A categorical approach to the maximum theorem

Berge's maximum theorem gives conditions ensuring the continuity of an optimised function as a parameter changes. In this paper we state and prove the maximum theorem in terms of the theory of monoidal topology and the theory of double categories.This approach allows us to generalise (the main assertion of) the maximum theorem, which is classically stated for topological spaces, to pseudotopological spaces and pretopological spaces, as well as to closure spaces, approach spaces and probabilistic approach spaces, amongst others. As a part of this we prove a generalisation of the extreme value theorem.     

Zariski closure, completeness and compactness

The categorical theory of closure operators is used to introduce and study separated, complete and compact objects with respect to the Zariski closure operator naturally defined in any category X(A,Ω) obtained by a given complete category X (endowed with a proper factorization structure for morphisms) and by a given X-algebra (A,Ω) by forming the affine X-objects modelled by (A,Ω). Several basic examples are provided.     

The enriched Vietoris monad on representable spaces

Employing a formal analogy between ordered sets and topological spaces, over the past years we have investigated a notion of cocompleteness for topological, approach and other kind of spaces. In this new context, the down-set monad becomes the filter monad, cocomplete ordered set translates to continuous lattice, distributivity means disconnectedness, and so on. Curiously, the dual(?) notion of completeness does not behave as the mirror image of the one of cocompleteness; and in this paper we have a closer look at complete spaces. In particular, we construct the “up-set monad” on representable spaces (in the sense of L. Nachbin for topological spaces, respectively C. Hermida for multicategories); we show that this monad is of Kock–Zöberlein type; we introduce and study a notion of weighted limit similar to the classical notion for enriched categories; and we describe the Kleisli category of our “up-set monad”. We emphasise that these generic categorical notions and results can be indeed connected to more “classical” topology: for topological spaces, the “up-set monad” becomes the lower Vietoris monad, and the statement “X   is totally cocomplete if and only if X^op$X^{\mathrm{op}}$ is totally complete” specialises to O. Wyler's characterisation of the algebras of the Vietoris monad on compact Hausdorff spaces as precisely the continuous lattices.     

Quotient-reflective and bireflective subcategories of the category of preordered sets

In previous papers, the notions of “closedness” and “strong closedness” in set-based topological categories were introduced. In this paper, we give the characterization of closed and strongly closed subobjects of an object in the category Prord of preordered sets and show that they form appropriate closure operators which enjoy the basic properties like idempotency (weak) hereditariness, and productivity.We investigate the relationships between these closure operators and the well-known ones, the up- and down-closures. As a consequence, we characterize each of T₀, T₁, and T₂ preordered sets and show that each of the full subcategories of each of T₀, T₁, T₂ preordered sets is quotient-reflective in Prord. Furthermore, we give the characterization of each of pre-Hausdorff preordered sets and zero-dimensional preordered sets, and show that there is an isomorphism of the full subcategory of zero-dimensional preordered sets and the full subcategory of pre-Hausdorff preordered sets. Finally, we show that both of these subcategories are bireflective in Prord.     

Exponentiation for unitary structures

Motivated by the observation that both pretopologies and preapproach limits can be characterized as those convergence relations which have a unit for a suitable composition, we introduce the category Algu(T;V) of reflexive and unitary lax algebras, for a symmetric monoidal closed lattice V and a Set-monad T=(T,e,m). For T=U the ultrafilter monad, we characterize exponentiable morphisms in Algu(U;V). Further, we give a sufficient condition for an object to be exponentiable in the category Alg(U;V) of reflexive and transitive lax algebras. This specializes to known and new results for pretopological, preapproach and approach spaces.     

Internal normality and internal compactness

This text contains an example which presents a way to modify any Dowker space to get a normal space X such that X×[0,1] is not κ-normal, and a theorem implying the existence of a non-Tychonoff space which is internally compact in a larger regular space. It gives answers to several questions by Arhangel'skii [A.V. Arhangel'skii, Relative normality and dense subspaces, Topology Appl. 123 (2002) 27-36].     

LEGENDRE TRANSFORMATIONS AND CARTAN FORMS IN THE CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

ABSTRACT

(PART II): In terms of a given Hamiltonian function the 1-form w = dH + ?_j|dπ^j is defined, where {?_j:j = 1,…, n} denotes an invariant basis of the planes of the distribution D_n. The latter is said to be canonical if w = 0 (which is analogous to the definition of Hamiltonian vector fields in symplectic geometry). This condition is equivalent to two sets of canonical equations that are expressed explicitly in term of the derivatives of H with respect to its positional arguments. The distribution D_n is said to be pseudo-Lagrangian if dπ^j(?_j,V_h) = 0; if D_n, is both canonical and pseudo-Lagrangian it is integrable and such that H = const. on each leaf of the resulting foliation. The Cartan form associated with this construction [9] is defined a II = π² ? ? πⁿ. If π is closed, the distribution D_N is integrable, and the exterior system {π^j} admits the representation ψ^j = dS^j in terms of a set of 0-forms S^j on M. If, in addition, the distribution D_N is canonical, these functions satisfy a single first order Hamilton-Jacobi equation, and conversely. Finally, a complete figure is constructed on the basis of the assumptions that (i) the Cartan form be closed, and (ii) that the distribution D_n, be both canonical and integrable. The last of these requirements implies the existence of N functions ψ^A that depend on x^h and N parameters w^B, whose derivatives are given by ?ψ^A (x^h, w^B)/?x^j = B^A _j (x^h, ψ^B (x^h,w^B)). The complete figure then consists of two complementary foliations: the leaves of the first are described by the functions ψ^A and satisfy the standard Euler-Lagrange equations, while the second, that is, the transversal foliation, is represented by the aforementioned solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The entire configuration then gives rise in a natural manner to a generalized Hilbert independent integral and consequently also to a generalized Weierstrass excess function.     

Hausdorff separation in categories

Considering subobjects, points and a closure operator in an abstract category, we introduce a generalization of the Hausdorff separation axiom for topological spaces: the notion ofT ₂-object. We discuss the properties ofT ₂-objects, which depend essentially on the behaviour of points, and finally we relate them to the well-known separated objects.The results of this paper are essentially taken from the author's Ph. D. Thesis written under the supervision of Professors M. Sobral and W. Tholen and partially supported by a scholarship of I.N.I.C.-Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica.     

CONNEXION PROPERTIES AND FACTORISATION THEOREMS

Abstract

With the introduction of several new factorisation theorems, this paper is intended to show that previous efforts of the authors [3] [5] and of Strecker [15] to describe the factorisations involving connectedness are incomplete. In Section 1 we give a purely topological construction of such a factorisation, in which the right factor is the class of spreads and the left factor has a certain property hereditarily: crucially, not all members of the left factor need be quotients. Section 2 shows that, given a left factor consisting of onto maps in the category T of topological spaces, then the class of mappings with the relevant properties hereditarily is also a left factor, and the result of section 1 is a particular case of this. Section 3 combines the material in [3] on intrinsic connexion properties with ideas of Preuss (see [1]) on disconnectednesses to yield another range of factorisations, for example, involving the maps with strongly connected fibres; and Section 4 notes some outstánding problems which our work has provoked.     

Order-adjoint monads and injective objects

Given a monad T on whose functor factors through the category of ordered sets with left adjoint maps, the category of Kleisli monoids is defined as the category of monoids in the hom-sets of the Kleisli category of T. The Eilenberg-Moore category of T is shown to be strictly monadic over the category of Kleisli monoids. If the Kleisli category of T moreover forms an order-enriched category, then the monad induced by the new situation is Kock-Zöberlein. Injective objects in the category of Kleisli monoids with respect to the class of initial morphisms then characterize the objects of the Eilenberg-Moore category of T, a fact that allows us to recuperate a number of known results, and present some new ones.     

Some remarks on interior operators and the functional property

In this paper functoriality of the notion of categorical interior operator is discussed and as a related topic, the property of ?-modal interior operator is introduced.     

Separation properties in algebraic categories of topological spaces

Full subcategories C ? Top of the category of topological spaces, which are algebraic over Set in the sense of Herrlich [2], have pleasant separation properties, mostly subject to additional closedness assumptions. For instance, every C-object is a T₁-space, if the two-element discrete space belongs to C. Moreover, if C is closed under the formation of finite powers in Top and even varietal [2], then every C-object is Hausdorff. Hence, the T₂-axiom turns out to be (nearly) superfluous in Herrlich's and Strecker's characterization of the category of compact Hausdorff spaces [1], although it is essential for the proof.If we think of C-objects X as universal algebras (with possibly infinite operations), then the subalgebras of X form the closed sets of a compact topology on X, provided that the ordinal spaces [0, β] belong to C. This generalizes a result in [3]. The subalgebra topology is used to prove criterions for the Hausdorffness of every space in C, if C is only algebraic.     

LIGHT FACTORIZATION STRUCTURES

Abstract

In this paper we investigate, for connection subcategories A of a topological category K, the concepts of A-monotone quotients and A-light sources, and characterize (1) those A, which give rise to an (A-monotone quotient, A-light)- factorization structure on K, (2) those factorization structures (C,D) on K, which are light, i.e. of the form (A-monotone quotient, A-light) for suitable A. It turns out that light factorization structures are rather rare in Top, but abundant and well-behaved in categories with hereditary quotients.     

Some aspects of topological descent

The paper deals with (effective) descent morphisms for subfibrations X of the basic fibration Top/X, for topological spaces X and classes of continuous functions stable under pullback. For a category with pullbacks, we prove the stability under pullback of effective -descent morphisms for a class satisfying some suitable conditions. This plays a rôle in relating effective -descent to effective global-descent and enables us to obtain a criterion for effective étale-descent. We also show that the inclusion of the class of effective global-descent maps in the class surjective effective étale-descent is strict.Partial financial support by Centro de Matemática da Universidade de Coimbra is gratefully acknowledged.     

A note on effective descent morphisms of topological spaces and relational algebras

We formulate two open problems related to and, in a sense, suggested by the Reiterman-Tholen characterization of effective descent morphisms of topological spaces.     

Injective spaces via adjunction

The work of the present author and his coauthors over the past years gives evidence that it may be useful to regard each topological space as a kind of enriched category, by interpreting the convergence relation x→x between ultrafilters and points of a topological space X as arrows in X. Naturally, this point of view opens the door to the use of concepts and ideas from enriched Category Theory for the investigation of topological spaces. Topological theories introduced by the author provide a convenient general setting for appropriately transferring these concepts and ideas to the world of topological spaces and some other geometric objects such as approach spaces. Using tools like adjunction and the Yoneda lemma, we show that the cocomplete spaces are precisely the injective spaces, and they are algebras for a suitable monad on . This way we obtain enriched versions of known results about injective topological spaces and continuous lattices.     

A glance at spaces with closure-preserving local bases

Call a space X (weakly) Japanese at a pointx∈X if X has a closure-preserving local base (or quasi-base respectively) at the point x. The space X is (weakly) Japanese if it is (weakly) Japanese at every x∈X. We prove, in particular, that any generalized ordered space is Japanese and that the property of being (weakly) Japanese is preserved by σ-products; besides, a dyadic compact space is weakly Japanese if and only if it is metrizable. It turns out that every scattered Corson compact space is Japanese while there exist even Eberlein compact spaces which are not weakly Japanese. We show that a continuous image of a compact first countable space can fail to be weakly Japanese so the (weak) Japanese property is not preserved by perfect maps. Another interesting property of Japanese spaces is their tightness-monolithity, i.e., in every weakly Japanese space X we have for any set A⊂X.