A novel combustion system for liquid fuel evaporating and burning

To utilize sustainable biofuel, the current study proposes a novel combustion technique that directly burns liquid ethanol without a spray system. Two swirling air flows are induced by tangentially injected the gas from two concentric tubes at different stages. The liquid ethanol is fed by a liquid tank at the center. At the beginning methane flame assists in preheating the system to vaporize liquid ethanol and ignite the vapor. Thereafter methane is switched off, and liquid ethanol can be continuously vaporized through self-burning released heat. The heat and mass transfer processes are examined to illustrate such self-sustained burning–heating–evaporating system. The ethanol flow rate is gradually increased to provide different heat output. The flame structures, temperature distributions and pollutant emissions are carefully examined. The results show that the ethanol can be steadily burned to provide heat output between 0.7 and 2.5?kW. Generally a blue flame is obtained, and the NO_x and CO concentrations are ultralow. By increasing ethanol flow rate to exceed 8?mL/min, an unsteady, sooting flame is observed owing to incomplete evaporation and poor mixing. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the influences of liquid tank position, flow rate and tip structure on the combustion characteristics. Additionally, an optimal operation condition is proposed. The current study provides a promising method to burn low-boiling liquid fuel in a clean, efficient and compact way.     

Characterization of a Liquid Fuel Injector under Continuous and Modulated Flow Conditions

The purpose of this work was to characterize the spray delivered by a modulated liquid fuel injector designed for active combustion control applications. A novel actuator is used to create a time-varying liquid fuel flow rate upstream of a commercially available injector. In order to be useful in existing burners, the actuator must not degrade the spray, by changing either the size or velocity distributions of the droplets produced by the injector. The amplitude of the induced modulations in flow rate must be strong enough to induce the required periodicity in heat release rate. This paper reports the results obtained from particle imaging velocimetry and phase Doppler anemometry used to characterize the spray, plus hot-film anemometry and pressure transducer measurements used to characterize the response of the fuel line to the induced flow rate fluctuations and to measure the excitation amplitude. It is found that the actuator response time is sufficiently rapid to modulate the liquid flow rate without changing the spray characteristics. Strong modulation of the flow rate is possible at low forcing frequencies, but the time-averaged flow rate is reduced. At higher forcing frequencies, the actuator response time cuts off, leading to a smaller amplitude flow rate modulation, and a relatively unchanged time-averaged fuel flow rate. For these reasons, this actuator is well suited to the control applications envisaged.     

A spray flamelet/progress variable approach combined with a transported joint PDF model for turbulent spray flames

A spray flamelet/progress variable approach is developed for use in spray combustion with partly pre-vaporised liquid fuel, where a laminar spray flamelet library accounts for evaporation within the laminar flame structures. For this purpose, the standard spray flamelet formulation for pure evaporating liquid fuel and oxidiser is extended by a chemical reaction progress variable in both the turbulent spray flame model and the laminar spray flame structures, in order to account for the effect of pre-vaporised liquid fuel for instance through use of a pilot flame. This new approach is combined with a transported joint probability density function (PDF) method for the simulation of a turbulent piloted ethanol/air spray flame, and the extension requires the formulation of a joint three-variate PDF depending on the gas phase mixture fraction, the chemical reaction progress variable, and gas enthalpy. The molecular mixing is modelled with the extended interaction-by-exchange-with-the-mean (IEM) model, where source terms account for spray evaporation and heat exchange due to evaporation as well as the chemical reaction rate for the chemical reaction progress variable. This is the first formulation using a spray flamelet model considering both evaporation and partly pre-vaporised liquid fuel within the laminar spray flamelets. Results with this new formulation show good agreement with the experimental data provided by A.R. Masri, Sydney, Australia. The analysis of the Lagrangian statistics of the gas temperature and the OH mass fraction indicates that partially premixed combustion prevails near the nozzle exit of the spray, whereas further downstream, the non-premixed flame is promoted towards the inner rich-side of the spray jet since the pilot flame heats up the premixed inner spray zone. In summary, the simulation with the new formulation considering the reaction progress variable shows good performance, greatly improving the standard formulation, and it provides new insight into the local structure of this complex spray flame.     

Numerical Simulation of Vapor Bubble Growth and Heat Transfer in a Thin Liquid Film

A mathematical model is developed to investigate the dynamics of vapor bubble growth in a thin fiquid film, movement of the interface between two fluids and the surface heat transfer characteristics. The model takes into account the effects of phase change between the vapor and liquid, gravity, surface tension and viscosity. The details of the multiphase flow and heat transfer are discussed for two cases： （1） when a water micro-droplet impacts a thin liquid film with a vapor bubble growing and （2） when the vapor bubble grows and merges with the vapor layer above the liquid film without the droplet impacting. The development trend of the interface between the vapor and liquid is coincident qualitatively with the available literature, mostly at the first stage. We also provide an important method to better understand the mechanism of nucleate spray cooling.     

Heat transfer in locally heated liquid films moving under the action of gravity and gas flow

Heat transfer in a viscous liquid film moving under the action of gravity and a gas flow on a substrate with a locally heated rectangular area is investigated. The heat exchange coefficient is given on the liquid-gas surface; the heat flux to the liquid is given on the heated area; the substrate surface outside the heated area is heat-insulated. An analytical solution in a form of a convergent series is obtained for the liquid temperature distribution in the film. The influence of the dimensionless criteria on the obtained solution is analyzed. The effect of heat flux inhomogeneity on the temperature distribution is considered.     

液滴撞击液膜的流热耦合界面追踪方法数值模拟

采用界面追踪方法研究蒸馏过程中液滴撞击高温薄液膜的流动和传热特性,将数值结果与解析解和实验进行比较验证模型的正确性,研究气液界面和热流分布的演变过程.同时,分析液滴We数和无量纲液膜厚度对传热的影响.液滴撞击后的热流密度分布显示：液膜可分为撞击区、过渡区和静态区.由于液滴的撞击作用,强制对流是撞击区内主要的传热机制.增大液滴的韦伯数或减小无量纲液膜厚度会加强热量传递.随着液滴韦伯数的增加,冲击引起的扰动增强,在动量和能量共同作用下,平均热流密度明显增大,撞击区冠状水花越明显.无量纲液膜厚度越小,平均热流密度越大,且有更长的时间保持高热流密度换热.     

Instability of a flame front propagating through a fuel-rich droplet–vapour–air cloud

A simple model of a flame front propagating through a fuel-rich droplet–vapour–air mixture is presented in which the fuel droplets are assumed to evaporate in a sharp front ahead of the reaction front. By performing a linear stability analysis neutral stability boundaries are determined. It is shown that the presence of the spray of droplets in the fresh mixture can have a profound effect by causing cellularization of the flame front. Specifically, we demonstrate that under certain circumstances a spray flame can be cellular when its equivalent non-spray flame is completely stable. Furthermore, it is shown that even when the non-spray flame is itself cellular the equivalent spray flame will have a finer cellular structure. These theoretical predictions verify qualitatively for the first time independent experimental observations from the literature. It is thus shown that the primary effect of the spray on the stability of these flames is due to heat loss from the absorption of heat by the droplets for vaporization. The influence of the initial liquid fuel loading and the latent heat of vaporization on the critical wavenumber associated with cellularity provide further evidence of the responsibility of the heat loss mechanism for these spray-related phenomena. Finally, the cellularity of the spray flames with their attendant increase in flame front area suggest a plausible rationale for the experimentally observed burning velocity enhancement induced by the use of a spray of fuel droplets.     

雾化喷射冷却的机理及模型研究

雾化喷射冷却的换热机理十分复杂,目前其研究还很不成熟。本文从喷射雾滴的特性参数出发,以被冷却表面上形成的喷射液膜为对象,考虑了冷却液体向环境的散热,建立质量、能量守恒方程,得到半经验半解析的雾化喷射换热模型。其中,本文提出真换热系数和显换热系数的概念,认为显换热系数受空间散热影响,而真换热系数只与喷雾动量有关。最后设计了雾化喷射局部换热实验,对模型进行检验,结果表明,该模型能够较好地符合实验所得的换热系数及加热面表面温度沿喷射半径的分布趋势。     

CGSE中液位指示稳定的低温沸腾换热器的设计

低温地面支持设备系统CGSE是用于冷却第二代阿尔法磁谱仪AMS02的磁体组件并将超流氦注入AMS02磁体杜瓦的低温设备系统。介绍用于CGSE系统中液位指示稳定的补液式低温沸腾换热器,介绍了换热器的技术特性、设计原理、结构特征和技术要求。该低温沸腾换热器的结构特征主要在于两个筒体的使用,其中加注液体及装液位计的稳定筒与沸腾的换热筒是分开的,通过封头连通,减小了沸腾引起的液位计信号波动。另外的一个结构特征是汇气管的使用,降低了气流对液位的冲击。最终实现了液位指示稳定,提高了低温沸腾换热器的换热性能,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

R1336mzz闪蒸喷雾冷却传热特性的实验研究

闪蒸喷雾冷却是高热流密度电子器件有效的散热技术之一.本研究采用新型工质R1336mzz,建立了一个闭式闪蒸喷雾冷却实验平台,研究了喷雾流量和入口温度等影响因素对其传热特性的影响.实验结果表明,闪蒸喷雾冷却的传热性能随流量的增加先增大后减小,在流量为1.4 L/min时,获得最佳的传热性能,临界热流密度最高可达349 W...     

Experimental Investigation Of Spray Cooling Heat Transfer On Straight Fin Surface Under Acceleration Conditions

A spray cooling heat transfer experiment on straight fin surface under acceleration conditions was conducted to investigate the effects of acceleration, flow rate, and nozzle height. The results show that the acceleration can improve the heat transfer performance in a limited way. In addition, whether in the acceleration or stationary condition, the flow rate as well as the nozzle height has the same impact on the spray cooling performance. It is also observed that the surface temperature can influence the effect of flow rate on spray cooling performance, and the cooling performance becomes worse with the increase of nozzle height.     

电厂空冷岛喷雾冷却控制系统开发

为了解决内蒙准大电厂在夏季不能满负荷发电这一问题,提出利用喷嘴在散热器周围形成喷雾这一方法,促使散热器环境温度降低,提高散热器热交换率,降低煤耗,提高发电量,实现满负荷发电。为更好的控制雾化效果,设计一套喷雾冷却控制系统。系统以PLC为主控制器,以超声波液位传感器为反馈单元,电动调节阀为执行机构,实现大型容器的液位控制。系统能对水泵进行旁路调节,并具有速断保护功能。该系统运行结果表明,良好的雾化效果有效提高了电厂发电效益。     

压力与流量对喷雾冷却换热特性的影响

本文是在封闭式喷射腔内,以一次蒸馏水作为工质,结合本文所给出的喷嘴高度 H 与有效流量 G' 相互关系的理论模型,对微喷嘴的工质入口压力 P 和工质有效流量 G' 对喷雾冷却的换热特性的影响进行了实验研究.研究结果表明,入口压力 P 对换热效果的影响非常小,而有效流量 G' 对换热效果的影响很大,并且存在一个能使换热效果达到最好的有效流量值.     

Crisis phenomena in falling liquid films at periodic heat loads

Experimental results on development of crisis phenomena in a falling film of cryogenic liquid at alternating pulse heat release are presented. Experimental data on local temperature evolution along a heat releasing surface are obtained. It is shown that amplitude of heater temperature pulsations depends significantly on the heat flux density and coordinates along the liquid film flow. New experimental data on the critical heat fluxes corresponding to formation of stable dry spots and drying crisis are presented depending on duration of heat release pulses. It is shown that parameters of the forming metastable regular structures and critical drying parameters of the heat-releasing surface are determined by dynamics of the movable boundaries of wetting during self-organization of a system.     

雾化喷射下的波动液膜的电测量

冷却壁面上液膜的特性行为与厚度直接关系到雾化喷射冷却的深入研究。本文报道了在雾化喷射下水平壁面液膜厚度的测量。借助示波器,通过液膜直流信号配以几何尺寸的精确测量,实验研究了给定喷管雾化喷射下液膜波动行为和厚度随压力和喷头高度的变化。结合对流传热系数测量,分析了液膜厚度与雾化喷射冷却条件及效果的关系。     

Heat Transfer in Gas–Liquid Flows Through Wire-Mesh Packing

This article presents the research on the air–water system flowing in a pipe section with electrical heating with a wire-mesh bed inside it. The heat flux was determined and so was the convective heat transfer coefficient for the two-phase flow through a pipe length that had been completely or partially filled with the wire-mesh packing. The packing level was found to strongly affect the heat transfer potential. Also, the dominant role was identified for a liquid in the heat exchange process under two-phase gas–liquid flow through the wire-mesh packing.     

蒸发性对燃油瞬态喷雾撞击壁面的动态传热影响

直喷发动机燃油喷雾撞击壁面形成油膜,导致燃烧效率降低,颗粒物排放增加.伴随撞壁的动态传热过程对油膜蒸发具有重要影响.本文针对正戊烷、甲醇、甲醇-汽油混合燃料瞬态喷雾撞击壁面,研究了不同条件下蒸发性对燃油瞬态喷雾撞击壁面动态传热影响.结果表明,提高喷油温度可促进燃油雾化,增大喷油压力或降低喷油距离可提高液滴撞壁强度,缩短...     

Ethanol turbulent spray flame response to gas velocity modulation

A numerical investigation of the interaction between a spray flame and an acoustic forcing of the velocity field is presented in this paper. In combustion systems, a thermoacoustic instability is the result of a process of coupling between oscillations in heat released and acoustic waves. When liquid fuels are used, the atomisation and the evaporation process also undergo the effects of such instabilities, and the computational fluid dynamics of these complex phenomena becomes a challenging task. In this paper, an acoustic perturbation is applied to the mass flow of the gas phase at the inlet and its effect on the evaporating fuel spray and on the flame front is investigated with unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes numerical simulations. Two flames are simulated: a partially premixed ethanol/air spray flame and a premixed pre-vaporised ethanol/air flame, with and without acoustic forcing. The frequencies used to perturb the flames are 200 and 2500 Hz, which are representative for two different regimes. Those regimes are classified based on the Strouhal number St = (D/U)f_f: at 200 Hz, St = 0.07, and at 2500 Hz, St = 0.8. The exposure of the flame to a 200 Hz signal results in a stretching of the flame which causes gas field fluctuations, a delay of the evaporation and an increase of the reaction rate. The coupling between the flame and the flow excitation is such that the flame breaks up periodically. At 2500 Hz, the evaporation rate increases but the response of the gas field is weak and the flame is more stable. The presence of droplets does not play a crucial role at 2500 Hz, as shown by a comparison of the discrete flame function in the case of spray and pre-vaporised flame. At low Strouhal number, the forced response of the pre-vaporised flame is much higher compared to that of the spray flame.