具有感知功能的有机场效应晶体管研究进展

伴随着光电子学不断向智能化方向演化,发展具有感知功能的有机光电材料与器件成为重要的交叉前沿方向.有机场效应晶体管通过电场调控半导体分子的导电状态,不但能够结合电子开关功能构建本征柔性的逻辑与驱动电路,还可以结合多功能分子的设计与界面调控,制备具有化学/生物/物理信号传感、突触功能和适应功能的电子器件.过去十年,具有感知功能的有机晶体管研究日趋受到关注并取得快速发展.本文从有机半导体的分子设计、界面修饰、器件设计等方面概述有机场效应晶体管的感知功能化研究进展,重点介绍适应性有机晶体管方面的研究策略和发展现状,最后总结有机晶体管在感知功能研究方面的挑战与机遇.     

结晶性有机半导体异质结器件

今天几乎所有重要的半导体器件的工作原理都与异质结和肖特基结有关,比较完整地理解和运用异质结和肖特基结是通过了长达半个世纪的持续努力.近20年有机异质结构已经被广泛的应用到有机电子器件中,包括有机发光二极管、有机光伏电池和有机场效应晶体管.然而,目前却缺少对有机异质结效应的认识.因此,完整认识有机异质结并运用它来发展有机半导体材料与器件是我们面临的机遇和挑战.本文首先阐述了我们对结晶性有机半导体异质结效应的理解,然后给出了有机异质结在半导体器件中的应用,重点介绍了我们近年来在运用有机异质结发展高功能电子器件方面的探索工作和初步认识.有机异质结在高性能场效应晶体管、改善金属有机接触和叠层器件中连接单元等方面均有所应用.有机异质结具有丰富的类型,充分利用有机异质结的特征,将为发展适合有机半导体材料、新功能器件和高级功能器件提供了新的视角和途径.     

马兰戈尼效应在有机半导体成膜中的应用

<正>1背景介绍以有机发光二极管、有机太阳能电池和有机场效应晶体管为主的有机半导体薄膜器件,因在便携、可穿戴电子器件领域有巨大的应用前景,而逐渐成为无机半导体器件的一个重要补充。溶液法生长有机半导体薄膜工艺更使有机半导体器件的低成本、可在柔性基底上大面积制备的优点得到体现,因而受到广泛关注。但是,溶液法制备工艺也存在着诸多不足,比如被称为"咖啡环"效应的溶剂自然挥发造成的薄     

溶液法大面积制备有机小分子场效应晶体管

作为柔性电子器件的基本构筑元件,有机场效应晶体管(OFETs)近年来受到深入研究并在高性能材料研发和器件多功能应用等方面取得了长足的进展。溶液加工技术以其温和的操作条件和灵活多样的工艺流程,成为实现高性能有机场效应晶体管器件低成本、大面积制备的优良选择。与聚合物相比,小分子有机半导体材料具有较高的固态堆积有序度及紧密程度和材料纯度,更易加工出性能优良的器件。然而小分子材料的成膜性较差,溶液加工潜能欠佳。如何通过不同的溶液加工技术制备取向均一的大面积连续小分子半导体薄膜,进而构筑高性能大面积器件阵列,成为了领域内的研究重点。本文概述了近年来可溶液加工且性能优良的小分子有机半导体材料研究进展,并依据工艺特点,分别介绍了溶液滴注、弯液面引导涂布和打印这三类可实现大面积制备的溶液加工技术,最后对溶液法大面积制备有机小分子场效应晶体管领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

小分子场效应晶体管

近几年来,作为新一代半导体晶体管的有机场效应晶体管(OFET)在制备技术和器件性能上都取得了很大的进步,并引起了有机半导体领域研究人员的广泛关注。本文主要介绍了常见的小分子材料在场效应晶体管中的应用,并对几种有机小分子材料的结构和场效应性能做了总结。     

有机微纳晶场效应晶体管

有机单晶中分子排列长程有序、无晶界且杂质和缺陷很少,是揭示有机半导体材料本征性能和制备高迁移率器件的最佳选择。因此,有机单晶材料对于构筑高性能电子器件和电路等方面具有无可比拟的优势。同时,有机单晶材料也为揭示半导体材料微观分子堆积与宏观电性能关系提供了重要手段。有机分子间以弱的范德华力相结合,因此,有机半导体单晶多以微纳晶形式存在。目前,种类繁多的有机微纳晶半导体材料被广泛应用于高性能场效应晶体管器件,这些器件的研究不仅可以筛选出高性能的有机半导体材料,也为科研人员提供更多的机会来理解有机半导体中电荷传输的物理内涵。本综述介绍了有机单晶场效应晶体管的基本结构和运行机理;微纳晶制备、表征方法以及器件构筑方法;总结了近三年来有机微纳晶半导体材料与器件取得的最新研究进展;探讨了当前有机微纳晶研究的热点和趋势并分析了面临的挑战。     

基于有机场效应晶体管的柔性传感器:材料、机制与应用

有机场效应晶体管是一种优良的传感器载体,具有丰富的传感机制和独特的电信号放大特性.有机半导体具有质量轻便、机械柔性、可溶液加工、分子结构可调等优点,适于制备低成本、大面积、多功能的柔性传感活性层.基于有机场效应晶体管的各类柔性传感器已经广泛应用于智能穿戴、电子皮肤、生物检测、环境保护等领域.本文总结了近年来柔性有机场效应晶体管传感器的研究进展,从材料、机制和应用三个层面出发,介绍有机半导体传感材料的设计原则、有机场效应晶体管的传感机制及其在化学、物理、生物领域的应用.最后,总结了有机场效应晶体管传感器的研究现状和现存问题,展望了有机场效应晶体管柔性传感器的未来发展方向.     

高性能的n-型和双极性有机小分子场效应晶体管材料

作为有机场效应晶体管的关键组成部分,有机半导体材料直接决定了器件的性能和稳定性。相比于p-型有机半导体材料,n-型和双极性有机半导体材料在迁移率和稳定性等方面则显著滞后。因此,n-型和双极性小分子有机半导体材料的设计与合成已成为高性能OFETs的学术研究的焦点。这篇综述重点突出了近十年报道的具有较好性能的n-型和双极性小分子有机半导体材料,并且对其结构和性能的关系进行了归纳,旨在对设计合成高性能、空气稳定的n-型和双极性有机小分子半导体材料提供一些指导帮助。     

有机自旋光电子学的基本过程

有机自旋光电子学的研究方向分为磁场效应和自旋注入两个方面.研究表明,外加低磁场能够显著改变非磁性有机半导体材料的光致发光、注入电流、电致发光和光电流.这称为有机半导体材料的磁场效应.近年来,非磁性有机半导体材料的磁场效应引起了广泛的关注和研究兴趣.首先,有机半导体材料的磁场效应是强有力的实验手段,用以研究有机电学、光学和光电器件中电荷传输和激发态中的有用和无用过程,为解决电荷传输和激发态过程中的瓶颈问题提供有效的实验手段,为实现磁-光-电多功能集成提供科学原理,尤其是磁场效应能够为提高能量转换效率、探测和传感光电子学器件的响应频谱范围和灵敏度提供新思路.同时利用磁电极,有机半导体材料和器件中自旋注入及其对电荷传输和激发态过程的调控可以用于发展新型功能化的自旋光电子学器件.本文综述并讨论了有机半导体材料和器件中的磁场效应和自旋注入的光电子学效应.     

酰胺与酰亚胺类n型有机半导体材料的研究进展

有机半导体材料具有来源丰富、化学结构可裁剪、柔韧性较高、器件制备温度低和塑料衬底兼容性好等优点, 极大地拓展了电子器件的功能与应用. 然而, 电子传输型(n型)有机半导体在分子多样性、载流子迁移率和空气稳定性方面远远落后于空穴传输型(p型)半导体, 从而阻碍了双极晶体管、p-n结和有机互补电路的发展. 酰胺或酰亚胺功能化能显著提高有机材料的电子亲和势, 是构建高性能n型有机半导体的重要策略. 本综述总结了近年来萘二酰亚胺类、苝二酰亚胺类、吡咯并吡咯二酮类、异靛蓝类和其他酰胺/酰亚胺类小分子和聚合物n型有机半导体材料的研究进展, 从分子设计角度出发, 深入讨论了分子结构如何改变分子前线轨道能级、分子间相互作用力、聚集态结构、器件稳定性和电学性能, 最后对其未来的发展方向和面临的挑战进行了展望.     

Corannulene derivatives for organic electronics: From molecular engineering to applications

This paper intends to provide an overview for using corannulene derivatives in organic electronics such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). We highlight the rational design strategies, tuning molecular orbital energy levels and arrangement in single crystals of corannulenes. The topological structure and properties of corannulene make it a unique candidate for organic electronics.     

Progresses in organic field-effect transistors and molecular electronics

In the past years, organic semiconductors have been extensively investigated as electronic materials for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). In this review, we briefly summarize the current status of organic field-effect transistors including materials design, device physics, molecular electronics and the applications of carbon nanotubes in molecular electronics. Future prospects and investigations required to improve the OFET performance are also involved. __________ Translated from Huaxue Tongbao (Chemistry), 2006, 69(6) (in Chinese)     

Organophosphorus Compounds in Organic Electronics

This Minireview describes recent advances of organophosphorus compounds as opto‐electronic materials in the field of organic electronics. The progress of (hetero‐) phospholes, unsaturated phosphanes, and trivalent and pentavalent phosphanes since 2010 is covered. The described applications of organophosphorus materials range from single molecule sensors, field effect transistors, organic light emitting diodes, to polymeric materials for organic photovoltaic applications.     

Molecular design of star-shaped benzotrithiophene materials for organic electronics

Progresses in the design and application of conjugated small molecules, oligomers and polymers have empowered rapid development of organic electronic technology as an alternative to conventional devices. Among the numerous organic electronic materials, benzotrithiophene (BTT)-based oligomers and polymers have recently come in the limelight demonstrating great potential in organic electronics as high performance photovoltaic devices, field-effect transistors, electrochromic materials, high-area capacitors and charge carrier discotic liquid crystals. In this digest, we propose an overview of the organic electronic materials based on BTT isomers, highlighting the structure-performance relationship. The results obtained so far clearly indicate that the BTT isomers are among the most promising building blocks for the development π-extended materials for optoelectronic applications in the near future.     

Dimensional Control in Contorted Aromatic Materials

This Account details key developments in dimensional control of contorted aromatics for organic electronics. Coronene, perylene, pyrene, and [4]helicene, which are fragments of graphene, can be contorted using facile synthetic chemistry into large nanoribbons and nano‐architectures. In comparing contorted or higher‐dimensional graphene architectures to planar or lower‐dimensional species, the materials properties are reliably enhanced for the contorted aromatics. Examples of enhanced properties include optical absorptivity, conductivity, device photoconversion efficiency, and solubility. These enhancements are exemplified in organic photovoltaics, photodetectors, field effect transistors, and perovskite solar cells. Described herein are key advances in dimensional control of contorted aromatics that have resulted in world record photoconversion efficiencies, photodetection capabilities matching inorganic state‐of‐the‐art devices, and ～5 nm long ultrathin soluble graphene nanoribbons.     

Alignment and patterning of organic single crystals for field-effect transistors

Organic field-effect transistors are of great importance to electronic devices. With the emergence of various preparation techniques for organic semiconductor materials, the device performance has been improved remarkably. Among all of the organic materials, single crystals are potentially promising for high performances due to high purity and well-ordered molecular arrangement. Based on organic single crystals, alignment and patterning techniques are essential for practical industrial application of electronic devices. In this review, recently developed methods for crystal alignment and patterning are described.     

基于蒽衍生高迁移率发光材料的研究进展

高迁移率发光有机半导体材料是实现有机发光场效应晶体管(OLETs)的重要材料, 但其设计合成面临巨大挑战. 本文综合评述了近年来高迁移率发光材料, 特别是基于蒽的高迁移率发光材料的研究进展, 重点介绍了目前报道的20余种基于蒽的高迁移率发光有机半导体材料, 包括分子的设计策略、 相关的光电性能及其在OLETs器件方面的应用研究, 以便为进一步的相关研究提供有意义的指导和借鉴. 本文还对该领域未来发展的挑战、 发展方向及机遇进行了简单评述.     

Progress of pyrene-based organic semiconductor in organic field effect transistors

Thanks to the pure blue emitting, high planarity, electron rich and ease of chemical modification, pyrene has been thoroughly investigated for applications in organic electronics such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic solar cells (OSCs). Especially, great progresses have been made of pyrene-based organic semiconductors for OFETs in past decades. Due to the difference of molecular structure, pyrene-based organic semiconductors are divided into three categories, pyrene as terminal group, pyrene as center core and fused pyrene derivatives. This minireview gives a brief introduction of the structure-property relationship and application in OFETs about most of pyrene-based semiconducting materials since 2006, illustrating that pyrene is a good building block to construct semiconductors with superior transport property for OFETs. Finally, we provide a summary concerning the methodology to improve the transport property of the pyrene-based semiconducting materials as well as an outlook.     

Molecular design of n-type organic semiconductors for high-performance thin film transistors

This digest aims to provide organic chemists with an overview of recent progress on n-type organic semiconductors for application in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) with an emphasis on molecular design. Herein, we survey n-type organic semiconductors with field effect mobility of 1 cm²/Vs or higher in OTFTs after a brief introduction to the structure and operation of OTFTs and discussion of two key factors (frontier molecular orbitals and molecular packing) of organic semiconductors. On the basis of this survey, we finally reach conclusions on the current status of n-type organic semiconductors for OTFTs and provide an outlook for molecular design.     

Organic Fluorophores Exhibiting Highly Efficient Photoluminescence in the Solid State

There has been extensive research on the development of organic optoelectronic devices, such as organic light‐emitting diodes, organic field‐effect transistors, and organic solid‐state lasers from various viewpoints, ranging from basic studies to practical applications. As organic materials are used as solids in these devices, the importance of organic chromophores that exhibit intense emissions of visible light in the solid state is greatly increasing in the field of organic electronics. However, highly efficient emission from organic solids is very difficult to attain because most organic emitting materials strongly tend to cause concentration quenching of the luminescence in the condensed phase. Therefore, in order to generate and improve organic optoelectronic devices, it is necessary to design novel chromophores that exhibit superior solid‐state emission performance. This Focus Review covers the recent development of highly emissive organic small molecules whose photoluminescence quantum yields in the solid state have been reported. Following the introduction, the photophysical processes of excited molecules are briefly reviewed. Subsequently, organic solid fluorophores are described with an emphasis on the characteristics of their molecular structures.