Reaction of Microcrystalline Cellulose with Water

The properties of microcrystalline cellulose prepared by classical (thermohydrolytic) and nonclassical (UHF) treatment of cotton cellulose are compared. The mechanisms of its reaction with water were studied to obtain stable gelatinous suspensions.     

Controlled Dispersion and Setting of Cellulose Nanofibril - Carboxymethyl Cellulose Pastes

Cellulose - This work investigated the redispersion and setting behavior of highly loaded (~?18 wt.% solids in water) pastes of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with carboxymethyl cellulose...     

微粉（和微晶）纤维素的微细结构

探讨了微粉化过程对各种纤维素材料超分子结构的影响，结果表明，稀盐酸水解制得的微粉（和微晶）纤维素，在结晶状态（如聚合度，结晶度，晶粒尺寸等）及晶粒聚集体的形态结构上，均随纤维素晶型的不同而变，并与硫酸水解和机微粉化不同，Ｘ－射线衍射分析显示，微粉化产物仍保持其纤维素材料原来的晶型和两相（晶区与非晶区）共存的微细结构。     

二醋酸纤维素接枝聚乳酸的流变性能

采用毛细管流变仪对二醋酸纤维素接枝聚乳酸(CDA-g-PLA)的流变行为进行了研究,探讨其熔融纺丝的可纺性.结果表明:共聚物熔体为切力变稀流体,随着接枝链的增长,共聚物熔体的非牛顿指数(n)和表观黏度(ηa)减小,而稠度系数(K)、结构黏度指数(△η)和黏流活化能(Eη)增加;随着温度的升高,非牛顿指数增大,稠度系数和...     

Mechanisms of Diffusion-Reduction Interaction of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Silver Ions

The preparation of microcrystalline cellulose samples containing intercalated silver(0) particles includes two main stages: diffusion of silver ions from aqueous AgNO₃ into the microcrystalline cellulose matrix, followed by reduction of the silver ions bound to cellulose macromolecules to Ag(0) and growth of Ag(0) particles inside the cellulose matrix and on its surface. Mechanisms of interaction of silver ions with cellulose as reducer and with other reducers and ligands are considered.     

Rheological and Electrophysical Characteristics of Solutions of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Water-Soluble Carboxymethyl Cellulose

The flow and viscosity curves of solutions of polyvinyl alcohol and water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose of various brands, and also of their mixtures are studied over the temperature range 30-70°C.     

Effects of Microcrystalline Cellulose on Suspension Stability of Cocoa Beverage

The rheological properties and particle size distributions of cocoa beverage as well as aggregate structures of solid particles were studied to elucidate the effects of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on suspension stability of solid particles in cocoa beverage. Fluidity curve, dynamic viscoelasticity, particle size distribution, and SEM observation were made for beverage samples containing 0.1–0.5 wt% MCC and 11 model samples with various combinations of six ingredients. This revealed that cocoa and MCC particles are highly cohered into an aggregate and the aggregated particles further interact weakly with the milk component, leading to stabilization of the whole system of cocoa beverage.     

Preparation and Properties of Enterosorbents Based on Carboxylated Microcrystalline Cellulose

Features of a non-traditional method of preparation of cellulose-based cation-exchange enterosorbents using nitrogen (IV) oxide are discussed. The proposed approach involves sequential use of oxidative and acid-hydrolyzing functions of nitrogen (IV) oxide to convert ordinary cellulose into carboxylated microcrystalline cellulose. X-ray phase analysis and transmission electron microscopy data show evidence of a topochemical character of cellulose microcrystal modification with carboxyl groups. Factors are indicated causing enhanced stability and whiteness of the samples thus obtained as compared with oxidized cellulose fibres, as well as the ease of stable tixotropic gel formation from the samples prepared in a salt form. Exemplified by methylene blue sorption, a comparative assessment of the sorptive ability of enterosorbent powders and hydrogels prepared in acid and salt forms. Results of clinical trials conducted with the gel enterosorbents in the areas of gastroenterology and detoxication therapy are presented. In view of compatibility of carboxylated microcrystalline cellulose in hydrogel form with many biologically active ingredients, prospective character of using the enterosorbents not only as such but also as a matrix for the development of new dosage forms of other medications is pointed out. Examples showing advantages of such combinations in specific sustained release drug forms (ointments and microgranules) are given.     

Aggregation Stability of Aqueous Dispersions of Microcrystalline Cellulose: pH Dependence

The aggregation stability of aqueous dispersions of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was studied by the flow ultramicroscopy in a wide range of pH (1–11). The calculations of the molecular and ion-electrostatic components of the interparticle interaction energy, which were performed according to the DLVO theory with and without allowance for the particle conductivity, demonstrated that, in most cases, the loss of the aggregation stability can not be explained without taking into account the concept of additional attraction forces between the MCC particles. It was assumed that such forces could be attributed to the dipole–dipole interactions or hydrogen bonding between hydrated particles.     

离子液体[BMIM]Cl预处理对微晶纤维素酶解的影响

以微晶纤维素为研究对象, 设计了离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [BMIM]Cl)预处理微晶纤维素Avicel的实验方法以实现纤维素的高效酶解糖化. 在[BMIM]Cl中Avicel完全溶解, 经水洗沉淀得到再生纤维素, 回收后的离子液体可重复利用. 预处理后底物酶解的可溶性糖转化率在24 h时高达94.65%, 较之同样条件下未经预处理底物的酶解糖转化率(48.57%)有飞跃性提升. 进一步考察了离子液体预处理对纤维素结构及形态的影响, 结果表明: [BMIM]Cl预处理后Avicel氢键减弱; 结晶度明显下降, 结晶型态由纤维素I型转变为纤维素II型; 由规整的平行排布转变为疏松有孔的无序形貌. 正是离子液体预处理引起的纤维素微观与宏观结构性质的显著改变使得再生后纤维素酶解的可溶性糖转化率大幅提高.     

Rheological,Thermal, and Morphological Characteristics of Plasticized Cellulose Acetate Composite with Natural Fibers

Plasticized cellulose acetates processed with biofibers like industrial hemp and henequen were investigated with respect to their thermal, morphological and rheological characteristics. Discernable fibril morphologies in the biocomposites were observed via a SEM investigation. Such morphological characteristics were further analyzed with the results of TGA and rheometry. Furthermore, the obtained rheological properties were also interpreted in conjunction with the formation and destruction of internal structure in biocomposites.     

超声波活化处理对微晶纤维素结构和氧化反应性能的影响

采用无污染的超声波技术预处理微晶纤维素, 研究了微晶纤维素在活化前后的超分子结构、形态结构和可及度的变化, 超声波活化对微晶纤维素选择性氧化性能的影响.     

Fabrication of Microcrystalline and Powdered Cellulose from Short Flax Fiber and Flax Straw

Conditions of manufacture of microcrystalline cellulose from variously treated short flax fibers and of powdered cellulose from flax straw were examined. The effect of fats, waxes, and pectins contained in the fibers on the kinetics of hydrolysis of the polysaccharide was studied.     

A Study on the Preparation,Structure, and Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose

Abstract

The preparation, structure, and properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from rice straw were investigated by IR, x-ray, viscometry, polarizing microscope, SEM, etc. The results are as follows:

1. The leveling-off degree of polymerization (LODP) obtained from rice straw is about 80–150. The dimensions of MCC granules are 20–30 μm length, 0.5–0.8 μm thick, and the crystallinity is about 80%.

2. The aqueous suspension of a certain concentration of MCC can form a gel under the effect of shear force. The viscosity of MCC gel increased with an increasing content of MCC in water. A sharper increase of viscosity occurred in the 3–6% range.

3. The addition of one or two valence salts into the MCC gel increased the viscosity.

4. The viscosity of MCC gel has its maximum value at pH 8.

5. The MCC gel as an emulsifying agent can form a stable emulsion in the oil/water system when the ratio of oil/water is below 6/4.     

Physico-chemical and Thermal Characteristics of Lime-silica Fume Pastes

Five lime-silica fume pastes were investigated using initial CaO/SiO₂ molar ratios of 0.80, 1.0, 1.30, 1.70 and 2.0. The kinetics and mechanism of hydration interaction between lime and silica fume were studied on the basis of the phase composition and the physical state of the formed hydration products. The developed strength could be related to the lime content of the lime-silica mixture and the formed hydrates. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Electrosurface Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose of Different Origin in 1 : 1 Electrolyte Solutions

Electrosurface characteristics (the exchange capacity and the electrokinetic potential) of the samples of cotton and wood microcrystalline celluloses (MCC) were studied as functions of the pH and the concentration of background electrolyte (10^–3–1M NaCl). It was found that the MCC samples are negatively charged over the studied pH range (3.5–10.0). The results of measuring exchange capacities were used for calculating constants of surface reactions. The values of dissociation constants of the surface groups allow us to state that the charge of the MCC surface within the studied pH range is mainly determined by the dissociation of carboxyl groups. The surface and electrokinetically mobile charges, concentrations of fixed and mobile ions, as well as Donnan's potentials were calculated for the studied samples.     

氯化1-烯丙基-3-乙基-咪唑盐的合成及其对微晶纤维素的微波溶解

合成了新型离子液体氯化1-烯丙基-3-乙基-咪唑盐([AEIM]Cl), 并采用红外光谱和核磁共振测试技术对其化学结构进行了表征. 研究了微波加热条件下[AEIM]Cl对微晶纤维素(MCC)的溶解性能,考察了NaOH、微波和高压等3种预处理方式对微晶纤维素的结晶度、聚合度及溶解率的影响. 采用FT-IR、XRD、TGA和SEM测试技术分别对溶解后得到的再生纤维素的化学结构、晶型变化、热稳定性及表观形貌进行了分析. 结果表明,[AEIM]Cl是微晶纤维素的直接溶剂. 与原生纤维素相比,当选用15%的NaOH在高压釜中140 ℃条件下处理微晶纤维素时,处理过的纤维素结晶度由92.0%降至49.2%,聚合度由306降至153,溶解率从5.2%提高至28.8%. 溶解过程中纤维素没有发生衍生化反应,溶解后得到的再生纤维素晶型由原来的纤维素Ⅰ转变为纤维素Ⅱ,且微晶尺寸从4.92 nm降至1.76 nm,热分解温度从246.6 ℃降至183.0 ℃.     

嵌入式超薄微晶纤维素/碳糊电极的构建及应用

以镍铬合金为基体,在其表面通过直接嵌入微晶纤维素修饰的碳糊膜,构建了嵌入式超薄微晶纤维素/碳糊电极(ISM/CPE). 用扫描电子显微镜和循环伏安法表征了电极的特性;以抗坏血酸(AA)为目标物考察其在该电极上的电化学行为. 结果表明,在ISM/CPE上,AA的氧化峰电位为0.38 V,较传统碳糊电极负移了0.05 V;峰电流与AA的浓度在1.0×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数r=0.999 3,检测限(S/N=3)为7.5×10-7 mol/L. 表明合金表面嵌入的超薄微晶纤维素/碳糊膜,改变了基体电极的电化学性质,可用于实际样品中AA的测定.     

Conductivity and Electrokinetic Potential of Microcrystalline Cellulose Particles in Aqueous HCl and NaOH Solutions

The conductivity of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) dispersions in aqueous 10^–5–10^–2 M HCl and NaOH solutions was measured as a function of the particle volume fraction by the conductometry. The dependence of the relative conductivity of MCC particles on pH of equilibrium solutions was determined using the Wagner equation. The electrophoretic mobility of MCC particles in the aforementioned solutions was measured by the microelectrophoresis, and corresponding dependences of the particle potentials on pH of aqueous HCl and NaOH solutions (pH 2–11) were calculated using the Smoluchowski and Henry equations of the electrophoresis theory. It was shown that, in the case of MCC, the Henry equation, which allows for the significant conductivity of the dispersed particles, as compared with the dispersion medium, makes it possible to calculate more accurate potential values and, consequently, to derive the (pH) dependence, which is satisfactorily consistent with the effect of the surface charge and solution ionic strength on the potential in a wide pH range.