固定源废气中二噁英及多氯联苯、溴代阻燃剂和溴代二噁英的分析

建立了同时分离分析固定源废气中二噁英(PCDD/Fs)、二噁英类多氯联苯(dl-PCBs)、溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)和溴代二噁英(PBDD/Fs)的方法。废气样品经甲苯索氏提取,硫酸处理和多层硅胶柱净化后,应用活性炭分散硅胶翻转淋洗技术分离4类目标物。气相色谱使用耐高温薄膜短色谱柱配合高压进样,高分辨质谱使用低能量电离,一次性测定高/低溴代化合物。方法检出限分别为:PCDD/Fs 0.081~1.2 pg、dl-PCBs0.10~0.32 pg、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)0.14~12 pg、新型BFRs 0.26~16 pg、四~七溴代PBDD/Fs 0.44~3.6 pg、八溴代PBDD/Fs(OBDD/F)8.2~12 pg。废气空白基质加标回收率(RSD)分别为:PCDD/Fs 88%~115%(2.9%~6.1%)、dl-PCBs 84%~118%(3.2%~10%)、PBDEs 71%~135%(2.1%~18%)、新型BFRs 71%~114%(2.9%~7.4%)、四~七溴代PBDD/Fs 83%~127%(5.2%~10%)、OBDD/F 52%~149%(23%~24%)。将本方法用于废气样品分析,所有质量控制指标均符合相关标准规定。     

大气样品中氯代和溴代二噁英/呋喃同位素稀释分析方法的建立及应用

本研究结合已有的多氯代二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)分析方法,建立了多溴代二噁英/呋喃(PBDD/Fs)和PCDD/Fs的同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-质谱联用(HRGC-HRMS)分析方法。样品抽提液经酸性硅胶床、多段硅胶柱、Florisil柱净化后,分别对其中8种2,3,7,8-PBDD/Fs和17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs进行测定。PBDD/Fs仪器分析条件:EI 模式,选择性离子监测,分辨率10000以上,电子发射能50 eV,灯丝电流0.75 mA;DB-5 MS柱(60 m×0.25 mm i.d.,0.25μm);进样口、离子源及传输线温度分别为250℃、250℃和305℃;载气,He(1.0 mL/min)。结果表明:平行标准样品分析相对标准偏差(RSD)≤10.3%;PBDD/Fs和PCDD/Fs回收率在73%~112%之间;标准参考样品测定平均值与标准值基本符合,平行样RSD≤12.0%。方法检出限:TBDF,0.25 pg/μL;TBDD,0.3 pg/μL;PeBDFs,0.5 pg/μL;PeBDDs,1.0 pg/μL;HxBDD/Fs,1.5 pg/μL;TCDD/Fs,0.5 pg/μL;PeCDD/Fs和HxCDD/Fs,2.5 pg/μL;HpCDD/Fs以及OCDD/Fs,5 pg/μL。测定某地区大气样品颗粒相中PBDD/Fs和PCDD/Fs浓度分别在1.01~2.43 pg/m3和6.19~10.8 pg/m3之间;气相中的浓度为0.036~0.801 pg/m3和1.37~12.1 pg/m3。     

溴代二噁英的分析方法研究进展

溴代二噁英（PBDD/Fs）属于潜在的持久性有机污染物,是一种平面三环芳香化合物,具有致畸、致癌、致突变等特性。目前,对PBDD/Fs的分析检测的研究是一大热点,但国内研究较少。因此,探究PBDD/Fs的分析检测方法,对进一步控制PBDD/Fs污染具有重要科学意义。本文介绍了PBDD/Fs的特性及其分析方法,着重探讨了PBDD/Fs的提取、净化、仪器分析以及质量控制,以便了解当前溴代二噁英的分析检测水平,为后续开展溴代二噁英的分析检测提供方法参考。     

气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用测定环境样品中的二噁英和类二噁英多氯联苯

样品采用索氏抽提,抽提液依次经酸性硅胶床、多段混合硅胶柱和凝胶渗透色谱柱(GPC)净化后,用Florisil硅藻土柱分离出样品中的二噁英(PCDD/Fs)和类二噁英多氯联苯(dioxin-like PCBs),采用同位素稀释法和气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用仪(GC/HRMS)测定了其中的17个2,3,7,8-氯取代二噁英类化合物和12个类二噁英多氯联苯。结果表明,用该法分析二噁英和多氯联苯标准溶液,平行4次的分析结果为:RSD(PCDD/Fs)<8.9%,RSD(PCBs)<11.4%;回收率可达60%-105%。PCDD/Fs和PCBs的检出限分别为0.1-0.8 pg/g和0.05-0.6 pg/g。应用本方法成功测定了沉积物、淤泥、土壤和飞灰中的二噁英和类二噁英多氯联苯,并计算出它们的毒性当量。     

大流量采样高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定大气中的多氯联苯和多溴联苯醚

建立了大流量空气采样高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同时分析测定大气样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)和多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分析方法。结果表明在采样过程中污染物没有发生穿透。通过添加 13C同位素标准物质进行评价,PCBs和PBDEs的加标回收率分别为60.7%～121.4%和69.9%～140.4%,均符合美国环保署相关方法的要求。PCBs和PBDEs的方法检出限分别低于0.019 pg/m3和0.189 pg/m3;色谱分离效果良好,可以满足大气样品中PCBs和PBDEs的监测需要。     

加速溶剂萃取-硅胶柱净化-碱性氧化铝柱分离-气相色谱三重四极杆质谱法测定土壤中的二噁英类化合物

建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE),酸性硅胶柱、复合硅胶柱及碱性氧化铝柱纯化分离,气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱测定土壤中二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多氯萘(PCNs)的分析方法.选用正己烷-二氯甲烷(50∶50, V/V)作为ASE的提取溶剂,设定提取温度为120℃,加标回收实验表明本方法可行.用100 mL正己烷-二氯甲烷(95∶5, V/V)及50 mL正己烷-二氯甲烷(50∶50, V/V)依次淋洗碱性氧化铝柱,得到组分A(PCBs及PCNs)与组分B(PCDD/Fs),实现了PCDD/Fs与另外两种化合物的分离,排除了同系物间及其它杂质的干扰.使用同位素稀释-气相色谱三重四极杆质谱法(GC-MS/MS), 在选择反应监测(Selected reaction monitoring, SRM)模式下测定PCDD/Fs、PCBs和PCNs,3种化合物的仪器检出限(LOD)范围分别为0.04~0.25 μg/L, 0.10~0.20 μg/L和0.01~0.05 μg/L,目标物平均相对响应因子(RRF)的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于13%.基质土加标实验中,3种化合物13C标记的同位素内标回收率的范围分别为50%~95%,51%~103%, 49%~74%.实际样品的分析结果表明,PCDD/Fs、PCBs及PCNs在土壤样品中的总含量范围分别为16.1~1148 pg/g、6.6~152.6 pg/g及10.9~99.5 pg/g,且样品测定结果与高分辨质谱测定结果相吻合.     

杭州市冬季大气气溶胶PM2.5中二恶英和多氯联苯的污染特征

2014年1月在杭州市选择5个点位采集大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品,采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱测定PM_2.5中的二恶英（PCDD/Fs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）,对PM_2.5的污染状况以及PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs和PCBs的污染水平及分布特征进行了研究。PM_2.5的质量浓度范围为85~168 μg/m³,PM_2.5污染较重,但与2004年同期相比明显降低。PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs的毒性当量（TEQ）为0.277~0.488 pg I-TEQ/m³,明显高于2004年同期采集样品。颗粒物中PCDD/Fs以八氯代二苯并-对-二恶英（OCDD）为主,毒性当量主要贡献者为2,3,4,7,8-五氯代二苯并呋喃（2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF）。PM_2.5中PCBs的质量浓度范围为2.9~8.1 pg/m³,二恶英类多氯联苯（DL-PCBs）的毒性当量范围为2.6~6.1 fg WHO-TEQ/m³,污染较低。PCBs在颗粒物中分布以PCB-28为主,但对毒性当量贡献最大的为PCB-126。PCDD/Fs和PCBs的气-固分配特征表现为PCDD/Fs主要分布于颗粒物中,而PCBs主要分布于气相中。     

母乳中溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物的分析检测方法

建立了低分辨气相色谱-负化学源质谱法(GC/NCI-LRMS)定性与定量检测母乳中的溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物的方法。所检测的溴代/氯代阻燃剂及其代谢产物分为中性化合物和羟基化合物两部分。采用RTX-1614(30 m)作为色谱分离柱,在优化的色谱条件下对8种多溴联苯醚PBDEs(包括BDE209)及其甲氧基代谢产物MeO-PBDEs,多种其它阻燃剂及代谢物等中性化合物同时进行了分离检测;采用DB-5(30 m)作为色谱分离柱,在优化的色谱条件下分离检测了9种羟基多溴联苯醚OH-PBDEs。在母乳样本中加入代用标准或内标,经过超声提取、液液萃取、硅胶净化和浓缩定容等预处理后,分别对中性和羟基化合物进行测定。十溴联苯醚、其它多溴联苯醚、甲氧基多溴联苯醚、得克隆及脱氯产物、其它阻燃剂等中性化合物,及羟基多溴联苯醚在两个添加浓度水平的回收率分别为66.5%～75.4%,84.2%～126.4%,60.9%～115.1%,86.7%～104.9%,42.9%～113.8%和64.7%～129.5%;中性化合物的相对标准偏差均小于22%,羟基化合物的相对标准偏差均小于30%。利用本方法对我国电子垃圾拆解区人体母乳中的目标物进行了分析检测,结果可靠。     

“永固紫”染料和四氯苯醌中多氯代二苯并二/呋喃的分析

 采用浓硫酸对5种不同来源的四氯苯醌和“永固紫”染料样品进行溶解分散,用甲苯提取和 多层色谱柱纯化,利用同位素稀释法及高分辨气相色谱/质谱 (HRGC/HRMS)联用技术,测定 了其中的多氯代二苯并二/呋喃(PCDD/F)的质量比。结果表明“永固紫”染料及其原料中P CDD/F的质量比异常高,八氯代二苯并二/呋喃(OCDD/F)已达到μg/g级甚至100 μg/g级,七氯代二苯并二/呋喃(HpCDD/F)和六氯代二苯并二/呋喃(HxCDD/F)质量比也达到 ng/g级。所有样 品的毒性当量浓度(TEQ)均已超过10 pg/g的危险水平,是纺织品中PCDD/F的一类重要污染源 。并进一步探讨了PCDD/F的来源。     

新型持久性有机污染物分析方法研究进展

多溴联苯醚、多溴联苯、全氟辛基羧酸/磺酸、十氯酮和溴代二(口恶)英等属于"斯德哥尔摩公约"2009年新增列和潜在的持久性有机污染物,近年来受到环境研究者的广泛关注.其在环境中的残留特征、污染来源、演变趋势、迁移传输、生物累积和毒理效应方面的研究依赖于分析技术的发展.多溴联苯醚和多溴联苯与传统持久性有机污染物具有类似的理化性质,采样和分析测定过程同有机氯农药和多氯联苯相近,可使用索氏提取、自动索氏提取、超声萃取、微波辅助萃取、压力溶剂萃取等多种提取方法,酸洗、多层复合层析柱和凝胶渗透色谱是最常用的净化手段,分析时采用GC/MS-EI或GC/MS-NCI对指示性单体进行定性定量.由于环境背景中的残留很低,使用高分辨质谱和串联质谱可降低方法检出限.对于水环境和沉积物中的全氟烷基羧酸、磺酸及其盐,目前主要采用固相萃取HPLC/MS/MS测定.亲水亲油平衡的萃取柱对全氟辛基羧酸和磺酸有良好的回收,弱阴离子交换萃取柱对短链和长链全氟烷基羧酸和磺酸都有满意的回收.十氯酮有一定极性,采用含有丙酮的萃取体系具有较高的回收率,GC/ECD和GC/MS分析时对色谱系统的清洁性有较高的要求,否则容易导致色谱峰拖尾影响定性和定量.溴代二(口恶)英与二(口恶)英的分析技术路线类似,需要更严格的净化过程分离多溴联苯醚,并在分析时控制热脱溴.此外,方法的应用还依靠溴代二(口恶)英标准物质的完善.     

二噁英、多溴联苯醚和多氯联苯同时测定方法的研究

本实验以美国环保署1613B、1614和1668A等标准方法为基础,建立了同一样品中二噁英、多溴联苯醚和多氯联苯的同位素稀释-多层色谱柱净化-高分辨气质联用-高通量同时分析方法.该方法利用弗罗里土对二噁英组分吸附能力强的特点,采用不同极性的溶剂淋洗,先实现二噁英组分和其它两个组分的分离,再利用多溴联苯醚更易保留在硝酸银硅胶(10%)柱上的特点,实现了多溴联苯醚和多氯联苯两类化合物的分离.实验优化了样品前处理过程,纯化过程中去除了大量干扰物质,同时将三类化合物在前处理中进行分离,消除了相互干扰,实现了准确定量.纯化效果和检测限均符合美国环保署相关标准的要求.通过标准参考物的比对和实际样品的分析验证了方法的可靠性和结果的准确性.     

烟气中二噁英的催化降解*

催化降解是一种工业烟气的末端处理技术,该技术基于催化氧化还原反应能够实现烟气中二噁英（PCDD/Fs）在温和条件下的有效去除。目前研究较多的催化剂主要有两类：一类是Pt、Pd、Lr等贵金属型催化剂,另一类是V、Cr、W等过渡金属氧化物型催化剂。在实际应用方面,选择性催化还原（SCR）是目前最具有代表性的技术,采用V₂O₅/W(Mo)O₃-TiO₂催化剂能够同时脱除烟气中的PCDD/Fs和NO_x。本文阐述了贵金属和金属氧化物两种催化剂在温和条件下降解烟气中PCDD/Fs的反应机理和研究进展,并着重介绍了负载型V基催化剂降解PCDD/Fs的配方优化研究和影响因素,最后评述了SCR的应用情况和应用条件,以及在应用过程中催化剂的失活和中毒情况,并对该技术发展方向加以展望。     

Degradation of PCDD/Fs in Fly Ash by Vortex-shaped Gliding Arc Plasma

PCDD/Fs in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) can be decomposed in non-thermal plasma, more in particular in a vortex-shaped gliding arc. Typical operating conditions are 10 kV voltage, 40 kΩB external current-limited resistor, 11 L/min tangential gas and 2 L/min axial carrier gas flow rates. Degradation efficiencies of PCDD/Fs are respectively 54.9, 61.7 and 66.8 % on mass basis and 60.7, 73.3 and 70.1 % on toxicity basis under N₂, air and O₂ condition. After treatment the morphology of fly ash has changed: needle-shaped crystals increasing, pores and fragments appearing and high-temperature melting showing which is leaded by direct contact with high-temperature core of arc. The results are explained tentatively by the creation of reactive intermediates leading to dechlorination and oxidation of PCDD/Fs and finally producing end-products such as CO₂, CO, HCl and CH₄.     

PVC化学链燃烧过程中二噁英生成研究

制备了负载硅溶胶的CaSO₄载氧体,并对其与CH₄、CO和H₂的反应特性进行了研究表征。采用管式炉实验系统,对PVC在基于CaSO₄载氧体的化学链燃烧和空气燃烧两种方式下,二噁英的生成特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,负载了硅溶胶的CaSO₄载氧体与CH₄、CO和H₂反应均接近完全转化,其中,与CH₄和H₂的反应时间显著短于CO。采用化学链燃烧方式可有效抑制PVC燃烧过程二噁英的生成,其生成量和毒性当量分别由空气燃烧中的34 172.5 pg/g及732.8 pg(I-TEQ)/g降到化学链燃烧的2 270.9 pg/g及290.2 pg(I-TEQ)/g,这主要是因为化学链燃烧过程中燃料与O₂不直接接触,显著减少了大分子碳结构的氧化断裂以及HCl向Cl₂的转化,从而抑制了二噁英的低温从头合成反应和前驱物生成反应。     

Determination of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A method was developed on a gas chromatograph coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer(GC-MS/MS) for trace level determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls(DL-PCBs) in food and feed. The results demonstrated good sensitivity and repeatability for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs at an extremely low level(10 pg mL~(-1) for 2,3,7,8-TCDD/F), as well as wide linear response of over 3 or 4 orders of magnitude in concentration ranges; 0.5–200 ng mL~(-1) for PeCDD/F and 0.2–2000 ng mL~(-1) for DL-PCBs. The method detection limits for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were in the range from 0.018–0.17 pg g~(-1) to 0.13–0.36 pg g~(-1), respectively. The performance of the GC-MS/MS for food and feed sample analysis showed high precision and accuracy compared to the high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass spectrometer. The results indicated the feasibility of GC-MS/MS as a confirmatory method for the measurement of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in food and feed as required by European Union legislation.     

Validation of the CALUX bioassay for the screening of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in retail fish

The chemical-activated luciferase expression (CALUX) assay is a reporter gene assay that detects dioxin-like compounds based on their ability to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and thus expression of the reporter gene. In this paper, the CALUX assay was examined for its application in the screening of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) in retail fish. The sample extracts were cleaned up on a sulfuric acid-silica gel column followed by an activated carbon column, and the AhR activity of the separated PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB fractions was determined using the assay. The quantitative limit for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) was 0.98 pg ml(-1) (0.19 pg assay(-1) in the standard curve, corresponding to 0.16 pg g(-1) of CALUX-based toxic equivalency (2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents) in the tested sample. Recovery tests in which dioxins were added to fish samples resulted in acceptable recoveries (77-117%). The CALUX assay performed well in the analysis of dioxins in fish samples and a comparative study revealed a strong correlation between the CALUX assay and high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis for the determination of PCDD/Fs (r = 0.89) and dioxin-like PCBs (r = 0.91) in retail fish (n = 22). These data revealed that the CALUX assay would be a useful screening method for PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in retail fish.     

Improved Method for the Determination of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Sanitary Napkins

Abstract

An improved method was developed for determining highly toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) in sanitary napkins. Samples were extracted by Soxhlet (50% dichloromethane/hexane) and sonication (hexane), and a multi-layer silica column was used for clean-up after acetone precipitation to separate the superabsorbent polymers. Improved separation efficiency of PCDD/Fs from sanitary napkins with a high level of superabsorbent polymers was achieved using the acetone precipitation method. Hexane was then applied as an alternative solvent to remove residual interfering substances including sticky components contained on sanitary napkins via alumina column chromatography in the second clean-up step. Recoveries approached 100% with an average relative standard deviation of less than 15%, and recoveries of internal standards were from 70.5 to 114.8% and 0.6 to 13.6% for the two extraction methods. The mean method detection limit was 0.075–0.968?pg/g for Soxhlet extraction and 0.0032–0.091?pg/g for sonication extraction. The established method meets the quality criteria for the screening of dioxins stated in EU Regulations 589/2014 and 709/2014, and therefore provides a suitable alternative for the determination of dioxins in sanitary napkins containing superabsorbent polymers.