热泵型纯电动客车空调结霜特性实验研究

针对热泵型纯电动客车空调系统在冬季低温高湿环境下,车外换热器易结霜而造成系统制热性能严重衰减的问题,开发了一种带有经济器的补气型纯电动客车热泵空调系统,对车外管翅式换热器结霜特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,当车外换热器完全结霜后,系统制热量和COP均大幅下降。由于采用中压补气技术,系统仍能稳定运行,当车外温度为0、-10、-20℃时,结霜过程中系统制热量分别降低了5、3.2、2.3 kW,COP分别降低了1.1、0.7、0.45,且车外空气相对湿度越大,系统制热性能衰减越严重。     

带经济器的热泵型纯电动客车空调系统结霜特性研究

针对热泵型纯电动客车空调系统在冬季低温供热运行时车外换热器易结霜问题,设计并搭建一套带经济器、有三种不同补气方式的热泵空调系统实验台。通过实验研究并对比分析该系统在不同补气方式下运行时车外微通道平行流换热器的结霜性能,发现车外环境温度为-15℃工况时,在中压补气方式下结霜运行时系统COP、制热量、蒸发温度均明显最高,此时系统可高效运行。     

带经济器的热泵型客车空调系统实验研究

开发并搭建了一套用于纯电动客车的带经济器补气型热泵空调系统实验台,进行了车外各低温环境温度不补气与补气模式下的供热性能实验研究。实验研究结果表明:在车外环境为-20℃超低温环境温度下,经济器补气型热泵空调系统较不补气热泵系统制热量增加54.98%,排气温度降低15℃左右,COP提高41.2%,可较好地解决普通热泵空调低温制热性能差的突出问题。     

热泵型纯电动汽车空调融霜特性研究

针对热泵型纯电动汽车空调系统在冬季低温高湿环境下运行时,车外换热器易结霜而影响系统性能的问题,设计搭建了带低压补气的热泵型纯电动汽车空调实验台。实验研究了不同车内温度、不同压缩机转速、不同车内风机送风量以及不同补气阀开度对融霜性能的影响,结果显示通过合理有效的控制可以缩短融霜时间在120秒以内,使空调系统的性能得到一定改善。     

变风量客车空调系统性能实验研究

针对纯电动客车热泵空调系统制冷与制热性能衰减严重、耗能较高等问题,设计并搭建了一款基于R410A纯电动客车热泵空调系统实验台.该实验研究了变车外风机风量对热泵系统性能的影响.实验结果表明:低压补气制冷工况下:车内风量为100％,车外风量从40％增加到100％时,系统制冷量增加1.45％,COP1上升12.7％,COP2...     

纯电动公交车热泵空调系统制冷性能实验研究

针对纯电动公交车空调系统能耗高、运行不稳定等问题,设计并搭建了一套带低压补气的纯电动公交车热泵空调系统实验台,实验研究了车外环境温度、压缩机转速、车外风量和补气过热度对系统制冷性能的影响。结果表明:系统在极端环境温度50℃时,系统制冷量降低了12.7%,但仍能满足车内冷量需求;压缩机转速增至5 000 r/min时,系统COP下降了7.8%,系统制冷量提高了86.2%;车外风量变化对系统各项制冷性能参数均影响较小,可通过改变车外风量来达到节能目的;采用低压补气技术和降低补气过热度能增强系统稳定性。     

纯电动客车热泵型空调系统中压补气供热循环特性模拟研究

基于纯电动客车低温运行特性,以R407C为循环工质,对建立的中压补气增效型纯电动客车热泵空调系统进行模拟研究。运用C语言,对系统的压缩机排气温度、制热量、COP进行模拟计算,并把模拟结果与实验结果进行比较。结果表明:在-20℃的低温工况下,相对于不补气系统,中压补气系统的压缩机排气温度降低17. 7℃,制热量增加64%,系统COP提高51%。     

补气技术应用于低温变频空调器的实验研究

针对电动客车用热泵空调器在低温工况下压缩比大、排气温度高、容积效率偏低、系统性能降低等突出问题,提出了带经济器的补气技术,并对系统循环过程进行理论分析,测试了在-15℃的环境温度、不同压缩机转速下,补气技术对电动客车用低温变频空调器的性能影响。结果表明:与不补气的热泵空调器相比,采用补气技术可显著降低压缩机排气温度,使系统安全可靠运行,特别是压缩机转速为5000r/min时,不补气时排气温度高达116.7℃,而补气时排气温度为99.6℃,相比下降了14.7%;采用补气技术提升了系统制热量和制热性能系数COP,且随着压缩机转速的提高,其效果更加显著,当压缩机转速由2000r/min提高到5000r/min时,与不补气的热泵空调器相比,系统制热量提升了16.2%~22.7%,COP提升了2.8%~14.2%。     

补气技术对低温型空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

针对空气源热泵热水器在冬季低温环境下制热性能严重衰减的问题,开发了一种中压补气型空气源热泵热水器,搭建试验台,试验研究了测试系统在不同低温工况下的制热性能。结果表明:相对于不补气系统,中压补气系统压缩机排气温度明显降低,尤其在低温-7℃和-15℃环境下,分别降低16.7、12.1℃;当环境温度从7℃下降到-15℃时,中压补气系统制热量提高6.6%～27.1%,压缩机功率提高1.7%～22.2%,COP提高3.4%～4.8%。     

电动客车热泵空调系统制冷剂充注量实验研究

作为一种新型环保制冷剂,R407C在客车空调系统中的研究越来越多。为研究制冷剂充注量对纯电动客车热泵空调系统性能的影响,在恒温恒湿测试室进行了充注量实验。分析了制冷剂充注量对系统各性能参数的影响,如换热量、COP、排气温度和过冷度,得出系统制冷剂最佳充注量。     

Microscopic basis for Fick's law for self-diffusion

We investigate self-diffusion in a classical fluid composed of two species which are distinguished through the color of their particles, either black or white, but are identical as regards their mechanical properties. Disregarding color the fluid is in thermal equilibrium. We show that if a single test particle in the one-component fluid moves asymptotically as Brownian motion, then the color density and current in certain classes of nonequilibrium states are related, on the appropriate macroscopic scale, through Fick's law, and the former is governed by the diffusion equation. If in addition several test particles move asymptotically as independent Brownian motions, then the colored fluid is, on a macroscopic scale, in local equilibrium with parameters governed by the solution of the diffusion equation.Part of this work was done while both authors were at IHES, Bures-sur-Yvette, France.Supported in part by NSF Grant No. PHY 78-15920-02.Supported by a Heisenberg fellowship of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Convolution identities for quasiprobabilities for Bose functions

We present identities relating the equations of motion of various quasiprobabilities for quantum oscillators. These identities turn out useful for checking the consistency of approximations made in constructing the equations of motion with the basic Bose commutator. Moreover, our identities allow to identify the quasiprobability distributions which have the easiest-to-solve equations of motion.     

Requirements for Optical Systems for Virtual Displays

Currently, there are many types of virtual displays and new types arise every year. However, their vast majority appear technically inapplicable because they are inconsistent with a number of key factors related to the eye physiology. In this paper, we present the general requirements for optical systems of virtual displays, taking into account human eye physiology.     

Figure of merit for spectrometers for EDXRF

How should one select the best detector for a particular measurement in energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF)? How should one select the optimum system configuration, i.e. the best shaping time and beam current? Manufacturers provide a variety of specifications, such as energy resolution and maximum count rate, but these are indirectly related to the end use of an EDXRF instrument, the measurement and detection limit of the measured elemental concentrations. We suggest in this paper using the time required to achieve a given statistical uncertainty as a figure of merit. We derive scaling rules for this figure of merit based on conventional specifications, including energy resolution, peaking time, maximum count rate, detector area, and intrinsic efficiency. These scaling rules also include the peak to background ratio of a photopeak and the number of overlapping peaks. We then show how this figure of merit can be used to select the optimum detector and spectrometer configuration for specific applications and compare the results to data obtained with typical systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内窥镜校正中棋盘格标志点自动提取方法

为了解决具有大畸变内窥镜标定的标志点提取困难和人工参与较多等问题,提出了一种简单快速准确的棋盘格标志点提取方法。该方法是采用粗提取和优化来完成棋盘格标志点的提取的:首先利用高斯滤波去除图像噪声,并计算两次图像的梯度特征,利用梯度极值约束得到粗提取的角点;然后利用棋盘格标志点的对称特点消除噪声点的影响,并得到优化的角点位置。实验结果表明,该方法简单易行,计算量小,不需要人工干预即可获得全部标志点,反投影误差小于0.2pixel。     

Memory for pitch versus memory for loudness

The decays of pitch traces and loudness traces in short-term auditory memory were compared in forced-choice discrimination experiments. The two stimuli presented on each trial were separated by a variable delay (D); they consisted of pure tones, series of resolved harmonics, or series of unresolved harmonics mixed with lowpass noise. A roving procedure was employed in order to minimize the influence of context coding. During an initial phase of each experiment, frequency and intensity discrimination thresholds [P(C) = 0.80] were measured with an adaptive staircase method while D was fixed at 0.5 s. The corresponding physical differences (in cents or dB) were then constantly presented at four values of D: 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 s. In the case of intensity discrimination, performance (d') markedly decreased when D increased from 0.5 to 2 s, but was not further reduced when D was longer. In the case of frequency discrimination, the decline of performance as a function of D was significantly less abrupt. This divergence suggests that pitch and loudness are processed in separate modules of auditory memory.     

溶剂化的热力学集团展开理论

把二元溶液的过剩内能（ｅｘｃｅｓｓ ｅｎｅｒｇｙ）分成溶剂－溶剂、溶剂－溶质及溶质－溶质相互作用部分。利用集团展开方法给出了二元溶液在正则系综的配分函数的表达式，利用该表达式得到了溶质的偏摩尔内能（ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｍｏｌａｒ ｅｎｅｒｇｙ）和偏摩尔熵（ｐａｒｔｉａｌ ｍｏｌａｒ ｅｎｔｒｏｐｙ）的表达式。在无限稀溶液情形，过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂－溶剂部分又称重组织内能（ｒｅｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ｅｎｅｒｇｙ），它反映了溶质存在时对其周围溶剂分子之间的相互作用能的影响。研究表明，在溶质的粒子数密度相对较大时，溶质分子之间的相互作用将影响过过剩偏摩尔内能的溶剂－溶剂部分，对于稀溶液，过氧偏摩尔内能的溶剂－溶剂部分与溶质的摩尔分数成线性关系。对低蜜度二元溶液，溶质的过剩偏摩尔内能和过剩偏摩尔熵也与溶质的摩尔分数成线     

Expressions for third-order aberration theory for holographic images

Expressions for third-order aberration in the reconstructed wave front of point objects are established by Meier. But Smith, Neil Mohon, Sweatt independently reported that their results differ from that of Meier. We found that coefficients for spherical aberration, astigmatism, tally with Meier’s while coefficients for distortion and coma differ.     

Map for Simultaneous Measurements for a Quantum Logic

In this paper we will study a function of simultaneous measurements for quantum events (s-map) which will be compared with the conditional states on an orthomodular lattice as a basic structure for quantum logic. We will show the connection between s-map and a conditional state. On the basis of the Rényi approach to the conditioning, conditional states, and the independence of events with respect to a state are discussed. Observe that their relation of independence of events is not more symmetric contrary to the standard probabilistic case. Some illustrative examples are included.