粒细化、致密而又均匀,增强氧化皮的抗剥落性。文中讨论了铈对提高耐热钢抗氧化腐蚀性能的作用机理。 许多研究表明,在奥氏体耐热钢中加入少量的稀土元素,可提高钢在大气中的抗氧化能力。实际上由于燃料中一般都含有硫,所以耐热钢更多地是在含硫的氧化气氛中工作,高温时,与氧化同时存在的硫化将加速钢的腐蚀破坏。本试验目的是探讨在氧化、硫化同时存在的条件下,铈对耐热钢抗氧化腐蚀性能的影响及其作用机理。 一、材料及试验方法 (一)试验研究用材料 采用添加铈的瑞典Sandvik253MA作为试验用钢,为此,瑞典金属研究所提供了三个炉号的工业生产的钢料,为了与高铬镍奥氏体钢(AISI310S)进行对比试验,研究铈含量对钢的性能的影响,用20kg真空感应炉冶炼了三个炉号的钢料,锻成φ20mm的棒材。各炉号的化学成分列于表1。试样在加工前需经1100℃保温20分钟水冷处理,再经金相观察,确认各试料均为全奥氏体组织,其夹杂含量无明显差别,奥氏体晶粒尺寸和     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。