Laser heating of a moving slab: Influence of laser intensity parameter and scanning speed on temperature field and melt size

Laser melting of a moving slab is considered, and the temperature field and the phase-change in the heated region are simulated in-line with experimental conditions. The influence of laser power intensity parameter (β) and laser scanning speed on temperature field and melt depth is examined. An experiment is carried out to compare the melt layer thickness with the predictions. It is found that increase in laser power intensity parameter enhances melt size along the x-axis, despite the fact that peak temperature in the melt-pool reduces. This is more pronounced at a low laser scanning speed (0.05 m/s).     

Laser short pulse heating: Influence of pulse intensity on temperature and stress fields

Laser short-pulse heating of gold surface is considered and the influence of laser pulse intensity on the temperature and stress fields is investigated. Laser step input pulses with different pulse lengths and the same energy content are employed in the simulations. The electron kinetic theory approach employing thermomechanical coupling is introduced to model the non-equilibrium energy transport in the electron and lattice sub-systems. Thermal stress development in the lattice sub-system and temperature rise in the lattice and electron sub-systems are computed. It is found that electron temperature rises rapidly while lattice site temperature rise is gradual in the early heating period, which is more pronounced for high intensity pulses. Thermal stress component in the axial direction is compressive and its magnitude is considerably less than the yielding limit of the substrate material.     

Laser produced melt pool: Influence of laser intensity parameter on flow field in melt pool

The flow field developed in the laser produced melt pool is investigated and the influence of the Marangoni effect on temperature field is examined. The experiment is carried out to trace the solidified melt pool geometry and the heating is simulated in line with the experimental conditions to predict the melt size in the irradiated region. In the simulations, the control volume approach is used incorporating the Marangoni effect. The enthalpy-porosity method is adopted to account for the phase change in the irradiated region. The study is extended to include the influence of the laser intensity parameter (β) on temperature and the flow field in the melt pool. It is found that the melt pool geometry and the flow field in the melt pool is influenced by the laser intensity parameter. In this case, the number of circulation cell formed in the melt pool is doubled for the intensity parameter 0.4≤β≤0.6. The predictions of the melt pool geometry agree well with the experimental data.     

Laser short pulse heating of metal nano-wires

Non-equilibrium energy transfer takes place in a solid substrate during a short-pulse laser irradiation and temperature field can be obtained analytically in the irradiated region. In the present study, laser short-pulse heating of metal nano-wire is considered and the analytical solution for two-dimensional axisymmetric nano-wire is presented. Since the absorption of the incident beam takes place in the skin of the irradiated surface, a volumetric heat source resembling the absorption process is incorporated in the analysis. Three different nano-wire materials are introduced in the analysis for the comparison reason. These include silver, chromium, and copper. It is found that temperature decay is gradual on the surface vicinity and temporal variation of the surface temperature follows almost the laser pulse intensity profile at the irradiated center.     

Laser repetitive pulse heating of tool surface

Laser heating of a cemented carbide tool is considered and the temperature field as well as phase changes in the heated region is modeled. Temperature rise, liquid layer thickness, and mushy size are predicted numerically. A control volume approach is introduced to solve the governing equations of heat transfer and phase change. Consecutive pulses with the duty cycle of 60% are accommodated in the simulations in line with the experimental conditions. An experiment is carried out to treat the cemented carbide tool surfaces using the CO₂ laser delivering consecutive pulses. The treated surfaces and their cross-sections are examined using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is found that the temperature gradient is high along the laser beam axis resulting in cracks at the irradiated surface. The rapid solidification of the surface causes compact structures with very fine grains in the surface region of the laser irradiated spot.     

Mathematical modeling of laser induced heating and melting in solids

An analytical method for treating the problem of laser heating and melting is developed in this paper. The analytical method has been applied to aluminum, titanium, copper, silver and fused quartz and the time needed to melt and vaporize and the effects of laser power density on the melt depth for four metals are also obtained. In addition, the depth profile and time evolution of the temperature of aluminum before melting and after melting are given, in which a discontinuity in the temperature gradient is obviously observed due to the latent heat of fusion and the increment in thermal conductivity in solid phase. Additionally, the calculated melt depth evolution of fused quartz induced by 10.6 μm laser irradiation is in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Closed form solutions for thermal stress field due to non-equilibrium heating during laser short-pulse irradiation

Non-equilibrium heating in the lattice sub-system results in high temperature gradients in the surface region. This in turn causes thermal stress waves propagating into the substrate material. In the present study, a closed form solution for thermal stress developed in the substrate material due to volumetric pulse heating is presented. The stress free and stress continuity boundary conditions at the surface are incorporated in the closed form solutions. It is found that thermal stress wave is tensile in the surface region and it becomes compressive at some depth below the surface for stress free condition at the surface; however, it remains compressive for the condition of stress continuity at the surface.     

Effects of calcining temperature and heating rate on properties of high-permeability NiCuZn ferrites

The effects of calcining temperature and heating rate during sintering on densification and magnetic properties of high-permeability NiCuZn ferrites were investigated. It was confirmed that increasing calcining temperature lead to increase of the molding density (the pressed density of samples that have not been sintered), both molding density and activity of the calcined powders determined the sintering density (the density of samples after sintering) of the samples. With the calcining temperature of 1060 °C, the sintering density reached a peak. The initial permeability also peaked with the calcining temperature of 1060 °C, which could be attributed to the highest sintering density and relatively big grain size. Quality factor peaked with the calcining temperature of 1020 °C, which could be attributed to the biggest grain size. Calcining temperature had no distinct connection with Curie temperature, and it had a slight effect on the saturation magnetism (B_s) due to varieties of the sintering density. Further studies showed that heating rate had a pronounced effect on initial permeability and quality factor, which could be attributed to a variety in the grain size. The critical heating rate value was 2 °C/min in order to obtain high-performance NiCuZn ferrites with both high initial permeability and high quality factor.     

Comparison of temperature field due to laser step input and time exponentially varying pulses

Laser evaporative heating of the solid surface is considered and the effect of temporal variation of laser pulse shape on temperature rise is examined. In the analysis, time exponentially varying and step input pulses are employed and closed-form solutions for temperature rise are presented. Comparison of temporal variation of surface temperature is carried out for various laser pulse parameters of exponential and step input pulses. The pulse energies are kept the same for all pulses used in the comparison. It is found that temperature distributions corresponding to pulses used in the simulations are different and temperature decay in cooling cycle (after ending of the laser pulse) is clearly evident for step input pulses; however, this is not clearly identified for exponential pulses.     

Improved formulation of electron kinetic theory approach for laser shortpulse heating: Thermal stress consideration

Nonequilibrium energy transport between excited electrons and lattice site is re-formulated after considering the ballistic contribution of the electron energy to the energy transport process. The improved formulation of the electron kinetic theory predictions are compared with the previously obtained electron kinetic and two-equation models. Thermal stress developed in the region irradiated by a laser beam is formulated during the heating pulse. Copper with variable properties is used in the simulations. It is found that improved electron kinetic theory model predicts less temperature rise than that corresponding to previously formulated electron kinetic theory and two equation models in the surface region; in this case, electron temperature attains high values. Thermal stress developed is compressive and attains the maximum at some depth below the surface. The thermal stress level is well below the yielding limit of the substrate material.     

Laser field effect on the nonlinear optical properties of donor impurities in quantum dots with Gaussian potential

A detailed investigation of optical properties of donor impurities in quantum dots under the influence of laser field with Gaussian potential is performed by using the matrix diagonalization method within the effective mass approximation. Based on the computed energies and wave functions, the dependence of the nonlinear optical properties on the dot size and the potential depth is investigated. The outcome of the calculation suggests that all the factors mentioned above can influence the nonlinear optical properties strongly. We also note that the increase of the laser-dressing parameter leads to important effects on the electronic and optical properties of a quantum dot. This gives a new degree of freedom in various device applications based on the intersubband transition of electrons.     

双脉冲激光锡等离子体光源的碎屑动力学研究

极紫外光刻是下一代大容量集成电路制造中最有发展前景的技术之一, 而碎屑的减缓及阻挡一直是极紫外光刻光源研究中亟需解决的关键问题。研究了双纳秒激光脉冲辐照锡靶产生的等离子体碎屑的动力学演化。结果表明, 等离子体碎屑强烈依赖于预脉冲的能量及其与主脉冲的时间延迟, 当预脉冲能量为30 mJ, 双脉冲时间间隔150 ns情况下, 大部分锡离子的能量从2.47 keV降低到0.40 keV, 降低了6.1倍, 碎屑得到了有效抑制。通过对碎屑动能角分布的测量, 发现此方法可以有效减缓全角度范围的激光锡等离子体碎屑, 并且越接近靶材法线方向, 碎屑的动能减少得越多。     

飞秒激光光镊横向光学力的理论分析

旨在将飞秒激光脉冲序列视为对连续光的周期抽样结果,分析飞秒激光脉冲序列作为光镊光源捕获电介质微粒时产生的横向光学力,并给出受光微粒所受横向光学势阱力的理论模型及计算公式.数值计算结果表明,飞秒激光脉冲所产生的横向光学力能抵消由于布朗运动引起的微粒中心偏移的影响,实现对微粒的稳定束缚.     

双脉冲激光锡等离子体光源的碎屑动力学研究

极紫外光刻是下一代大容量集成电路制造中最有发展前景的技术之一,而碎屑的减缓及阻挡一直是极紫外光刻光源研究中亟需解决的关键问题。研究了双纳秒激光脉冲辐照锡靶产生的等离子体碎屑的动力学演化。结果表明,等离子体碎屑强烈依赖于预脉冲的能量及其与主脉冲的时间延迟,当预脉冲能量为30 mJ, 双脉冲时间间隔150 ns情况下,大部分锡离子的能量从2.47 keV降低到0.40 keV,降低了6.1倍,碎屑得到了有效抑制。通过对碎屑动能角分布的测量,发现此方法可以有效减缓全角度范围的激光锡等离子体碎屑,并且越接近靶材法线方向,碎屑的动能减少得越多。     

Analytical solution of hyperbolic heat conduction equation in relation to laser short-pulse heating

In the present study, the hyperbolic heat conduction equation is derived from the Boltzmann transport equation and the analytical solution of the resulting equation appropriate to the laser short-pulse heating of a solid surface is presented. The time exponentially decaying pulse is incorporated as a volumetric heat source in the hyperbolic equation to account for the absorption of the incident laser energy. The Fourier transformation is used to simplify the hyperbolic equation and the analytical solution of the simplified equation is obtained using the Laplace transformation method. Temperature distribution in space and time are computed in steel for two laser pulse parameters. It is found that internal energy gain from the irradiated field, due to the presence of the volumetric heat source in the hyperbolic equation, results in rapid rise of temperature in the surface region during the early heating period. In addition, temperature decay is gradual in the surface region and as the depth below the surface increases beyond the absorption depth, temperature decay becomes sharp.     

Geometric-optical reconstruction of a wavefront experimental realization with femtosecond laser pulses

The mechanism of wavefront reconstruction by geometric-optical reflection of reconstruction radiation from surfaces with constant phase differences between the object and reference waves has been investigated. The main difference between this mechanism and a holographic one is the absence of diffraction of the reconstructing radiation by the periodic structure and as a consequence the achromatism of the reconstruction process. Incoherent continuous radiation and ultrashort laser pulses were used in the experiments. The effect of achromatic reconstruction has been obtained after recording the interference of counterpropagating 30–40 fs pulses from an Al₂O₃:Ti³⁺ laser in bulk media.     

Influence of multi-photon pulses on practical differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution

The influence of multi-photon pulses on practical differcBtial-phase-shift quantum key distribution （DPS-Qt（D） is analysed. We have estimated the information which Eve obtained by PNS （photon-number splitting） attack and BS （beam splitting） attack. The result indicates that the PNS attack and BS attack will not limit the transmission distance as long as we select an appropriate mean photon number. Also, the maximum mean photon number under BS attack in practical DPS-QKD system and the set of practical assumptions about Eve＇s capabilities are presented.[第一段]     

Generation and storage of double slow light pulses in a solid

We experimentally study the generation and storage of double slow light pulses in a Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ crystal. Under electromagnetically induced transparency, a single signal pulse is stored in the spin coherence of the crystal. By simultaneously switching on two control fields to recall the stored information, the spin coherence is converted into two slow light pulses with distinct frequencies. Furthermore, the storage and controlled retrieval of double slow light pulses are obtained by manipulating the control fields. This study of double slow light pulses may have practical applications in information processing and all-optical networks. vspace2mm