基于数值流形法的降雨入渗与坡面径流耦合算法研究

降雨时坡地的入渗-产流分析，是降雨型滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害机理研究中的重要课题之一.为实现边坡降雨-入渗-产流的全过程数值模拟，进一步提高计算效率，考虑将降雨入渗面视作坡面径流与坡体渗流的内部域，基于一维运动波方程和二维压力水头格式的Richards方程建立耦合模型，并推导出其总体控制方程，采用数值流形法(numerical manifold method, NMM)实现其数值求解，通过编制相应的计算程序分析了边坡降雨产流过程.数值分析结果表明：所建模型的计算结果与试验数据及前人模拟结果吻合良好，验证了该文模型及计算方法的有效性与可靠性；降雨强度越大，产流时间越早，坡面积水深度越大，对坡体内的水分分布影响范围越广.研究表明，所建模型能真实反映边坡降雨-入渗-产流全过程，可为降雨诱发的各类地质灾害分析提供计算依据.     

考虑地震力方向的倾倒式危岩可靠度分析

侧向卸荷作用导致高陡边坡发育大量危岩体,危岩体在降雨、地震作用下易发生失稳破坏,判断其失稳的概率对危岩防治具有重要意义.该文以倾倒式危岩体为例,建立了考虑地震力作用方向下最危险方向的物理力学模型,利用函数极值理论建立了最危险地震力作用方向的表达式,结合可靠度理论建立了倾倒式危岩体可靠度指标、失稳概率表达式及判断标准.通过对重庆南川金佛山危岩体案例的分析表明:工况1的最危险地震力作用方向与水平方向的偏转角θ在5°范围内,工况2的最危险地震力作用方向与水平方向的偏转角θ在10°左右;危岩体最危险作用方向不是一个固定角,其值与危岩体形态、裂隙水作用力大小、岩腔深度等有关.当主控结构面裂隙长度较小时,最危险地震力作用方向与水平夹角很小,随主控结构面裂隙长度增大,最危险地震力作用方向与水平夹角显著增大;危岩体失稳概率随主控结构面裂隙长度增加而增大,工况2较工况1增大幅度更明显.该研究成果对危岩的防灾减灾具有重要意义.     

数量化理论在确定滑坡稳定性影响因素中的应用

确定滑坡稳定性的影响因素是防治滑坡之关键。本文运用数量化理论，建立了新滩滑坡位移量的预测公式，并由此确定出降雨作用、基岩面形状和滑体厚度是该滑坡稳定性的主要影响因素。此结论符合客观事实，对滑动后的新滩边坡稳定性和加固处理仍具有指导意义。     

透视解直角三角形的应用问题

利用解直角三角形来解决生活中的实际问题,是初中数学的重要内容,也是中考命题的热点之一.解决这类问题,关键是要将实际问题中的数量关系归结为直角三角形中元素间的关系,即把实际问题抽象成数学模型(构造直角三角形),然后根据直角三角形边、角以及边角关系求解.解题时应意弄清仰角、俯角、水平距离、坡度(坡比)、坡角等概念的意义,认真分析题意,观察图形(或画图)找出要解的直角三角形,选择合适的边角关系式计算,并按照题中要求的精确度确定答案,注明单位.现以2010年中考试题为例予以解析说明.     

不同纵向涡发生器翅片通道内速度场与温度场协同的数值研究

为了探究加装矩形小翼和三角型小翼纵向涡发生器的H形翅片通道的换热流动,采用场协同理论进行分析.结果表明,相同攻角时,三角形小翼的面平均协同角和体平均协同角要比矩形小翼的大,同时,体平均协同角比面平均协同角要大;随着攻角的增大,面平均协同角和体平均协同角都先减小后增大,矩形小翼在攻角为60°时最小,三角形小翼在45°时最小;相同进口速度时,45°三角形小翼的面平均协同角和体平均协同角要比60°矩形小翼的大,随着进口速度的增加,60°矩形小翼和45°三角形小翼的面平均协同角和体平均协同角都增大.     

共轭齿面的界限点

在啮合理论的研究中,两类界限点和诱导法曲率有其重要作用。 本文的内容是采用求极限的方法,将诱导法曲率公式应用于界限点处求相对法曲率,并用来探讨相错轴传动中的二次包络的理论,阐述了第一次包络时,第一齿面S_1上的第     

我国水利建设中的水文工作

我国幅员辽阔,水利资源丰富,平均年雨量630毫米,平均年径流量26,000多亿立方米。但是,各地区雨量差异很大,东南沿海及岛屿平均年雨量大于1,600毫米,而西北干旱区则小于200毫米。降雨的年际和季节分配不匀。多数河流,汛期暴雨强度很大,洪水迅猛。有些河流挟沙特多。这些情况给我们带来了复杂的水利和水文问题。史载,从公元前两千多年起,我国劳动人民就开始了防治水害、兴修水利的斗争。我国的     

杂草种子运动的矩阵模型

人类活动(如耕作等)、捕食者活动(如蚂蚁、蚯蚓等)及一些无生命因素(如下雨、冰雪覆盖等),使土壤中的杂草种子在土壤中各个方向上不断运动,运用L eslie矩阵和M arkov链建立了一个具年龄结构的杂草种子在土壤中随时间动态变化的一般矩阵模型.     

准域上系统理论的数学基础

实域上线性系统理论的研究已经比较成熟,这个理论在控制、电路等领域应用得较多。有限域上的动态系统理论也有一定的研究,并应用于编码、自动机等领域。比域弱的代数结构,例如群、环等也相继展开了系统理论的研究:Kalman,Kamen 等以延时控制系统为背景研究了环上系统的实现理论、极点配置等问题;Arbib 等研究了群自动机;Wonham 等研究了一般集合上的动态系统理论,给出了抽象的内模原理,观测器,(A,B)不变子空间等结果,并探讨了形式语言的能控性子语言。曹志强提出了一种新代数系——坡,并研究了坡上动态系统的能达性、能控性等问题,还应用到心理     

模糊神经网络在山区自然坡失稳预报中的应用

将模糊理论和神经网络相结合, 建立基于模糊神经系统的自然坡失稳预测模型--模糊神经网络(FANN)方法, 并针对我国湖北宜昌鄂西磷矿开采引起上部自然坡失稳的可能性进行了具体计算分析.     

Analytical solution of coupled soil erosion and consolidation equations by asymptotic expansion approach

In this work, one-dimensional approximation of internal erosion taking place in a soil made from sand and clay mixture was considered. The clay phase that is susceptible to experience erosion under water flow discharge was assumed to be small. A new erosion law fixing the initiation threshold of erosion and integrating the effect of soil consolidation on internal erosion was proposed. Conversely, the effect of erosion on elastic soil deformation was also integrated through damage mechanics concepts. Asymptotic expansion of the coupled equations in terms of a perturbation parameter linked to the total amount of internal erosion that is likely to occur has been performed. This has enabled to view the internal erosion phenomenon occurring inside the soil as a perturbation affecting the classical soil consolidation equation, and further to evaluate the critical discharge gradient for which internal erosion starts. Equations at order zero that are provided by the asymptotic expansion were exactly integrated while an adequate finite difference scheme was introduced to solve the equations at order one. A parametric study was conducted after that in order to assess effects of the main factors on internal erosion and soil deformation.     

基于BP神经网络的山坡平均坡度解

用BP神经网络方法对山坡平均山坡的解法进行分析,以29个小流域样本的水文数据为基础,通过应用人工神经网络反向传播BP(Back Propagation)算法,引入与山坡平均坡度密切相关的流域影响因子,并且通过调整网络结构中的权因子和阈值,建立了山坡平均坡度与流域影响因子之间的BP网络模型.计算结果表明,用拓扑结构为5-12-1的BP网络,经过学习150000次后,随机测试小流域样本的山坡平均坡度其计算结果和测试结果的相对误差不超过5%;证明该ANN模型的拟合能力强,从而为小流域山坡平均坡度的计算提供了一条新途径.     

利用统计方法对土壤侵蚀中自然环境和人类活动影响程度的比较

黄土高原的土壤侵蚀是黄河泥沙的主要来源，灾害性的水土流失既是生态环境脆弱的集中体现，又深受社会活动的影响．我们应用统计方法，包括果类分析、逐步回归、多元化一元等方法，对土壤侵蚀中自然侵蚀和人类活动加速侵蚀哪方面影响比重大这一问题进行了研究。我们的结论是，在不同的环境背景下，人类活动影响的比重是不同的；从全地区来看，人类活动对侵蚀的影响要小于自然环境的作用。     

Vortex merger near a topographic slope in a homogeneous rotating fluid

The effect of a bottom slope on the merger of two identical Rankine vortices is investigated in a two-dimensional, quasi-geostrophic, incompressible fluid.When two cyclones initially lie parallel to the slope, and more than two vortex diameters away from the slope, the critical merger distance is unchanged. When the cyclones are closer to the slope, they can merge at larger distances, but they lose more mass into filaments, thus weakening the efficiency of merger. Several effects account for this: the topographic Rossby wave advects the cyclones, reduces their mutual distance and deforms them. This alongshelf wave breaks into filaments and into secondary vortices which shear out the initial cyclones. The global motion of fluid towards the shallow domain and the erosion of the two cyclones are confirmed by the evolution of particles seeded both in the cyclones and near the topographic slope. The addition of tracer to the flow indicates that diffusion is ballistic at early times.For two anticyclones, merger is also facilitated because one vortex is ejected offshore towards the other, via coupling with a topographic cyclone. Again two anticyclones can merge at large distance but they are eroded in the process.Finally, for taller topographies, the critical merger distance is again increased and the topographic influence can scatter or completely erode one of the two initial cyclones.Conclusions are drawn on possible improvements of the model configuration for an application to the ocean.     

非饱和膨胀土的结构损伤模型及其在土坡多场耦合分析中的应用

针对原状膨胀土对气候变化反映敏感的特点和其具有胀缩性、裂隙性、超固结性等力学特性,以非饱和土力学和损伤力学为基础,建立了一个非饱和膨胀土的弹塑性损伤本构模型及相应的固结模型．把原状膨胀土看成是由未损部分和损伤部分的复合体,未损部分用非饱和土的非线性本构关系描述,损伤部分用损伤演化方程和两个屈服面（即,加载屈服面和剪切屈服面）描述．其中的损伤演化方程包括加载引起的损伤和干湿循环引起的损伤两个方面,用作者研制的CT-三轴试验确定．设计了相应的有限元程序UESEPDC;对非饱和膨胀土边坡进行了三相多场耦合问题的数值分析．分析分为4个阶段,得到了边坡在每一分析阶段的应力场、位移场、孔隙水压力场、孔隙气压力场、含水量场、基质吸力场、结构损伤演化场和塑性区扩展的动态图,较好地揭示了膨胀土边坡在开挖和气候变化条件下逐渐发生失稳滑动的现象及其机理．     

System reliability analysis of slope stability using generalized Subset Simulation

Slope failure mechanisms (e.g., why and where slope failure occurs) are usually unknown prior to slope stability analysis. Several possible failure scenarios (e.g., slope sliding along different slip surfaces) can be assumed, leading to a number of scenario failure events of slope stability. How to account rationally for various scenario failure events in slope stability reliability analysis and how to identify key failure events that have significant contributions to slope failure are critical questions in slope engineering. In this study, these questions are resolved by developing an efficient computer-based simulation method for slope system reliability analysis. The proposed approach decomposes a slope system failure event into a series of scenario failure events representing possible failure scenarios and calculates their occurrence probabilities by a single run of an advanced Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method, called generalized Subset Simulation (GSS). Using GSS results, representative failure events (RFEs) that are considered relatively independent are identified from scenario failure events using probabilistic network evaluation technique. Their relative contributions are assessed quantitatively, based on which key failure events are determined. The proposed approach is illustrated using a soil slope example and a rock slope example. It is shown that the proposed approach provides proper estimates of occurrence probabilities of slope system failure event and scenario failure events by a single GSS run, which avoids repeatedly performing simulations for each failure event. Compared with direct MCS, the proposed approach significantly improves computational efficiency, particularly for failure events with small failure probabilities. Key failure events of slope stability are determined among scenario failure events in a cost-effective manner. Such information is valuable in making slope design decisions and remedial measures.     

非饱和土一维固结的半解析解

首先对Fredlund的非饱和土一维固结理论进行简化,由得到的液相及气相的控制方程、Darcy定律及Fick定律,经Laplace变换及Cayley-Hamilton定理构造了顶面状态向量与任意深度处状态向量间的传递关系;通过引入边界条件,得到了大面积瞬时加荷情况多种边界条件下Laplace变换域内的超孔隙水压力、 超孔隙气压力及土层沉降的解;采用Crump方法编制程序实现Laplace逆转换,得到了时间域内的超孔隙水压力、超孔隙气压力、土层沉降的半解析解;引用典型算例,对单面排水排气情况,与已有的解析解进行对比,验证其正确性;对单面排气不排水情况,与差分法结果进行对比进一步证明半解析解的正确性,并进行固结特性分析．该研究对非饱和土一维固结的研究具有重要的意义．     

Un modelo predictivo de la evolución en costas rocosas

The recession of coastal cliffs is a widespread phenomenon on the rocky shores that are exposed to the combined incidence of marine and meteorological processes that occur in the shoreline. This phenomenon is revealed violently and occasionally as gravitational movements of the ground and can cause material or human losses. Their prediction is difficult; however it is basic for the proper coastal management and the clear understanding of erosion risks. There are several models of the coastal cliff recession processes. From the stochastic type models based on historical erosion events, to the theoretical models as described by Eikonal or Boussinesq equations. In this work an intermediate solution is adopted (process-response model), such as models based on simplified balance of forces as trigger mechanisms involved in the erosion of the rocks. This model fits the marine dynamics: sea level changes, tidal range and wave transformation; along with the evolution of the land: the slope of the surf zone, erosion and rock falls. So far these models have been limited to small slope cliffs, since its numerical stability and the propagation of errors are unknowns. For these reasons, the development of a generic model that reproduces the spatial and temporal evolution of a cliff-2D profile (platform, beach and slope) consisting on semi-consolidated heterogeneous materials, is presented. In addition, the computational implementation, the study of different numerical resolution techniques and the produced errors, are also exposed and analysed.     

Numerical Analysis of Time Fractional-Order Unsaturated Flow and Its Application北大核心CSCD

非饱和渗流过程的数值模拟对土质边坡稳定性分析、地下污染物迁移模拟等众多领域有着重要的意义。Richards方程由于其普遍适用性被广泛地应用,然而Richards方程所描述的渗流过程并未考虑在自然环境和实验中存在的反常扩散现象。针对这一问题,该文结合Caputo导数得到了具有更广泛渗流意义的时间分数阶Richards方程,采用有限差分法得到其离散格式并采用Picard法迭代求解,以及对分数阶参数和土水特征曲线进行了敏感性分析。最后,结合土柱入渗实验数据,比较了不同土水特征曲线下时间分数阶Richards方程得到的数值解。结果表明,VGM模型的时间分数阶Richards方程与实测数据具有更好的拟合效果,能够更好地描述地下水在非饱和土中的渗流过程。