非平坦样品激光诱导等离子体光谱特性研究

激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）作为一种快速、实时的元素分析技术,由于其在痕量元素探测、地质环境监测等领域有着广阔的应用前景,而受到人们极大的关注。在实际应用中,样品表面是影响等离子体产生及其特性的关键环境因素之一。在大气环境下,利用脉宽为8 ns、波长为1 064 nm的纳秒脉冲激光产生等离子体,对比研究了天然岩石样品在非平坦和平坦表面条件下等离子体的发射光谱。基于激光辅助辐射波模型,阐释了非平坦样品表面对其光谱特性的影响。通过对比等离子体时间积分光谱,发现非平坦样品的谱线强度相比于平坦样品的谱线强度减弱了近70%,该结果说明非平坦样品表面对LIBS真实测量数据的负面影响不可忽视。针对褐铁矿样品中的谱线Fe Ⅰ 404.58 nm和Fe Ⅰ 438.35 nm,研究了在平坦和非平坦样品表面下的峰值强度以及其衰减因子随激光能量的变化规律,结果表明非平坦样品表面条件下采集的光谱强度始终低于平坦样品表面的光谱强度。光谱强度的衰减因子先随激光能量增大而逐渐降低,并在激光能量33 mJ达到最小值,后随激光能量的进一步增大而增大。实验结果进一步表明在非平坦样品表面条件下产生了密度较低的等离子体,并且非平坦与平坦样品的电子密度的比值在激光能量33 mJ时达到最小,此结果与光谱强度的衰减因子随激光能量的变化趋势一致,这是源于非平坦样品表面会形成较大激光入射角度,使得激光等离子体能量吸收区厚度变薄,产生等离子体屏蔽效应所对应的激光能量阈值升高。此外,样品表面状态和激光能量对等离子体温度的影响甚微。阐述了非正入射时等离子体特征参数与正入射时等离子体特征参数的联系和差异,揭示了非平坦样品激光等离子体特征参量变化的内在物理机制,为室外LIBS探测技术在元素定性和定量分析中光谱强度的校正提供参考。     

Mechanism and characteristics of steam laser patterning

Steam laser patterning of thin films and/or solid surfaces has been studied by jetting a beam of steam, such as water vapor, onto a sample surface to form a thin liquid film on it and patterning the sample by laser etching along predetermined path. In steam laser patterning, bubbles are formed in a thin liquid film on a sample surface irradiated by a pulsed laser. When the collapsed shock wave generated at the moment of bubble collapse and the high-speed liquid jet formed during bubble collapse are strong enough, cavitation erosion of the sample surface takes place. Compared to dry laser patterning, the etching rate can be greatly enhanced and no shoulder-like structure is formed at the rim of the laser-irradiated spot in steam laser patterning due to this cavitation erosion effect. PACS 81.65.cf; 52.38.Mf; 79.20.Ds; 42.62.-b; 62.50.+p     

Study of characteristics of ultrasound pulse generated by a laser pulse

I.IntroductionThegenerationofacousticpulsebylaserirradiationofametalsurfacewasfirstsuggestcdbyWhitein1963[1l.SincethatdateLaserU1trasoundtechniquchasbeendcvclopedrapidly.Becausethistechniquehasanumberoftechnicalfcatures,suchasnon-contact,highbandwidth,highhme-spacia1resolution,quantitativeteshng,generationoflongitudinal,shcarandRay1cighwaves(simu1taniously),andsoon,ithasbccnwidelyapp1icdtomcasurementsofmatcrialproperties,detectionofdefects,andcalibrationoftransd.ccrsl'-'o].Inordertodcve1opth…     

碳涂层对激光诱导金属等离子体辐射强度的影响

为了降低样品表面对激光束的反射率,提高激光诱导等离子体的辐射强度,文章报道了一种在钢样品表面涂抹碳层的方法.实验结果表明,当一束高能量激光(～25 D作用于覆盖有适当厚度碳涂层的钢样品时,激光等离子体发射的谱线强度提高了10%～28%.为解释谱线强度增强的机理,测量了等离子体的激发温度.此外,实验研究还发现,更强的原子发射光谱出现在激光等离子体径向的1 mm处,而不是在其中心位置.     

Effect of laser erosion on the copper and zinc concentrations in the surface layer of brass

A REMMA 102 scanning electron microscope equipped with semiconductor and wave spectrometers is applied to measure the copper and zinc concentrations in the surface layers of an M161 brass sample and the same sample subjected to a focused laser radiation. The results are compared with the results obtained with an MS3101 laser mass spectrometer having a laser-plasma ion source. The laser-assisted erosion of the surface layer in the brass is shown to significantly change the copper and zinc concentrations. It is found that, when the craters produced by laser pulses on the initial surface do not overlap, the copper and zinc contents in the laser-induced plasma correspond to their contents in the sample.     

透镜与样品之间距离对激光等离子体辐射特性的影响

采用高能量钕玻璃激光器产生的激光(～25J)在减压氩气环境下诱导钢和土壤样品等离子体,研究了激光束聚焦透镜(f=130 mm)与样品之间距离对等离子体辐射特性的影响。实验结果表明,当聚焦透镜的焦点围绕样品表面上下移动时,对于合金钢样品,激光束焦斑位于样品表面以下0.4 mm左右,则激光等离子体的辐射强度、激发温度和物质烧蚀质量均出现最大值;而对于土壤样品,当激光束聚焦位置在样品表面以下0.2 mm左右,等离子体辐射强度和物质烧蚀质量具有最大值。为了比较透镜与样品之间距离对等离子体形状的影响,也拍摄了氩气和空气环境下产生的激光等离子体象。所得结果证明,激光等离子体特性明显依赖于透镜与样品之间距离。     

Laser glazing of lanthanum magnesium hexaaluminate

Lanthanum magnesium hexaalumminate (LMA) is an important candidate for thermal barrier coatings due to its thermal stability and low thermal conductivity. On the other hand, laser glazing method can potentially make thermal barrier coatings impermeable, resistant to corrosion on the surface and porous at bulk. LMA powder was synthesized at 1600 °C by solid-state reaction, pressed into tablet and laser glazed with a 5-kW continuous wave CO₂ laser. Dendritic structures were observed on the surface of the laser-glazed specimen. The thicker the tablet, the easier the sample cracks. Cracking during laser glazing is attributed to the low thermal expansion coefficient and large thickness of the sample.     

Amplification of enhanced backscattering from a dye-doped polymer bounded by a rough surface

We report the experimental study of the enhanced backscattering from a random rough surface through a laser dye-doped polymer. The sample is a slice of pyrromethene-doped polymer coupled with a two-dimensional rough gold layer with a large slope. When the sample is illuminated with an s-polarized He-Ne laser and pumped by a cw argon-ion laser, amplified backscattering is observed. The enhanced backscattering peak increases sharply and its width narrows for a sample with low dielectric constant |?(2)|.     

Analysis of conditions for determining the thermophysical characteristics of energetic materials by the laser pulse method

An analysis of conditions for determining the thermophysical characteristics of energetic materials by the laser pulse method is performed. Based on the results of numerical solution of the heat conduction problems for a sample of a material irradiated with a short heating laser pulse corresponding to actual experimental conditions, the time dependences on the sample surface temperature are determined. The heat pulse duration required to determine the thermophysical properties of materials and the ignition delay time are compared. It is shown that the determination of the thermophysical characteristics of a typical energetic material by the laser pulse method is possible at pulse durations of no longer than 0.24 s.     

A numerical method for determining refractive index of a glass sample from its implicit transcendental function

The refractive index of a glass sample was determined from an implicit function of its optical path within the sample arm of a Michelson interferometer.On rotation of the sample from normal incidence, the light beam suffers increasing refraction, causing the optical path for air to decrease whilst that for the glass sample increases. This is observed as a shift in the number of fringes, which were captured and counted in real time on a computer, as rotation proceeded. The angle of rotation and the fringe shift were entered into an implicit function of optical path versus refractive index written to an Excel worksheet. A refractive index matching the wavelength of the He-Ne laser light source was read-off to three decimal places. A new source of uncertainty has been identified, misalignment on a micrometer scale of the laser normal to the sample surface. Whilst driving the sample to find normal incidence a finite angular region of insensitivity (dead space) occurs due to misalignment of the laser normal to the sample surface by a few micrometers. A linearization technique was employed to compensate for this offset and hence reduce its uncertainty contribution.     

激光冲击对E690高强钢激光熔覆修复微观组织的影响

为研究激光冲击对E690高强钢激光熔覆修复层微观组织的影响,选用专用金属粉末对E690高强钢试样预制凹坑进行激光熔覆修复,并使用脉冲激光对激光熔覆层进行冲击强化处理,同时采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线应力分析仪分别对激光冲击前后激光熔覆层的微观组织和表面残余应力进行检测。结果表明:激光熔覆修复后,激光熔覆层组织为等轴晶,熔覆层与E690高强钢基体之间冶金结合良好,其表面残余应力为均匀分布的压应力。经激光冲击后,激光熔覆层截面晶粒得到细化,并观察到大量的形变孪晶,互相平行的孪晶界分割熔覆层粗大晶粒,在激光熔覆层的晶粒细化过程中发挥着重要作用;试样表层位错在{110}滑移面上发生交滑移,在晶界周围形成了位错缠结。经激光冲击后,激光熔覆层冲击区域表面残余压应力数值相较于冲击前提升了1.1倍。     

Coloration of a metal surface under pulsed laser irradiation

The regimes of irradiation using nanosecond laser pulses for creation of color images on stainless-steel and titanium surfaces upon laser engraving are studied. Parameters of radiation that correspond to the spectrum of resulting colors on the sample surface are experimentally determined. The spectral analysis of the irradiated area is performed and probe microscopy is used to study the surface relief. Complicated surface relief that results from irradiation indicates the contribution of several optical effects responsible for the surface color under laser engraving.     

Harmonic generation at air–soil interface by femtosecond laser filament

We observe the third-harmonic generation and second-harmonic generation together with element fluorescence from the interaction of a femtosecond laser filament with a rough surface sample(sandy soil) in non-phasematched directions. The harmonics prove to originate from the phase-matched surface harmonics and air filament, then scatter in non-phase-matched directions due to the rough surface. These harmonics occurr when the sample is in the region before and after the laser filament, where the laser intensity is not high enough to excite the element fluorescence. The observed harmonics are related to the element spectroscopy, which will benefit the understanding of the interaction of the laser filament with a solid and be helpful for the application on filament induced breakdown spectroscopy.     

Combining transmission geometry laser ablation and a noncontact continuous flow surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter for mass spectrometry based chemical imaging

This paper describes the coupling of ambient pressure transmission geometry laser ablation with a liquid-phase sample collection into a continuous flow surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter for mass spectrometry based chemical imaging. The flow probe/emitter device was placed in close proximity to the surface to collect the sample plume produced by laser ablation. The sample collected was immediately aspirated into the probe and onto the electrospray emitter, ionized and detected with the mass spectrometer. Freehand drawn ink lines and letters and an inked fingerprint on microscope slides were analyzed. The circular laser ablation area was about 210 μm in diameter and under the conditions used in these experiments the spatial resolution, as determined by the size of the surface features distinguished in the chemical images, was about 100 μm.     

Femtosecond pulse laser-induced self-organized nanostructures on the surface of ZnO crystal

This paper reports self-organized nanostructures observed on the surface of ZnO crystal after irradiation by a focused beam of a femtosecond Ti：sapphire laser with a repetition rate of 250kHz. For a linearly polarized femtosecond laser, the periodic nanograting structure on the ablation crater surface was promoted. The period of self-organization structures is about 180 nm. The grating orientation is adjusted by the laser polarization direction. A long range Bragglike grating is formed by moving the sample at a speed of 10μm/s. For a circularly polarized laser beam, uniform spherical nanoparticles were formed as a result of Coulomb explosion during the interaction of near-infrared laser with ZnO crystal.     

UV-Laser Ablation Spectroscopy in Element Analysis of Solid Surface

Laser ablation for the atomic emission spectroscopy of a glass sample is studied using pulsed UV laser systems and the effect of the laser wavelength is investigated. The threshold fluence for ablation is decreased and the detection sensitivity is improved for shorter wavelengths. Furthermore, very thin (less than 1 nm/shot) surface slicing is possible at a wavelength as short as 193 nm. Polymers also show good ablation characteristics. Improvement of sensitivity and spatial resolution by using shorter wavelength laser ablation is discussed for Na detection in a glass sample.     

Improvement of the Reproducibility and Sensitivity of Laser Microspectral Analysis

The possibility for the concentration sensitivity improvement and the limit of detection of the elements at a laser microspectral analysis is studied by means an absorbtion decrease of the laser emission in the plasma torch.

From the investigations at an incline of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° on the surface of the sample in the laser emission direction it is established, that the most intensive spectra are obtained at an incline of 45°. At an incline of 45° the intensity of certain spectral lines increases up 3 times in comparison with that of the horizontal surface of the sample. The limit of detection increases with one or two orders. The gradution curves for the determination of Si, Mn, Fe.     

Space- and time-resolved measurements of temperatures and electron densities of plasmas formed during laser ablation of metallic samples

Temperature and electron-density profiles in a laser-produced plasma have been measured at various distances from the sample surface and different delay times from the laser pulse. The plasma is produced with a Nd:YAG laser focused on a low-alloy steel sample in air at atmospheric pressure. The determination of the parameters is made starting from the distinct emission spectra emitted by the plasma along a direction parallel to the sample surface and measured simultaneously by a CCD detector. The experimental relative error is 1.5% for temperatures and 4.5% for electron densities. A small spatial variation of the plasma temperature ((T󾉨 K) is obtained except for the outer regions, were the intensity is weak. A higher spatial variation is obtained for the electron density, especially at initial times ((N_e᜖¹⁷ cm^-3 at t=3 7s).     

Fabrication of an integrated Raman sensor by selective surface metallization using a femtosecond laser oscillator

We demonstrate that a Raman sensor integrated with a micro-heater, a microfluidic chamber, and a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate can be fabricated in a glass chip by femtosecond laser micromachining. The micro-heater and the SERS substrate are fabricated by selective metallization on the glass surface using a femtosecond laser oscillator, whereas the microfluidic chamber embedded in the glass sample is fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation using a femtosecond laser amplifier. We believed that this new strategy for fabricating multifunctional integrated microchips has great potential application for lab-on-a-chips.     

Propagation of a filamentary femtosecond laser beam with high intensities at an air-solid interface

The propagation of a filamentary laser beam at an air-glass surface is studied by setting the incident angle satisfying the total reflection condition. The images of the trajectory of the filamentary laser beam inside the sample and the output far-field spatial profiles are measured with varying incident laser pulse energies. Different from the general total reflection, a transmitted laser beam is detected along the propagation direction of the incident laser beam. The energy ratio of the transmitted laser beam depends on the pulse energies of the incident laser beam. The background energy reservoir surrounding the filament core can break the law of total reflection at the air-glass surface, resulting in the regeneration of the transmitted laser beam.