高功率微波在等离子体填充波导中的传播特性

 在考虑有质动力情况下对高功率微波在等离子体填充波导中的传播特性进行了理论分析和数值计算,研究了高功率微波在等离子体中的传播特性和微波场强与等离子体密度分布之间的关系。结果表明高功率微波的有质动力将影响微波色散特性,使微波场强分布偏离Bessel分布,并对等离子体有排开作用,当场强足够大时可将波导中心处等离子体排空形成低密度通道。     

高功率微波与等离子体相互作用理论和数值研究

研究高功率微波与等离子体的相互作用,对于微波放电和电磁兼容研究均具有重要意义.基于波动方程、等离子体的流体力学方程以及波尔兹曼方程,建立高功率微波脉冲与等离子体相互作用的理论模型,并结合等离子体的特征参数,采用时域有限差分方法分析了等离子体电子密度和高功率微波传输特性的变化.结果表明,由于高功率微波的电子加热作用,等离子体中的非线性效应明显,发生击穿使得等离子体电子密度增大,从而导致微波的反射增强,透过率降低.所提出的模型和相关结果对于高功率微波和电磁脉冲防护具有指导意义.     

铁电体移相器高功率微波应用研究

为拓展高功率微波阵列天线的波束扫描范围, 将铁电体移相器引入到高功率微波领域。分析铁电体移相器的工作原理, 并研究其应用于高功率微波领域可能遇到的问题, 利用时域有限差分法对高功率微波在铁电体材料中传播的简单模型进行分析, 研究了微波功率及偏置电场对输出波形的影响, 并进一步分析铁电体移相器应用于高功率微波领域的可行性。结果表明:在不考虑介质损耗的情形下, 选择适当的铁电体材料可以在10 cm内实现L波段180相移, 同时传输效率达到90%以上。     

Microwave breakdown in slots

The properties of microwave-induced breakdown of air in narrow metallic slots are investigated, both theoretically and experimentally, with emphasis on factors important for protection against transmission of incident high-power microwave radiation. The key factors investigated are breakdown power threshold, breakdown time, peak-leakage power, and total transmitted energy, as functions of incident pulse shape and power density. The theoretical investigation includes estimates of the electric field intensification in narrow slots and basic breakdown plasma modeling. New results important for application to the high-power microwave field, such as the influence of pulse shape on breakdown time and peak-leakage power, are presented. The experimental investigation comprises a set of slot breakdown experiments at atmospheric pressure, which are analyzed to extract key parameters, such as transmission cross section, breakdown time, peak leakage power, and transmitted energy. The experimental data is compared and shown to be in good agreement with results obtained in the theoretical investigation.     

重复频率高功率微波脉冲的大气击穿

 理论研究了重复频率高功率微波脉冲在大气中的传输特性，推导了n个高功率微波脉冲之后空间某点的电子密度，数值模拟并给出了在不同微波频率、大气压强、脉冲宽度以及脉冲间隔的条件下，大气击穿时，透射过去的脉冲个数与微波功率的关系。模拟结果表明：当微波脉冲参数一定时，压强越小，透射过去的脉冲个数越少，大气越容易发生击穿；当压强一定时，脉宽越宽,微波频率越小，透射过去的脉冲个数越少，大气越容易发生击穿。     

有限磁场作用下填充环形等离子体波导中功率流密度的计算

 在考虑有限磁场的作用下,得到了填充等离子体的圆柱光滑波导中各场分量的表达式,然后导出了功率流密度的计算式。通过计算得出等离子体的密度和厚度对功率流密度有极大的影响,并分析了其机理。     

相对论全腔轴向提取磁控管阳极释气数值模拟研究

相对论电子轰击阳极产生二次电子和释气以及释气电离产生的击穿现象是限制全腔轴向提取透明阴极磁控管（TCMAC）工作性能的一个重要因素。本研究对TCMAC中轰击产生的阳极二次电子以及释气电离现象进行了物理建模以及三维数值模拟研究,考察了其对TCMAC运行性能的影响。初步计算结果表明,二次电子发射与阳极释气对TCMAC工作都有一定影响,释气后电离产生的正离子数大于系统中电子数时,会导致TCMAC击穿。     

射频击穿等离子体对高功率微波传输特性的影响

利用极化正交的高功率微波合路器,开展了等离子体对于微波传输特性的实验研究.通过改变前级源的功率和脉冲宽度,使得在合路器耦合缝处发生射频击穿,产生等离子体.等离子体扩散进入微波传输主通道,对于高功率微波的传输产生明显的影响,导致微波能量吸收和极化的偏转.初步实验结果表明,等离子体扩散到主通道中心的时间约为3μs,扩散速度约为1μs/cm,等离子体的恢复时间约为5μs.实验测得等离子体导致的微波极化方向最大偏转角度约为4.1?,此时通道内电子个数约为3.7×1015,极化偏转角度与电子数密度以及微波频率相关.     

高功率微波与电子系统电路单元相互作用的理论分析

利用等离子体理论研究了电路中微波等离子体运动对电容元件的影响, 给出了 可能引起电路扰乱状态的参量条件. 当微波等离子体较稀薄时, 且微波的频率或等离子体电子的渡越时间高到一定程度时, 扰乱阈值与微波频率的平方成正比; 如果微波的频率或等离子体电子的渡越时间低到一定程度时, 其电场的特性接近直流特性, 扰乱阈值与微波频率没有明显的依赖关系. 从总体上看, 微波频率越低, 越容易扰乱集成电路的工作状态. 如果等离子体频率与高功率微波频率相接近, 则会产生共振效应, 此时等离子体电子的振荡的幅值会大幅度提高, 更容易扰乱电路的工作状态.     

Dynamic spatial replenishment of femtosecond pulses propagating in air

We present numerical simulations of nonlinear pulse propagation in air whereby an initial pulse is formed, absorbed by plasma generation, and subsequently replenished by power from the trailing edge of the pulse. This process can occur more than once for high-power input pulses and produce the illusion of long-distance propagation of one self-guided pulse.     

Time-and-space resolved measurements of the emission uniformity of carbon fibre cathode in high-current pulsed discharge

The remaining challenges, confronting high-power microwave (HPM) sources and pulsed power generators, stimulate the developments of robust relativistic electron beam sources. This paper presents a carbon fibre cathode which is tested in a single pulsed power generator. The distribution and the development of cathode plasma are observed by time-and-space resolved diagnostics, and the uniformity of electron beam density is checked by taking x-ray images. A quasistationary behaviour of cathode plasma expansion is observed. It is found that the uniformity of the extracted electron beam is satisfactory in spite of individual plasma jets on the cathode surface. These results show that carbon fibre cathodes can provide a positive prospect for developing a high-quality electron beam.     

Impact of nonlinear absorption on propagation of microwave in a plasma filled rectangular waveguide

In collisional and ponderomotive predominant regimes, the propagation of microwave in rectangular waveguide filled with collisional plasma is investigated numerically. The dominant mode is excited through an evacuated waveguide and then enters a similar and co-axis waveguide filled with plasma. In collisional predominant regime, the amplitude of electric field is oscillated along propagation path; outset of propagation path due to the electron-ion collision, the intensity oscillations are reduced. Afterward, under competition between the collisional nonlinearity and absorption, the intensity is increased, so the electron density peak is created in middle of waveguide. In ponderomotive predominant regime, the intensity is slowly decreased due to collision, so the electron density is ramped. Control parameters, like the frequency, input power, collision frequency, and background electron density are surveyed that can be used to control propagation characteristics of microwave. This method can be used to control heating of fusion plasma and accelerate charged particle.     

磁绝缘线振荡器阴极释气电离粒子模拟

阴极释气电离产生的击穿现象是限制磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)工作性能的一个可能因素,也是限制其重频运行的主要障碍。利用三维全电磁粒子模拟程序对高功率微波器件MILO中阴极释气电离现象的物理建模技术以及实现三维自洽运算所需的粒子模拟技术进行了分析研究。对不同相对释气率的情况进行了模拟计算,模拟计算结果表明,当释气率超过一定阈值时,电离导致的等离子体会使微波输出功率迅速下降。     

Plasma Masers: Status Quo and Development Prospects

Consideration is given to the research status and prospects for development of plasma relativistic microwave electronics as a basis for plasma masers. Possible applications are determined for plasma masers as high-power sources of microwave pulses. Design features of masers and their radiation characteristics are considered with a view to the type of device: self-oscillator, external signal amplifier, or noise amplifier.     

Pulse shortening causes in high power BWO and TWT microwave sources

Pulse shortening, an effect where the microwave output power from a high-power tube terminates or significantly degrades well before the end of the electron beam pulse, severely limits the energy per pulse and average power capability of many high power microwave (HPM) sources. The cause of pulse shortening varies from device to device, and different causes can simultaneously contribute to the observed power reduction behavior which tends to obscure the underlying mechanisms and possible solutions. In this paper, we show a variety of experimental situations that lead to pulse shortening in HPM sources. The mechanisms of the different pulse shortening triggers are examined in detail in high-vacuum traveling wave tubes (TWT) and plasma-filled backward-wave oscillators (BWO). We find that there are many different causes of pulse shortening such as arcing, mode competition, beam instability, etc. However, the most commonly observed situation that leads to pulse shortening is the combination of sufficiently high power electron beams and poor vacuum conditions that lead to plasma generation. The presence of plasma significantly modifies the beam coupling to the circuit, which can affect the microwave production efficiency on very short time scales. The situations lending to pulse shortening and possible solutions are presented     

高功率微波器件中脉冲缩短现象的粒子模拟

脉冲缩短是高功率微波器件的一个普遍现象，它阻碍了输出微波能量的进一步提高，是高功率微波研究领域中急待解决的问题.以相对论返波管作为研究对象，运用粒子模拟的方法，研究了器件表面的爆炸发射、电子束电压和电流的脉动对输出微波性能的影响，从中得到了一些有益的结论，指出由强电场引起的慢波系统表面的爆炸发射是产生脉冲缩短的重要因素 ，电子束电流和束电压的脉动也会引起脉冲缩短，并提出了相应的克服方法. 关键词： 高功率微波器件 相对论返波管 脉冲缩短 粒子模拟     

基于粒子模拟和并行遗传算法的高功率微波源优化设计

提出了基于粒子模拟和并行遗传算法的高功率微波源优化设计方法, 以全电磁粒子模拟软件UNIPIC模拟的高功率微波器件输出功率作为适应度函数, 采用浮点数编码的遗传算法对高功率微波源器件进行优化. 采用该算法, 对相对论返波管的布拉格反射器位置以及高度进行了浮点数编码,然后在巨型机上进行参数的全局优化, 获得了该返波管布拉格反射器的全局最优参数. 关键词： 并行遗传算法 相对论返波管 粒子模拟 高功率微波源     

光子晶体高功率微波模式转换器设计

研究了传输线中非截面排列金属光子晶体电磁特性,并利用其作为移相器提出了一种紧凑型TEM—TE11模式转换器的设计方法.利用电磁软件cst microwave studio优化设计了一套L波段TEM—TE11模式转换器,在中心频率1.58 GHz上转换效率为98%.在1.56—1.625 GHz频率范围内,模式转换器转换效率大于90%,对应带宽4.1%.模式转换器功率容量为GW级,适用于高功率微波源系统.结合磁绝缘线振荡器开展了粒子模拟研究工作,发现模式转换器性能与设计结果相符,并且其引入不影响高功率微波器件的正常工作.     

Plasma relativistic microwave noise amplifier with the inverse configuration

The results of numerically simulating a high-power plasma maser—the wideband microwave noise amplifier—are reported. The configuration and parameters of the device are chosen with a view to its possible future use for generating pulses with a duration of 3 ns and pulse frequency bandwidth of 0.3 to 2GHz. In the pulse-periodic mode, it is possible to generate radiation in a continuous range of 2 to 12GHz with an average pulse power of 20MWand pulse energy efficiency of 6%.     

The Experimental Study of Novel Pseudospark Hollow Cathode Plasma Electron Gun

The high-power microwave devices with plasma-filled have unique properties. One of the major problems associated with plasma-filled microwave sources is that ions from the plasma drift toward the gun regions of the tube. This bombardment is particularly dangerous for the gun, where high-energy ion impacts can damage the cathode surface and degrade its electron emission capabilities. One of the techniques investigated to mitigate this issue is to replace the material cathode with plasma cathode. Now, we study the novel electron gun (E-gun) that can be suitable for high power microwave device applications, adopting two forms of discharge channel, 1: a single hole channel, the structure can produce a solid electron beam; 2: porous holes channel, the structure can generate multiple electronic injection which is similar to the annular electron beam.