Effect of the solvent composition in methanol-pentane and methanol-acetonitrile mixtures on the quantum yield of proton transfer and reactions of transient species in the photolysis of 2,2,4,6-tetramethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline

The photolysis of 2,2,4,6-tetramethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline in binary MeOH-C₅H₁₂ and MeOH-MeCN mixtures was studied in dependence on the solvent composition by steady state and pulse photolysis. The photoinduced proton transfer from the N-H bond to the C(3) carbon atom of the heterocycle does not occur up to the methanol concentration of 0.25 (1 vol %) and 2.5 mol l⁻¹ (10 vol %) in the MeOH-C₅H₁₂ and MeOH-MeCN mixtures, respectively. The trends in the increase in the relative quantum yield of the proton transfer reaction (Q _mix/Q _MeOH) and the decay rate constant for 2,2,4,6-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydroquinoline, the product of the proton transfer reaction, in dependence on the composition differ significantly for these binary mixtures. The results are interpreted in terms of peculiarities in the aggregation of methanol and the distribution of the DHQ molecules and transient species in the mixtures.     

Photolysis of 1,2-dihydroquinolines in micellar solutions of anionic and cationic surfactants

The kinetics of the photolysis of substituted 1,2-dihydroquinolines (DHQ) in micellar solutions was studied by steady-state and flash photolysis. The photolysis mechanism depends dramatically on the location of DHQ molecules in micelles, which is governed by the surfactant nature. In micellar solutions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), where the DHQ molecules are located in the Stern layer, the intermediate species decay kinetics follows a first-order law. When DHQ is in neutral form (pH 4–12), the rate constant of the intermediate carbocation decay increases from 25 to 198 s^?1 with an increasing concentration of DHQ in micelles. The positive micellar catalysis is caused by the acceleration of the final product formation with the DHQ molecule via proton abstraction from the intermediate cation. The formation of several types of intermediate species—carbocations in the aqueous phase and aminyl radicals in micelles—is observed in micellar solutions of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) due to the preferential location of DHQ molecules in the micellar core. The carbocation decays via a pseudofirst-order reaction with a rate constant close to that in the aqueous solution. The lifetime of the DHQ aminyl radicals in the micellar solutions is longer by several orders of magnitude than the lifetime observed for homogeneous solutions of hydrocarbons and alcohols.     

Mechanism of Photoinduced Addition of Water and Methanol to the Double Bond of 1,2-Dihydroquinolines

The kinetics and mechanism of photoinduced addition of water and methanol to the double bond of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (DHQ) bearing different substituents in the 6- and 8-positions and N-methylated DHQ were studied by flash photolysis. The reaction affords corresponding Markovnikov adducts, 4-hydroxy- and 4-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines. On the basis of time-resolved experiments and the measurement of quantum yields of the reaction in media of different acidities or basicities, a general scheme of the reaction is suggested, which involves the formation of two intermediate species. The principal rate constants, activation parameters, and their dependence on substituents were determined.     

Substituent effects on the ionization reaction of beta-mesylate phenethyl radicals

A series of beta-methanesulfonate phenethyl radicals bearing a range of electron donating and withdrawing aromatic substituents were generated and studied in a variety of solvent mixtures using nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Rate constants for the formation of the corresponding styrene radical cation via heterolytic loss of the beta-mesylate leaving group were measured using time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. The ionization reaction was investigated in a variety of solvents and solvent mixtures including 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, acetonitrile, methanol and water. The influence of substituent electronic effect and solvent polarity on the kinetics of the beta-heterolysis reaction are discussed and assessed using the sigma+ Hammett parameter and Y(OMs) values, respectively. The small magnitude of m calculated for the formation of the 4-methoxystyrene radical cation by ionization of the mesylate group (m = 0.33) in aqueous methanol mixtures is compared to values obtained for the formation of the same radical cation via loss of chloride and bromide where m = 0.56 and m = 0.45, respectively.     

Reactivity of Water and Alcohols toward Carbocations Generated in the Photolysis of 2,2,4,6-Tetramethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline

The rate constants of the decay of carbocation generated in the photolysis of 2,2,4,6-tetramethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline and the composition of reaction products were studied as a function of solvent composition in the mixtures H₂O–ROH and MeOH–ROH (R = Et, n-Pr, and i-Pr). The rate constants of carbocation decay in alcohols are more than 20 times higher than the corresponding rate constants in water. As follows from the composition of the products obtained in the photolysis in the alcohol–water mixtures, MeOH is only 1.4 times more reactive than water, and EtOH and n-PrOH are even less active than water. The inconsistency in the product composition in the mixtures and the values of the observed rate constants in these solvents was explained by the two-step mechanism of the reaction: the reversible formation of an adduct of the carbocation with the solvent components and subsequent proton transfer to the solvent to form the final product, with the first step determining the product composition and the second step determining the rate of carbocation decay. The relative rate constants of alcohols and water were determined for the two steps. The preferred solvation of the carbocation with water also contributes significantly to the reaction kinetics and the product composition in the water–alcohol solutions.     

Ultraviolet Photolysis and Ortho-Phthalaldehyde-Mercaptoethanol Derivatization of Pharmaceuticals for Enhanced Fluorescence Detection in HPLC

Abstract

Several classes of nitrogenous pharmaceutical were examined for fluorescence after ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced photolysis followed by reaction with o-phthalaldehyde-2-mercaptoethanol (OPA-MERC), and after UV photolysis alone. Photolyses were examined in water, mixtures of methanol/water (1:1), and acetonitrile/water (1:1). Acetone was assessed as a photosensitizer to enhance photolysis and fluorescence response. Flow injection analysis and high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques were used for several pharmaceuticals. The analytes were subjected to UV photolysis and reaction with OPA-MERC reagent for generation of fluorophores that responded to fluorescence detection. During photolysis, solvent type as well as the presence of photosensitizers seem to play a significant role in the formation of primary amines and fluorophores. Photochemical transformation products of some of the pharmaceutical chemicals are proposed. Analytical figures of merit were determined for some analytes. This fluorescence detection approach is applicable for a number of pharmaceuticals at nanogram level.     

Phototriggering of neuroactive amino acids from 5,6-benzocoumarinyl conjugates

Uncaging of several neuroactive amino acids, namely β-alanine, tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and glutamic acid from the corresponding 5,6-benzocoumarinyl conjugates was carried out by irradiation at different wavelengths and in different solvent systems. The release of the various amino acids was faster in ACN/HEPES buffer mixtures and for the tyrosine conjugate, an increase in the photolysis reaction rates and the quantitative uncaging of the amino acid was associated with increasing water content in the solvent mixture.     

Reactivity of carbocations from 1,2-dihydroquinolines in binary mixtures of methanol with pentane and acetonitrile

The rate constants and activation parameters of the reactions of the carbocation resulting from 6-ethoxy-1,2,2,4-tetramethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline photolysis with methanol (k ₁) and the methoxide ion (k ₂) have been measured by flash photolysis in binary mixtures of methanol with inert solvents (nonpolar pentane and polar acetonitrile) in wide composition ranges. The changes in the activation parameters for k ₁ at different solvent compositions show that the increase in the rate constant in the pentane mixtures is mainly deter-mined by the increase in the preexponential factor. The decrease in k ₁ in the acetonitrile mixtures is deter-mined by the decrease in the methanol concentration and by the increase in the activation energy. The different roles of the methoxide ion in the reaction are demonstrated. They depend on the nature of the inert solvent in the mixture. The results of this study are considered in terms of methanol clustering in pentane and acetonitrile, the different solubilities of 6-ethoxy-1,2,2,4-tetramethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline in the components of the binary mixtures, and the difference in distribution and solvation between the carbocation and the methoxide ion in the mixtures.     

Effect of the excitation wavelength and the structure of nitrated 1,2-dyhydroquinolines on dynamics of primary photophysical and photochemical processes

Dynamics of transformations of excited states and active transient species generated in the photolysis of nitrated 1,2-dihydroquinolines (N-DHQ) has been studied by femto- and nanosecond laser pulse photolysis. Spectral and kinetic parameters of primary photophysical and photochemical processes have been determined, and their dependence on the substituent position at the aromatic ring of 1,2-dihydroquinoline (DHQ) and on the wavelength of excitation light has been established. The lifetime of the excited singlet state S₁ in N-DHQ is ca. 100 and 500 fs for 8- and 6-nitro-substituted DHQ, respectively, which is shorter in comparison with DHQ without the nitro group by a factor of 10⁴ and more. The major decay channel of the S₁ state is the successive formation of three transient species with lifetimes of 0.5 to 16 ps. A triplet state is generated only upon excitation of the short-wavelength band by UV light. The quantum yield of the triplet state depends on the structure of N-DHQ.     

Effect of the nature of inert solvent on the decay kinetics of the carbocation generated in the photolysis of 1,2-dihydroquinolines in methanol

The dependence of the quantum yield and the decay rate constant for the carbocation generated in the photolysis of 6-ethoxy-1,2,2,4-tetramethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (6-EtO-DHQ) in methanol on the solvent composition was studied in the mixtures of methanol with isopropanol, acetonitrile, and pentane by pulse photolysis. The addition of these solvents decreases the yield of the carbocation and differently affects the kinetic parameters of its decay. The carbocation decay in the mixtures MeOH-i-PrOH and MeOH-C₅H₁₂ is described by the pseudo-first order equation (k ₁), with the dependence of k ₁ having a maximum at 50 vol % of MeOH in the MeOH-i-PrOH mixtures, and k ₁ increasing with a decrease in the MeOH concentration in the MeOH-C₅H₁₂ mixtures. In the MeOH-MeCN mixtures, the value of k ₁ decreases with a decrease in the MeOH concentration, and, at the concentration of MeOH lower than 50 vol %, the contribution of the second-order reaction (k ₂) is observed. The activation energies and preexponential factors were determined in the MeOH-C₅H₁₂ mixtures of different compositions, and it was shown that E _act practically did not depend on the solvent composition and were close to E _act for other carbocations obtained in MeOH. The increase in k ₁ with a decrease in the MeOH concentration is caused by an increase in the preexponential factor. The results were discussed on the basis of the reaction mechanism involving the competing reactions of the carbocation combination with two nucleophilic particles, the MeOH molecule and the MeO⁻ anion. The composition of the mixture and the nature of the inert solvent affect strongly the course of these reactions. Published in Russian in Kinetika i Kataliz, 2009, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 411–416. The article was translated by the authors.     

Postcolumn formation of fluorophores from nitrogenous pesticides by UV photolysis

The ultraviolet (UV) photolysis of several classes of nitrogenous pesticides was examined with a view to photo-induced fluorescence detection in flow-injection analysis (FIA) and liquid chromatography. The solvents evaluated as typical reversed-phase mobile phases included water, methanol, and 1:1 mixtures of methanol/water and acetonitrile/water, and methanol/acetonitrilelwater mixtures. Acetone, acetophenone, the surfactant triton X-100, and the photocatalyst titanium dioxide were assessed as photosensitizers to enhance the UV photolysis and fluorescence responses. FIA and liquid chromatographic separations of several pesticides were followed by post-column UV photolysis for the fluorescence detection. Ultraviolet photolysis produces some fluorescent products. The type of photolytic solvent seems to play a significant role. The presence of photosensitizers also affects the fluorescence response of some pesticides. The photochemical transformation products of some of the pesticides are suggested. Analytical figures of merit were evaluated for determination of several pesticides in ground water. The post-column UV photolysis approach for fluorescence detection in liquid chromatography was assessed for several nitrogenous pesticides in ground water samples at ng/g concentrations.     

Primary Photophysical and Photochemical Processes in the Photolysis of 1,2-Dihydroquinolines in Different Solvents

The fluorescence lifetimes (τ_fl) of alkyl and alkoxy substituted dihydroquinolines (DHQ) were measured in hexane, isopropanol, methanol, and water. It was shown that τ_fl was determined by the solvent nature and weakly depended on substituents on the DHQ aromatic ring and heterocycle, with τ_fl being substantially lower in methanol than in the other solvents. The decrease in τ_fl in MeOH is caused by an increase in the rate constants of the photochemical reaction and nonradiative transitions in this solvent. The quantum yield of fluorescence in H₂O and MeOH, in which the photoinduced addition of the solvent molecules occurs, decreases with a decrease in the excitation wavelength within the limits of long-wavelength absorption band, thus providing strong evidence that the photochemical reaction proceeds from the unrelaxed excited state.     

Photolysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">meta</Emphasis>-azidophenol in water-organic mixtures

Photolysis of m-azidophenol (m-AP) in organic solvents and water-organic mixtures of various composition was studied using the methods of electronic spectroscopy. m-Azidophenol dissolved in water-organic mixtures was shown to form associates with solvent molecules, depending on the composition of the mixture. The nature of m-AP photolysis products and the rate of their formation are determined by the character of m-AP solvation in water-organic mixtures. In acetonitrile solution, a polymeric product is formed via the interaction of the phenol group with the nitrene of an adjacent m-AP molecule. An increase in the mole fraction of water in a water-acetonitrile mixture leads to a decrease in the yield of the polymeric product and an increase in the yield of the hydroxylamine derivative. In water-ethanol mixtures, the hydroxylamine derivative is the main product of photolysis.     

Photolysis of 2-azidopyridines. the behavior of 1-(2-azido-6-chloropyrid-4-yl)-3-phenylurea,a photoaffinity labeling reagent for probing cytokinin-binding proteins

The photolysis of l-(2-azido-6-chloropyrid-4-yl)-3-phenylurea ( 1 ) was studied under various conditions. In alcohols or in hexane, complex mixtures of products were obtained. Methoxide anions or diethylamine gave rise in high yield to 1,3-diazepines resulting from ring enlargement of the intermediate nitrene with addition of one molecule of the nucleophile, and nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom. A similar reaction was observed in water, when Pyrex filtered light was used. However, with unfiltered light produced by a powerful lamp, the main reaction was photodechlorination. The reagent 1 is expected to bind covalently to cytokinin-binding proteins through different ways upon photolysis.     

The effect of solvent on the photolysis of polystyrene using radiation greater than 300 nm

The photolysis of polystyrene in solution and in films has been studied using radiation greater than 300 nm in the absence of oxygen. Chain scission was observed for a free-radical polymerised sample and a sample prepared by anionic polymerisation in solutions of chloroform, but not in films unless traces of solvent were present. It is proposed that the species responsible for initiation of the scission reaction is a molecular complex between polymer and solvent.     

Time-resolved spectroscopic study of the reaction Cl + n-C5H12 --> HCl + C5H11 in solution

We study the hydrogen abstraction reaction from pentane by chlorine radicals using four different experimental approaches. We use two different solvents (CH2Cl2 and CCl4) and two different chlorine atom sources (photodissociation of dissolved Cl2 and two-photon photolysis of the solvent) to investigate their effects on the recombination and reactivity of the chlorine radical. All four experimental schemes involve direct probing of the transient chlorine population via a charge transfer transition with a solvent molecule. In one of the four approaches, photolysis of Cl2 in dichloromethane, we also monitor the nascent reaction products (HCl) by transient vibrational spectroscopy. Probing both the reactants and the products provides a comprehensive view of this bimolecular reaction in solution. Between one-third and two-thirds of the chlorine radicals that initially escape the solvent cage undergo diffusive geminate recombination with their partner radical (either another chlorine atom or the solvent radical). The rest react with pentane with the bimolecular rate constants k(bi) = (9.5 +/- 0.7) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) in CH2Cl2 and k(bi) = (7.4 +/- 2) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) in CCl4. The recombination yield phi(rec) depends on both the chlorine atom precursor and the solvent and is larger in the more viscous carbon tetrachloride solutions. The bimolecular reaction rate k(bi) depends only on the solvent and is consistent with a nearly diffusion-limited reaction.     

硫杂蒽酮光敏分解重氮盐及其用作光引发体系的研究

本工作对几种新型硫杂蒽酮化合物敏化光解重氮盐问题进行了研究。工作表明:敏化反应是通过电子转移过程实现的,重氮盐所带取代基以及溶剂对重氮盐的光解有较大影响。十分有趣的是该体系对甲基丙烯酸甲酯进行光敏自由基引发聚合的速率和其光解反应速率有很大的不同,本文对此现象进行了讨论。     

Solvent effects on the O-neophyl rearrangement of 1,1-diarylalkoxyl radicals. A laser flash photolysis study

[reaction: see text] A laser flash photolysis study has been carried out to assess solvent effects on the O-neophyl rearrangement of 1,1-diarylalkoxyl radicals. The rearrangement rate constant k decreases by increasing solvent polarity and an excellent correlation with negative slope is obtained between log k and the solvent polarity parameter E(T)N. These evidences are in full agreement with the previous indication that the extent of internal charge separation decreases on going from the starting 1,1-diarylalkoxyl radical to the transition state.     

SOLVENT EFFECT ON PHOTOSENSITIZED OXIDATION OF IODIDE ION BY ANTHRACENE SULPHONATES

Abstract— Iodide ion oxidation by singlet oxygen is found to be influenced by two properties of the solvent. One is the polarity of the solvent and the other is the availability of protons in the solvent. By suitable choice of solvents and solvent mixtures both kinds of effects have been studied. In water-methanol mixtures the reaction is found to be facilitated in more polar medium. In isodielectric media as obtained by mixtures of acetonitrile and methanol the reaction is repressed with increase in the aprotic component (CH₃CN) in the solvent. The same effect is observed in the DMSO-H, O mixtures. In heavy water the reaction rate is doubled and the effect fits well into the proposed kinetic scheme involving singlet oxygen for photosensitized oxidation of I^- by anthracene sulphonates.     

Substituent and solvent effects on the beta-heterolysis reaction of beta-hydroxy arylethyl radicals

Time-resolved conversion of a series of beta-hydroxy arylethyl radicals with electron-donating and -withdrawing aromatic substituents to their corresponding styrene radical cation via heterolytic loss of the beta-hydroxy leaving group was examined with nanosecond laser flash photolysis. In all cases, the reaction was catalyzed by added perchloric acid. Radicals 2a-d reacted via a pre-equilibrium protonation mechanism in acidic 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), and measuring rate constants for radical cation formation as a function of acid content allowed for the determination of absolute rate constants ranging from 3.6 x 10(6) to 3.8 x 10(7) s(-1) for the loss of water from the protonated beta-hydroxy arylethyl radicals 2a-d, as well as the acidity constants, pKa approximately 1.5 (in HFIP), for the protonated radicals. The 4-methoxy-substituted beta-hydroxy arylethyl radical 2e reacted by rate determining protonation in HFIP with a second-order rate constant of k(H+) = 7.8 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1). However, in acetonitrile, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, and mixtures of these two solvents, 2e reacted by pre-equilibrium protonation, allowing for solvent effects on the rate constant for loss of water from the protonated radical 2e to be determined. With use of these data, substituent electronic effects on the kinetics of the beta-heterolysis reaction are discussed. Differences in the effect of solvent on the rate constant for loss of water from the protonated beta-hydroxy arylethyl radicals and other beta-substituted arylethyl radicals are also discussed.