低温等离子体原子荧光光谱法直接测定固体样品中的汞

建立了低温等离子体(LTP)与原子荧光光谱仪(AFS)联用直接检测ABS固体样品中Hg的方法.实验采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)方式产生低温等离子体,剥蚀固体样品后产生的元素蒸气引入到原子荧光光谱仪进行检测.优化的实验条件为:DBD外接电源的放电功率为16～18 W,放电气体流速为400 mL/min;采样距离为1～5 mm;原子荧光光谱仪的原子化器高度为10 mm.本系统测定Hg的检出限为0.91 mg/kg,线性范围为91.5～1096 mg/kg;精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.9％～2.3％,并对标准样品以及实际样品进行测定,测定结果与标准值与ICPMS及CVG-AFS一致,表明本方法可作为直接检测固体样品的新型元素分析技术.     

顺序注射蒸气发生非色散原子荧光光谱法测定环境样品中痕量硒

建立了双泵顺序注射与氢化物发生非色散原子荧光光谱法联用,测定环境样品中痕量硒的方法。线性范围为0．25～10μg/L;检出限为0．02μg／L;测定精度(RsD)为0．97％(2μg／L,n=11)。每小时可分析80(240次注射)个样品。环境水样的回收率为97％～107％;对国家标准参考物质(GBW07405和GBW07314)的测定结果同推荐值一致。     

冷原子荧光光谱法测定海产品中痕量镉

建立了氢化物发生-冷原子荧光光谱法测定海产品中镉(Cd)的分析方法,研究了硫脲-抗坏血酸-Co(Ⅱ)体系经KBH4还原产生Cd挥发性组分。对实验条件如载气流速、屏蔽气流速、原子化器高度、硫脲-抗坏血酸浓度、KBH4浓度及HCl浓度等进行了优化。在最优条件下,对海藻、紫菜等海产品中痕量Cd的含量进行测定。本方法中Cd的检出限为0.005μg/L,线性范围为0.02～20.0μg/L,实际样品加标回收率为94%～101%。对海藻和紫菜等国家一级标准物质进行测定,结果与标准值相符。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定山野菜中的微量砷

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定山野菜中的微量砷,讨论了硼氢化钾用量、酸介质及其酸度、原子化器温度、载气流量等实验条件。砷含量为1.0~200μg/L时,线性关系良好,方法检出限为0.08μg/L。以50 g/L硫脲-50 g/L抗坏血酸为预还原剂,测定了6种山野菜中的砷,加标回收率为91.6%~104.0%,相对标准偏差为1.4%~2.1%(n=8)。     

双阳极电化学氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定砷

用双阳极电化学氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定砷,减少了化学试剂使用给环境带来的污染。在相同条件下,双阳极电化学氢化物发生效率为化学法的99.0%~101.6%。对各种实验参数和干扰情况进行了详细研究。在选定的实验条件下,100μL进样量的As(Ⅲ)线性范围为0~120μg/L;检出限为0.64μg/L(信噪比S/N=3);60μg/L的As(Ⅲ)标准溶液平行进样13次,荧光信号面积的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.02%。用本法测得GBW07406号标准土壤样品中As含量为(205.2±1.4)μg/g与标准值(220±21)μg/g一致,仔猪饲料样品的加标回收率为97.0%~103.0%。本法灵敏度高、重现性好、结果准确。     

氢化物发生-冷原子荧光光谱法测定铜精矿中汞

用氢化物发生-冷原子荧光光谱法测定铜精矿中汞的含量。考察了仪器的工作条件原子化温度、原子化器高度、灯电流、负高压、载气和屏蔽气流量对测定的影响。采用主量元素匹配法消除基体干扰,优化了反应体系的介质与酸度、还原剂的浓度等条件。荧光强度与汞的质量浓度在2.0μg.L-1以内呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.0108μg.L-1,相对标准偏差(n=11)小于2%。此法用于铜精矿样品中汞含量的测定,加标回收率为92.0%～111.7%。     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定钨钼矿石中锡

建立了氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法(HC-AFS)测定钨钼矿中锡的测定方法.采用过氧化钠熔解样品,以20 g/L KBH4作还原剂,100 g/L酒石酸为载流,并讨论了不同工作条件对氢化物发生效率的影响,试验了共存元素的干扰情况.方法的检出限为0.05μg/L,精密度(=12)为2.4%～7.2%.     

纳米Fe3O4分离富集-悬浮进样-氢化物发生原子荧光法测定砷形态

研究了以纳米Fe3O4为固相吸附剂对痕量无机砷形态的吸附与分离富集,建立了无需洗脱分离的悬浮进样-氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定砷形态的方法。选择的反应体系为0.64 g/L Fe3O4悬浮液-1.0%(m/V)NaBH4溶液-5.0%(V/V)HCl(pH 8),进样5.0 mL时,得到本方法的检出限为13.5 ng/L;As(Ⅲ)浓度在0.05～3.5μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系;测定0.5μg/L As(Ⅲ)的精密度RSD=3.4%。用国家标准物质GBW10010(大米)验证了本方法测定砷的准确性,测定结果(0.101±0.010μg/g)与标准值(0.102±0.008μg/g)吻合。采用本方法测定了近海海水和雪水样品中的无机砷形态,并进行了加标回收实验。对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的加标回收率在95%～110%之间,结果令人满意。     

介质阻挡放电微型化-长光程原子吸收光谱测定汞及甲基汞

以介质阻挡放电(DBD)为低温原子化器并引入长光程吸收检测池, 建立了微型化原子吸收光谱系统. 在顺序注射系统中产生的汞及甲基汞蒸气依次经过气液分离器、玻璃棉除水微柱和原子化器然后进入长光程吸收检测池, 进行原子吸收光谱测定. 当DBD原子化器关闭时, 通过冷原子吸收测得无机汞的吸光度, 而当DBD原子化器开启时, 得到无机汞和甲基汞的总吸光度. 在本体系中两种汞形态的吸光度具有很好的加合性, 从而有利于实现无机汞和甲基汞的分别测定. 当进样体积为1.0 mL时, 无机汞与甲基汞的检出限分别为0.3和0.4 μg·L^-1, 相对标准偏差均小于4%. 用本微型化原子吸收光谱系统测定了实际样品中的汞及其形态, 证明了该系统的可靠性.     

氢化物发生新体系-原子荧光法同时测定铅和镉

报道了Pb和Cd同时氢化物发生的K3Fe(CN)6-(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6-NaBH4-HCl新体系,并探讨了相关反应机理。(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6作为氧化剂将Pb(Ⅱ)氧化为Pb(Ⅳ),Fe(CN)63-与Pb(Ⅳ)络合促进了Pb的氢化物发生。同时,体系中的(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6作为Cd氢化物发生过程中的增敏剂使荧光信号显著增强。在该体系中,Pb和Cd的氢化物发生不产生相互干扰。本实验据此建立了顺序注射-氢化物发生-双道原子荧光同时测定Pb和Cd的方法。所采用的实验条件包括NaBH4、HCl、K3Fe(CN)6和(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6的浓度分别为2%、3%、0.6%和0.3%。以125μL/s进样500μL,得到的线性范围分别为0.4~15μg/L(Pb)和0.5~20μg/L(Cd);对应的检出限分别为0.09μg/L(Pb)和0.17μg/L(Cd);方法的精密度为0.5%(6.0μg/L Pb,n=9)和1.0%(6.0μg/L Cd,n=9)。将本法应用于国家标准样品GBW08608中Pb和Cd的检测,检测值与标准值相符;对河水及海水中Pb和Cd进行了同时测定,加标回收率合格。     

Determination of bismuth in solid samples by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a dielectric barrier discharge atomizer

An atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) atomizer was investigated for bismuth (Bi) determination with hydride generation (HG) atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). The characteristics of the atomizer and the effects of experimental parameters, including observation height, discharge power, flow rate of discharge gas and AFS carrier gas were optimized. The linear range of present method for Bi determination is 0.5-300.0 μg L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.07 μg L⁻¹ (3σ). The method was validated by the analysis of reference materials (GBW08517 and GSB-14) and the results agreed well with the reference values. The established method was applied to the determination of Bi in ore, soil and ash samples.     

Evaluation of a hydride generation-atomic fluorescence system for the determination of arsenic using a dielectric barrier discharge atomizer

A new atomizer based on atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was specially designed for atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) in order to be applied to the measurement of arsenic. The characteristics of the DBD atomizer and the effects of different parameters (power, discharge gas, gas flow rate, and KBH₄ concentration) were discussed in the paper. The DBD atomizer shows the following features: (1) low operation temperature (between 44 and 70 °C, depending on the operation conditions); (2) low power consumption; (3) operation at atmospheric pressure. The detection limit of As(III) using hydride generation (HG) with the proposed DBD-AFS was 0.04 μg L⁻¹. The analytical results obtained by the present method for total arsenic in reference materials, orchard leaves (SRM 1571) and water samples GBW(E) 080390, agree well with the certified values. The present HG-DBD-AFS is more sensitive and reliable for the determination of arsenic. It is a very promising technique allowing for field arsenic analysis based on atomic spectrometry.     

Determination of Se,Pb, and Sb by atomic fluorescence spectrometry using a new flameless,dielectric barrier discharge atomizer

A flameless atomizer for atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), based on an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge, has been developed for the atomization of hydride-forming elements, such as Se, Sb and Pb. The atomizer (8 mm o.d, 35 mm length) was operated at a power less than 50 W. The discharge was sustained with argon at the flow rate of 0.85 L min^− 1 after optimization. The characteristics of the atomizer and the effects of different parameters (power, gas flow rate, and KBH₄ concentration) are investigated. The most attractive feature of this atomizer is its low operation temperature (~ 52 °C, detected at the outlet of the atomizer by a thermocouple), allowing both the radiation source and the detector to be placed in close proximity with the atomizer. The analytical performance of the atomizer has been evaluated, and detection limits for Se, Sb and Pb obtained with the present technique were 0.08, 0.11 and 0.27 μg L^− 1, respectively. The accuracy of the system was verified by the determination of Se, Sb and Pb in reference material of spinage GBW 10015. The concentrations of Se, Sb, and Pb determined by the present technique agreed well with the reference values (Se: 92 ± 24 mg kg^− 1, Sb: 43 ± 14 mg kg^− 1, Pb: 11.1 ± 0.9 mg kg^− 1). This detector is very promising for field elements detection with portable AFS.     

Overview of Atmospheric Pressure Discharges Producing Nonthermal Plasma

Recently, much attention has been paid to gas discharges producing nonthermal plasma because of many potential benefits in industrial applications. Historically, past work focused on Dielectric Barrier (silent) Discharges (DBD) and pulse-periodical corona discharges. Recently, a number of new different discharge techniques succeeded in producing stable gas discharge at atmospheric pressure. Among these are repetitively pulsed glow discharge; continuous glow discharge in a gas flow; hollow-cathode atmospheric pressure discharge; RF and microwave (MW) discharges. Several new variants of the DBD have been demonstrated over a rather wide range of frequencies. All these forms of gas discharge are characterized by a strong nonequilibrium plasma state. We attempt to classify these discharges with respect to their properties, and an overview of possible applications is made. Conditions for the existence of homogenous and filamentary forms of each of the discharge types are discussed.     

Visualization of In Situ Oxidation Process Between Plasma and Liquid Phase in Two Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Reactors Using Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence Technique

Cold atmospheric plasma is considered to be a promising approach for decontamination purposes, e.g. dyeing water decoloration. In order to better understand the complex mechanism of the plasma physics coupled with the plasma chemistry involved in the interaction of the polluted water with the discharge plasma, a novel approach was proposed to study the in situ oxidation process between the plasma and liquid phase in two dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactors with different bottom shape (concave vs. plane), by using the planar laser induced fluorescence technique to visualize the process dynamics. Rhodamine B was employed as the tracer dye, which was gradually decomposed by the combined effect of the chemically active radicals (OH, O, H₂O₂, etc.) as well as the intense UV radiation in the DBD plasma process. The results showed that the DBD plasma filaments induced certain fluctuation on the Rhodamine B liquid layer, which accordingly intensified the mass transfer to a large extent thus accelerated the oxidation process. The comparison of the measured concentration fields in the two DBD plasma reactors illustrated that the DBD reactor #1 with concave bottom showed higher oxidation efficiency than the DBD reactor #2 with plane bottom. Additionally, the experiments demonstrated that the oxidation efficiency in the DBD plasma water treatment was much better than that in the reactor with pure oxidation by ozone gas, which can be further improved by injecting the additional oxygen gas bubbles into the liquid phase in the plasma reactor.     

The Role of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Atmosphere and Physics on Polypropylene Surface Treatment

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is the discharge involved in corona treatment, widely used in industry to increase the wettability or the adhesion of polymer films or fibers. Usually DBD's are filamentary discharges but recently a homogeneous glow DBD has been obtained. The aim of this paper is to compare polypropylene surface transformations realized with filamentary and glow DBD in different atmospheres (He, N₂, N₂ + O₂ mixtures) and to determine the relative influence of both the discharge regime and the gas nature, on the polypropylene surface transformations. From wettability and XPS results it is shown that the discharge regime can have a significant effect on the surface transformations, because it changes both the ratio of electrons to gas metastables, and the space distribution of the plasma active species. This last parameter is important at atmospheric pressure because the mean free paths are short (m). These two points explain why in He, polypropylene wettability increase is greater by a glow DBD than by a filamentary DBD. In N₂, no significant effect of the discharge regime is observed because electrons and metastables lead to the same active species throughout the gas bulk. The specificity of a DBD in N₂ atmosphere compared to an atmosphere containing oxygen is that it allows very extensive surface transformations and a greater increase of the polypropylene surface wettability. Indeed, even in low concentration and independently of the discharge regime, when O₂ is present in the plasma gas, it controls the surface chemistry and degradation occurs.     

介质阻挡放电和CuZSM-5结合体系中等离子体对C2H4的作用

采用吸附、程序升温脱附及氧化和发射光谱等技术研究了介质阻挡放电对气相和催化剂表面吸附乙烯的作用. 实验表明, 介质阻挡放电等离子体能脱附催化剂表面吸附物种(如CO2和H2O等), 并引发表面化学反应生成新物种(如在等离子体作用下C2H4和O2生成CO2和H2O); 改变催化剂表面积碳化合物结构, 并降低其起燃点; 引发气相中乙烯发生反应生成中间物种或碎片(如CN和CH等). 在富氧体系NO/O2/N2中加入C2H4, 能使介质阻挡放电等离子体和CuZSM-5“一段法”结合体系产生协同效应, 提高NOx转化率. 该协同效应的产生与等离子体在气相及催化剂表面引发化学反应, 产生参与NOx还原反应的新稳态物种和短寿命高能活性物种有关.     

Development of double cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge ion source

This paper deals with the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ion source composed of the outer cylindrical dielectric tube and the inner grounded metallic tube electrode. The sample gas is supplied through the inner ceramic tube. In this ion source, the DBD plasma is localized in the DBD tube so that the sample gases can be ionized just outside of the ceramic tube by the DBD excited helium gas without being exposed in the plasma jet. Besides, ambient air does not take part in the ionization of the sample vapor because ionization takes place inside the DBD ion source. Thus, this method is totally free from contaminants in ambient air. It was found that this ion source is capable of soft, high-sensitivity, and reproducible ionization. Application of this technique to the analysis of methamphetamine, carbaryl and basil leaf was given.     

毛细管电泳-原子荧光在线联用新技术及其在形态分析中的应用

讨论了原子荧光光度计从传统的间歇式或流动注射式操作到与毛细管电泳联用技术的转化.考察了不同接口对分离的影响,优化了氢化物发生所用的气液分离器及原子荧光光度计的原子化器.通过缩短连路和改变管路内径等方式消除了体系的反压.将优化的仪器条件应用于As的形态分析,结果令人满意.