Sensitizing the Sensitizer: The Synthesis and Photophysical Study of Bodipy-Pt(II)(diimine)(dithiolate) Conjugates

The dyads 3, 4, and 6, combining the Bodipy chromophore with a Pt(bpy)(bdt) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, bdt = 1,2-benzenedithiolate, 3 and 6) or a Pt(bpy)(mnt) (mnt = maleonitriledithiolate, 4) moiety, have been synthesized and studied by UV-vis steady-state absorption, transient absorption, and emission spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. Comparison of the absorption spectra and cyclic voltammograms of dyads 3, 4, and 6 and those of their model compounds 1a, 2, 5, and 7 shows that the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the dyads are essentially the sum of their constituent chromophores, indicating negligible interaction of the constituent chromophores in the ground state. However, emission studies on 3 and 6 show a complete absence of both Bodipy-based fluorescence and the characteristic luminescence of the Pt(bpy)(bdt) unit. Dyad 4 shows a weak Pt(mnt)-based emission. Transient absorption studies show that excitation of the dyads into the Bodipy-based (1)ππ* excited state is followed by singlet energy transfer (SEnT) to the Pt(dithiolate)-based (1)MMLL'CT (mixed metal-ligand to ligand charge transfer) excited state ([Formula: see text] = 0.6 ps, [Formula: see text] = 0.5 ps, and [Formula: see text] = 1.6 ps), which undergoes rapid intersystem crossing to the (3)MMLL'CT state due to the heavy Pt(II) ion. The (3)MMLL'CT state is then depopulated by triplet energy transfer (TEnT) to the low-lying Bodipy-based (3)ππ* excited state ([Formula: see text] = 8.2 ps, [Formula: see text] = 5 ps, and [Formula: see text] = 160 ps). The transition assignments are supported by TD-DFT calculations. Both energy-transfer processes are shown to proceed via a Dexter electron exchange mechanism. The much longer time constants for dyad 6 relative to 3 are attributed to the significantly poorer coupling and resonance of charge-separated species that are intermediates in the electron exchange process.     

Theoretical studies of the spectroscopic properties of [Pt(trpy)C[triple bond]CR]+ (trpy = 2,2',6',2"-terpyridine; R = H, CH2OH, and C6H5)

Electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of [Pt(trpy)C[triple bond]CR](+) (trpy = 2,2', 6',2' '-terpyridine; R = H (1), CH(2)OH (2), and C(6)H(5) (3) ) are studied by ab initio and DFT methods. The ground- and excited-state structures are optimized by the MP2 and CIS methods, respectively. The absorption and emission spectra in the dichloromethane solution are obtained by using TD-DFT (B3LYP) method associated with the PCM model. The calculations indicate that, for 1-3, the variation of the substituents on the acetylide ligand only slightly changes their structures in ground and excited states but leads to a sizable difference in the electronic structures. In both cases of absorption and emission, the energy levels of HOMOs for 1-3 are sensitive to the substituents on acetylide ligand and increase obviously with the introduction of the electron-donating groups; however, those of trpy-based LUMOs vary slightly. The lowest-energy emissions are attributed to triplet acetylide/Pt --> trpy charge transfer ((3)LLCT/(3)MLCT) transitions and the lowest-energy absorptions and emissions for 1-3 are red-shifted on the order of 1 < 2 < 3 when the electron-donating groups are introduced into the acetylide ligand. By comparison of the results obtained by using different functionals in TD-DFT method, the calculations indicate that the exchange-correlation functionals (B3LYP, B3P86 and B3PW91) involving Becke three parameter hybrid functionals are appropriate for the terpyridyl platinum(II) acetylide complexes to get the relatively satisfactory results for the absorption spectra. The underestimated excitation energies of lowest-lying absorption bands are probably due to insufficient flexibility in TD-DFT method to describe states with large charge transfer.     

A fulleropyrrolidine end-capped platinum-acetylide triad: the mechanism of photoinduced charge transfer in organometallic photovoltaic cells

The fullerene end-capped platinum acetylide donor-acceptor triad Pt(2)ThC(60) was synthesized and characterized by using photophysical methods and photovoltaic device testing. The triad consists of the platinum acetylide oligomer Ph-[triple bond, length as m-dash]-Pt(PBu3)2-[triple bond, length as m-dash]-Th-[triple bond, length as m-dash]-Pt(PBu3)2-[triple bond, length as m-dash]-Ph (Ph=phenyl and Th=2,5-thienyl, stereochemistry at both Pt centers is trans) that contains fulleropyrrolidine moieties on each of the terminal phenylene units. Electrochemistry of the triad reveals relatively low potential oxidation and reduction waves corresponding, respectively, to oxidation of the platinum acetylide and reduction of the fulleropyrrolidine units. Photoluminescence spectroscopy shows that the singlet and triplet states of the platinum acetylide chromophore are strongly quenched in the triad assembly, both in solution at ambient temperature as well as in a low-temperature solvent glass. The excited state quenching arises due to intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer to produce a charge separated state based on charge transfer from the platinum acetylide (donor) to the fulleropyrrolidine (acceptor). Picosecond time resolved absorption spectroscopy confirms that the charge transfer state is produced within 1 ps of photoexcitation, and it decays by charge recombination within 400 ps. Organic photovoltaic devices fabricated using spin-coated films of Pt2ThC60 as the active material operate with modest efficiency, exhibiting a short circuit photocurrent of 0.51 mA cm(-2) and an open circuit voltage of 0.41 V under 100 mW cm(-2)/AM1.5 illumination. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between the mechanism of photoinduced electron transfer in the triad and the comparatively efficient photovoltaic response exhibited by the material.     

Ultrafast excited state dynamics of Pt(II) chromophores bearing multiple infrared absorbers

The paper reports the synthesis, structural characterization, electrochemistry, ultrafast time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy associated with two independent d (8) square planar Pt(II) diimine chromophores, Pt(dnpebpy)Cl 2 ( 1) and Pt(dnpebpy)(C[triple bond]Cnaph) 2 ( 2), where dnpebpy = 4,4'-(CO 2CH 2- (t) Bu) 2-2,2'-bipyridine and CCnaph = naphthylacetylide. The neopentyl ester substitutions provided markedly improved complex solubility relative to the corresponding ethyl ester which facilitates synthetic elaboration as well as spectroscopic investigations. Following 400 nm pulsed laser excitation in CH 2Cl 2, the 23 cm (-1) red shift in the nu C=O vibrations in 1 are representative of a complex displaying a lowest charge-transfer-to-diimine (CT) excited state. The decay kinetics in 1 are composed of two time constants assigned to vibrational cooling of the (3)CT excited-state concomitant with its decay to the ground state (tau = 2.2 +/- 0.4 ps), and to cooling of the formed vibrationally hot ground electronic state (tau = 15.5 +/- 4.0 ps); we note that an assignment of the latter to a ligand field state cannot be excluded. Ultrafast TA data quantitatively support these assignments yielding an excited-state lifetime of 2.7 +/- 0.4 ps for the (3)CT excited-state of 1 and could not detect any longer-lived species. The primary intention of this study was to develop a Pt (II) complex ( 2) bearing dual infrared spectroscopic tags (C[triple bond]C attached to the metal and CO (ester) attached to the diimine ligand) to independently track the movement of charge density in different segments of the molecule following pulsed light excitation. Femtosecond laser excitation of 2 in CH 2Cl 2 at 400 nm simultaneously induces a red-shift in both the nu C=O (-30 cm (-1)) and the nu C[triple bond]C (-61 cm (-1)) vibrations. The TRIR data in 2 are consistent with a charge transfer assignment, and the significant decrease of the energy of the nu C[triple bond]C vibration suggests a considerable contribution from the acetylide ligands in the highest occupied molecular orbital. Therefore, we assign the lowest energy optical transitions in 2 as a combination of metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfers. The excited-state of 2 is emissive at RT, with an emission maximum at 715 nm, quantum yield of 0.0012, and lifetime of 23 ns.     

Structural, photophysical, and nonlinear absorption properties of trans-di-arylalkynyl platinum(II) complexes with phenyl and thiophenyl groups

Optical power limiting and luminescence properties of two Pt(II) complexes with thiophenyl and phenyl groups in the ligands, trans-Pt(P(n-Bu)3)2(C[triple bond]C-Ar)2, where Ar = -C4H2S-C[triple bond]C-p-C6H4-n-C5H11 (1) and -p-C6H4-C[triple bond]C-C4H3S (2), have been investigated. The fluorescence lifetimes were found to be on the sub-nanosecond time scale, and the quantum yields were low, in accord with fast intersystem crossing from the excited singlet to triplet manifold. The phosphorescence lifetimes of 1 and 2 were shorter than that of a Pt(II) complex having two phenyl groups in the ligands. In order to elucidate the C-Pt bonding nature in the ground state, the 13C NMR chemical shift of the carbon directly bonded to Pt, the coupling constants 1JPtC, 2JPtC, and 1JPtP, and IR nuC[triple bond]C wavenumbers were obtained for 1, 2, and three other trans-diarylalkynyl Pt(II) complexes. X-ray diffraction data of 1 and 2 and density functional theory calculated geometries of models of 1, 2, and trans-Pt(P(n-Bu)3)2(C[triple bond]C-p-C6H4-C[triple bond]C-C6H5)2 (3) show that 1 preferably exists in a different conformation from that of 2 and 3. The variations in photophysical, NMR, and IR data can be rationalized by differences in geometry and pi-backbonding from Pt to the alkynyl ligand.     

Asymmetry in platinum acetylide complexes: confinement of the triplet exciton to the lowest energy ligand

To determine structure-optical property relationships in asymmetric platinum acetylide complexes, we synthesized the compounds trans-Pt(PBu3)2(C[triple bond]CC6H5)(C[triple bond]C-C6H4-C[triple bond]CC6H5) (PE1-2), trans-Pt(PBu3)2(C[triple bond]CC6H5)(C[triple bond]C-C6H4-C[triple bond]C-C6H4-C[triple bond]CC6H5) (PE1-3) and trans-Pt(PBu3)2(C[triple bond]C-C6H4-C[triple bond]CC6H5)(C[triple bond]C-C6H4-C[triple bond]C-C6H4-C[triple bond]CC6H5) (PE2-3) that have different ligands on either side of the platinum and compared their spectroscopic properties to the symmetrical compounds PE1, PE2 and PE3. We measured ground state absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence and triplet state absorption spectra and performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations of frontier orbitals, lowest lying singlet states, triplet state geometries and energies. The absorption and emission spectra give evidence the singlet exciton is delocalized across the central platinum atom. The phosphorescence from the asymmetric complexes comes from the largest ligand. Time-dependent (TD) DFT calculations show the S1 state has mostly highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) --> lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) character, with the LUMO delocalized over the chromophore. In the asymmetric chromophores, the LUMO resides on the larger ligand, suggesting the S1 state has interligand charge transfer character. The triplet state geometries obtained from the DFT calculations show distortion on the lowest energy ligand, whereas the other ligand has the ground state geometry. The calculated trend in the triplet state energies agrees very well with the experimental trend. Calculations of triplet state spin density also show the triplet exciton is confined to one ligand. In the asymmetric complexes the spin density is confined to the largest ligand. The results show Kasha's rule applies to these complexes, where the triplet exciton moves to the lowest energy ligand.     

Switching between ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer, intraligand charge-transfer, and metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited states in platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide complexes induced by pH change and metal ions

A series of platinum(II) terpyridyl alkynyl complexes, [Pt{4'-(4-R1-C6H4)terpy}(C[triple chemical bond]C-C6H4-R(2)-4)]ClO4 (terpy=2,2':6',2'-terpyridyl; R1=R2=N(CH3)2 (1); R1=N(CH3)2, R2=N-[15]monoazacrown-5 (2); R1=CH3, R2=N(CH3)2 (3); R1=N(CH3)2, R2=H (4); R1=CH3, R2=H (5)), has been synthesized and the photophysical properties of the complexes have been examined through measurement of their UV/Vis absorption spectra, photoluminescence spectra, and transient absorptions. Complex 3 shows a lowest-energy absorption corresponding to a ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) transition from the acetylide to the terpyridyl ligand, whereas 4 shows an intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) transition from the pi orbital of the 4'-phenyl group to the pi* orbital of the terpyridyl. Upon protonation of the amino groups in 3 and 4, their lowest-energy excited states are switched to dpi(Pt)-->pi*(terpy) metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states. The lowest-energy absorption for 1 and 2 may be attributed to an LLCT transition from the acetylide to the terpyridyl. Upon addition of an acid to a solution of 1 or 2, the amino group on the acetylide is protonated first, followed by the amino group on the terpyridyl. Thus, the lowest excited state of 1 and 2 can be successively switched from the LLCT state to the ILCT state and then to the MLCT state by controlling the amount of the acid added. Such switches in the excited state are fully reversible upon subsequent addition of a base to the solution. Sequential addition of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal ions and then an acid to a solution of 2 also leads to switching of its lowest excited state from the LLCT state, first to the ILCT state and then to the MLCT state. All of the complexes exhibit a transient absorption of the terpyridyl anion radical, which is present in all of the LLCT, ILCT, and MLCT states. However, the shape of the transient absorption spectrum depends on both the substitution pattern on the terpyridyl moiety and the nature of the excited state.     

Platinum(II) 1,10-phenanthroline complexes of acetylides containing redox-active groups

The new diimine ligand 3,8-di-n-pentyl-4,7-di(phenylethynyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (1) was used for the synthesis of a range of Pt(II) complexes, viz.[Pt(1)Cl2], [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Ph)2], [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Fc)2] and [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-p-C6H4-C triple bond C-Fc)2](Fc = ferrocenyl). Crystal structure analyses were performed for [Pt(1)Cl2] and [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Ph)2] and revealed that the di(acetylide)pi-tweezer of the latter binds a molecule of chloroform through C-H...pi hydrogen bonds. The redox and optical properties of 1 and its complexes were investigated by (spectro-)electrochemistry, UV-Vis and luminescence spectroscopy, and an energy level diagram was derived for [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Fc)2] and related compounds on the basis of the data collected. The ferrocenyl-substituted Pt(II) complexes are donor-sensitiser assemblies. Intramolecular quenching of the photoexcited Pt(II) diimine unit leads to very short luminescence lifetimes for [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-p-C(6)H(4)-C triple bond C-Fc)2](2 ns) and [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Fc)2](0.3 ns), as opposed to [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Ph)2](0.7 micros). Excimer formation has been observed for [Pt(1)(C triple bond C-Ph)(2)] at room temperature in dichloromethane and at low temperatures in frozen glassy dichloromethane and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran solution, but not in the solid state.     

Room-temperature phosphorescence and energy transfer in luminescent multinuclear platinum(II) complexes of branched alkynyls

A series of luminescent branched platinum(II) alkynyl complexes, [1,3,5-{RC[triple bond]C(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]C-C6H4C[triple bond]C}3C6H3] (R=C6H5, C6H4OMe, C6H4Me, C6H4CF3, C5H4N, C6H4SAc, 1-napthyl (Np), 1-pyrenyl (Pyr), 1-anthryl-8-ethynyl (HC[triple bond]CAn)), [1,3-{PyrC[triple chemical bond]C(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}2-5-{(iPr)3SiC[triple bond]C}C6H3], and [1,3-{PyrC[triple bond]C(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}2-5-(HC[triple bond]C)C6H3], was successfully synthesized by using the precursors [1,3,5-{Cl(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}3C6H3] or [1,3-{Cl(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}2-5-{(iPr)3SiC[triple bond]C}C6H3]. The X-ray crystal structures of [1,3,5-{MeOC6H4C[triple bond]C(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}3C6H3] and [1,8-{Cl(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]C}2An] have been determined. These complexes were found to show long-lived emission in both solution and solid-state phases at room temperature. The emission origin of the branched complexes [1,3,5-{RC[triple bond]C(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}3C6H3] with R=C6H5, C6H4OMe, C6H4Me, C6H4CF3, C5H4N, and C6H4SAc was tentatively assigned to be derived from triplet states of predominantly intraligand (IL) character with some mixing of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) (dpi(Pt)-->pi*(C[triple bond]CR)) character, while the emission origin of the branched complexes with polyaromatic alkynyl ligands, [1,3,5-{RC[triple bond]C(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}3C6H3] with R=Np, Pyr, or HC[triple bond]CAn, [1,3-{PyrC[triple bond]C(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}2-5-{(iPr)3SiC[triple bond]C}C6H3], [1,3-{PyrC[triple bond]C(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]CC6H4C[triple bond]C}2-5-(HC[triple bond]C)C6H3], and [1,8-{Cl(PEt3)2PtC[triple bond]C}2An], was tentatively assigned to be derived from the predominantly 3IL states of the respective polyaromatic alkynyl ligands, mixed with some 3MLCT (d(pi)(Pt)-->pi*(C[triple bond]CR)) character. By incorporating different alkynyl ligands into the periphery of these branched complexes, one could readily tune the nature of the lowest energy emissive state and the direction of the excitation energy transfer.     

Synthesis and characterization of mono- and binuclear platinum complexes containing terminal and bridging diynyldiphenylphosphine ligands

A series of mononuclear platinum complexes containing diynyldiphenylphosphine ligands [cis-Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)(PPh(2)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CR)L](n)(n= 0, L = tht, R = Ph 2a, Bu(t)2b; L = PPh(2)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CR, 4a, 4b; n=-1, L = CN(-), 3a, 3b) has been synthesized and the X-ray crystal structures of 4a and 4b have been determined. In order to compare the eta2-bonding capability of the inner and outer alkyne units, the reactivity of towards [cis-Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)(thf)(2)] or [Pt(eta2)-C(2)H(4))(PPh(3))(2)] has been examined. Complexes coordinate the fragment "cis-Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)" using the inner alkynyl fragment and the sulfur of the tht ligand giving rise the binuclear derivatives [(C(6)F(5))(2)Pt(mu-tht)(mu-1kappaP:2eta2-C(alpha),C(beta)-PPh(2)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CR)Pt(C(6)F(5))(2)](R = Ph 5a, Bu(t)5b). The phenyldiynylphosphine complexes 2a, 3a and 4a react with [Pt(eta2)-C(2)H(4))(PPh(3))(2)] to give the mixed-valence Pt(II)-Pt(0) complexes [((C(6)F(5))(2)LPt(mu-1kappaP:2eta2)-C(5),C(6)-PPh(2)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CPh))Pt(PPh(3))(2)](n)(L = tht 6a, CN 8a and PPh(2)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CPh 9a) in which the Pt(0) fragment is eta2-complexed by the outer fragment. Complex 6a isomerizes in solution to a final complex [((C(6)F(5))(2)(tht)Pt(mu-1kappaP:2eta2)-C(alpha),C(beta)-PPh(2)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CPh))Pt(PPh(3))(2)]7a having the Pt(0) fragment coordinated to the inner alkyne function. In contrast, the tert-butyldiynylphosphine complexes 2b and 3b coordinate the Pt(0) unit through the phosphorus substituted inner acetylenic entity yielding 7b and 8b. By using 4a and 2 equiv. of [Pt(eta2)-C(2)H(4))(PPh(3))(2)] as precursors, the synthesis of the trinuclear complex [cis-((C(6)F(5))(2)Pt(mu-1kappaP:2eta2)-C(5),C(6)-PPh(2)C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)C[triple bond]CPh)(2))(Pt(PPh(3))(2))(2)]10a, bearing two Pt(0)(PPh(3))(2)eta2)-coordinated to the outer alkyne functions is achieved. The structure of 7a has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Probing ruthenium-acetylide bonding interactions: synthesis, electrochemistry, and spectroscopic studies of acetylide-ruthenium complexes supported by tetradentate macrocyclic amine and diphosphine ligands

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of trans-[RuL4(C[triple bond]CAr)2] (L4 = two 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, (dmpe)2; 1,5,9,13-tetramethyl-1,5,9,13-tetraazacyclohexadecane, 16-TMC; 1,12-dimethyl-3,4:9,10-dibenzo-1,12-diaza-5,8-dioxacyclopentadecane, N2O2) are described. Investigations into the effects of varying the [RuL4] core, acetylide ligands, and acetylide chain length for the [(-)C[triple bond]C(C6H4C[triple bond]C)(n-1)Ph] and [(-)C[triple bond]C(C6H4)(n-1)Ph] (n = 1-3) series upon the electronic and electrochemical characteristics of trans-[RuL4(C[triple bond]CAr)2](0/+) are presented. DFT and TD-DFT calculations have been performed on trans-[Ru(L')4(C[triple bond]CAr)2](0/+) (L' = PH3 and NH3) to examine the metal-acetylide pi-interaction and the nature of the associated electronic transition(s). It was observed that (1) the relationship between the transition energy and 1/n for trans-[Ru(dmpe)2{C[triple bond]C(C6H4C[triple bond]C)(n-1)Ph}2] (n = 1-3) is linear, and (2) the sum of the d(pi)(Ru(II)) --> pi*(C[triple bond]CAr) MLCT energy for trans-[Ru(16-TMC or N2O2)(C[triple bond]CAr)2] and the pi(C[triple bond]CAr) --> d(pi)(Ru(III)) LMCT energy for trans-[Ru(16-TMC or N2O2)(C[triple bond]CAr)2]+ corresponds to the intraligand pi pi* absorption energy for trans-[Ru(16-TMC or N2O2)(C[triple bond]CAr)2]. The crystal structure of trans-[Ru(dmpe)2{C[triple bond]C(C6H4C[triple bond]C)2Ph}2] shows that the two edges of the molecule are separated by 41.7 A. The electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of these complexes can be systematically tuned by modifying L4 and Ar to give E(1/2) values for oxidation of trans-[RuL4(C[triple bond]CAr)2] that span over 870 mV and lambda(max) values of trans-[RuL4(C[triple bond]CAr)2] that range from 19,230 to 31,750 cm(-1). The overall experimental findings suggest that the pi-back-bonding interaction in trans-[RuL4(C[triple bond]CAr)2] is weak and the [RuL4] moiety in these molecules may be considered to be playing a "dopant" role in a linear rigid pi-conjugated rod.     

Heterododecanuclear Pt(6)Ln(6) (Ln = Nd, Yb) arrays of 4-ethynyl-2,2'-bipyridine with sensitized near-IR lanthanide luminescence by Pt --> Ln energy transfer

Heterododecanuclear Pt(6)Ln(6) (Ln = Nd, Yb) complexes of 4-ethynyl-2,2'-bipyridine (HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]Cbpy), prepared using emissive Pt(Me(3)SiC[triple bond, length as m-dash]Cbpy)(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]Cbpy)(2) as an alkynyl bridging "ligand", afford sensitized near-infrared (NIR) lanthanide luminescence by Pt --> Ln energy transfer from both Pt(bpy)(acetylide)(2) and Pt(2)(dppm)(2)(acetylide)(2) chromophores.     

Theoretical insight into electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of [Pt2(pop)4]4-, [Pt2(pcp)4]4-, and related derivatives (pop = P2O5H2(2-) and pcp = P2O4CH4(2-))

The structures of [Pt2(pop)4]4-, [Pt2(pcp)4]4-, and related species [Pt2(pop)4X2]4- and [Pt2(pop)4]2- in the ground states (pop = P2O5H2(2-), pcp = P2O4CH4(2-), and X = I, Br, and Cl) were optimized using the second-order M?ller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) method. It is shown that the Pt-Pt distances decrease in going from [Pt2(pop)4]4- to [Pt2(pop)4X2]4- to [Pt2(pop)4]2-. This is supported by the analyses of their electronic structures. The calculated aqueous absorption spectra at the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) level agree with experimental observations. The unrestricted MP2 method was employed to optimize the structures of [Pt2(pop)4]4- and [Pt2(pcp)4]4- in the lowest-energy triplet excited states. The Pt-Pt contraction trend is well reproduced in these calculations. For [Pt2(pop)4]4-, the Pt-Pt distance decreases from 2.905 A in the ground state to 2.747 A in the excited state, which is comparable to experimental values of 2.91-2.92 A and 2.64-2.71 A, respectively. On the basis of the excited-state structures of such complexes, TD-DFT predicts the solution emissions at 480 and 496 nm, which is closer to the experimental values of 512 and 510 nm emissions, respectively.     

Dyads for photoinduced charge separation based on platinum diimine bis(acetylide) chromophores: synthesis,luminescence and transient absorption studies

The platinum diimine bis(acetylide) chromophore was utilized to explore photoinduced intramolecular reductive quenching with phenothiazine donors in chromophore-donor dyad complexes. Compounds of the general formula Pt(X(2)-bpy)(C triple bond C-p-C(6)H(4)CH(2)(D))(2) (where D = phenothiazine (PTZ) or trifluromethylphenothiazine (TPZ) and X = (t)Bu or CO(2)Et) were synthesized from the corresponding Pt(X(2)-bpy)Cl(2) and aryl acetylene by a CuI-catalyzed coupling reaction. Solvent dependence was explored for the system with X = (t)Bu in MeCN, CH(2)Cl(2), EtOAc, and toluene. Electron transfer quenching of the (3)MLCT excited state of the platinum diimine bis(acetylide) takes place in MeCN leaving no intrinsic emission from the excited state, but in toluene both the PTZ and TPZ dyad complexes exhibit no emission quenching. Picosecond pump-probe transient absorption (TA) experiments were used to monitor decay of the (3)MLCT excited state and electron transfer to form the charge-separated (CS) state. Electrochemical measurements were used to estimate the driving force for charge recombination (CR), with deltaE(CR) based on the reduction potential corresponding to Pt(X(2)-bpy)(C triple bond C-Ar)(2) --> Pt(X(2)-bpy(*)(-))(C triple bond C-Ar)(2) and the oxidation corresponding to donor --> donor(*)(+). Kinetic information from the TA measurements was used to correlate rate and driving force with the electron transfer reactions. Concomitant with the decay of the (3)MLCT excited state was the observation of a transient absorption at ca. 500 nm due to formation of the PTZ or TPZ radical cation in the CS state, with the rate of charge separation, k(CS), being 1.8 x 10(9) to 2 x 10(10) s(-1) for the three dyads explored in MeCN and 1:9 CH(2)Cl(2)/MeCN. The fastest rate of CR occurs for X = CO(2)Et and D = PTZ, the compound with smallest deltaE(CR) = 1.71 V. The rate of CR for dyads with X = (t)Bu and D = PTZ or TPZ was estimated to be 1.7-2.0 x 10(8) s(-1) in MeCN. The slower rate corresponds to a greater driving force for CR, deltaE(CR) = 2.18 and 2.36 V for D = PTZ and TPZ, respectively, suggesting that the driving force for charge recombination places it in the Marcus inverted region.     

Ultrafast energy migration in platinum(II) diimine complexes bearing pyrenylacetylide chromophores

The ultrafast excited-state dynamics of three structurally related platinum(II) complexes has been investigated using femtosecond transient absorption spectrometry in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF). Previous work has shown that Pt(dbbpy)(C[triple bond]C-Ph)2 (dbbpy is 4,4'-di(tert-butyl)-2,2'-bipyridine and C[triple bond]C-Ph is ethynylbenzene) has a lowest metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) excited state, while the multichromophoric Pt(dbbpy)(C[triple bond]C-pyrene)2 (CC-pyrene is 1-ethynylpyrene) contains the MLCT state, but possesses a lowest intraligand (3IL) excited state localized on one of the CC-pyrenyl units (Pomestchenko, I. E.; Luman, C. R.; Hissler, M.; Ziessel, R.; Castellano, F. N. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 42, 1394-96). trans-Pt(PBu3)2(C[triple bond]C-pyrene)2 serves as a model system that provides a good representation of the CC-pyrene-localized 3IL state in a Pt(II) complex lacking the MLCT excited state. Following 400 nm excitation, the formation of the 3MLCT excited state in Pt(dbbpy)(C[triple bond]C-Ph)2 is complete within 200 +/- 40 fs, and intersystem crossing to the 3IL excited state in trans-Pt(PBu3)2(C[triple bond]C-pyrene)2 occurs with a time constant of 5.4 +/- 0.2 ps. Selective excitation into the low-energy MLCT bands in Pt(dbbpy)(C[triple bond]C-pyrene)2 (lambda(ex) = 480 nm) leads to the formation of the 3IL excited state in 240 +/- 40 fs, suggesting ultrafast wire-like energy migration in this molecule. The kinetic data suggest that the presence of the MLCT states in Pt(dbbpy)(C[triple bond]C-pyrene)2 markedly accelerates the formation of the triplet state of the pendant pyrenylacetylide ligand. In essence, the triplet sensitization process is kinetically faster than pure intersystem crossing in trans-Pt(PBu3)2(CC-pyrene)2 as well as vibrational relaxation in the MLCT excited state of Pt(dbbpy)(C[triple bond]C-Ph)2. These results are potentially important for the design of chromophores intended to reach their lowest excited state on subpicosecond time scales and advocate the likelihood of wire-like behavior in triplet-triplet energy transfer.     

Acetylide-bridged organometallic oligomers via the photochemical metathesis of methyl-iron(II) complexes

The acetylido methyl iron(II) complexes, cis/trans-[Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CR)(CH(3))] (1) and trans-[Fe(depe)(2)(C[triple bond]CR)(CH(3))] (2) (dmpe = 1,2-dimethylphoshinoethane; depe = 1,2-diethylphosphinoethane), were synthesized by transmetalation from the corresponding alkyl halide complexes. Acetylido methyl iron(II) complexes were also formed by transmetalation from the chloride complexes, trans-[Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CR)(Cl)] or trans-[Fe(depe)(2)(C[triple bond]CR)(Cl)]. The structure of trans-[Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CC(6)H(5))(CH(3))] (1a) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The methyl acetylido iron complexes, [Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CR)(CH(3))] (1), are thermally stable in the presence of acetylenes; however, under UV irradiation, methane is lost with the formation of a metal bisacetylide. Photochemical metathesis of cis- or trans-[Fe(dmpe)(2)(CH(3))(C[triple bond]CR)] (R = C(6)H(5) (1a), 4-C(6)H(4)OCH(3) (1b)) with terminal acetylenes was used to selectively synthesize unsymmetrically substituted iron(II) bisacetylide complexes of the type trans-[Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CR)(C[triple bond]CR')] [R = Ph, R' = Ph (6a), 4-CH(3)OC(6)H(4) (6b), (t)()Bu (6c), Si(CH(3))(3) (6d), (CH(2))(4)C[triple bond]CH (6e); R = 4-CH(3)OC(6)H(4), R' = 4-CH(3)OC(6)H(4), (6g), (t)()Bu (6h), (CH(2))(4)C[triple bond]CH (6i), adamantyl (6j)]. The structure of the unsymmetrical iron(II) bisacetylide complex trans-[Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CC(6)H(5))(C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)OCH(3))] (6b) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The photochemical metathesis of the bis-acetylene, 1,7-octadiyne, with trans-[Fe(dmpe)(2)(CH(3))(C[triple bond]CPh)] (1a), was utilized to synthesize the bridged binuclear species trans,trans-[(C(6)H(5)C[triple bond]C)Fe(dmpe)(2)(mu-C[triple bond]C(CH(2))(4)C[triple bond]C)Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CC(6)H(5))] (11). The trinuclear species trans,trans,trans-[(C(6)H(5)C[triple bond]C)Fe(dmpe)(2)(mu-C[triple bond]C(CH(2))(4)C[triple bond]C)Fe(dmpe)(2)(mu-C[triple bond]C(CH(2))(4)C[triple bond]C)Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CC(6)H(5))] (12) was synthesized by the photochemical reaction of Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CPh)(C[triple bond]C(CH(2))(4)C[triple bond]CH) (6e) with Fe(dmpe)(2)(CH(3))(2). Extended irradiation of the bisacetylide complexes with phenylacetylene resulted in insertion of the terminal alkyne into one of the metal acetylide bonds to give acetylide butenyne complexes. The structure of the acetylide butenyne complex, trans-[Fe(dmpe)(2)(C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)OCH(3))(eta(1)-C(C(6)H(5))=CH(C[triple bond]CC(6)H(4)OCH(3)))] (9a) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Time-dependent density functional theory study on hydrogen-bonded intramolecular charge-transfer excited state of 4-dimethylamino-benzonitrile in methanol

The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method was carried out to investigate the hydrogen-bonded intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) excited state of 4-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) in methanol (MeOH) solvent. We demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond C[triple bond]N...H-O formed between DMABN and MeOH can induce the C[triple bond]N stretching mode shift to the blue in both the ground state and the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) state of DMABN. Therefore, the two components at 2091 and 2109 cm(-1) observed in the time-resolved infrared (TRIR) absorption spectra of DMABN in MeOH solvent were reassigned in this work. The hydrogen-bonded TICT state should correspond to the blue-side component at 2109 cm(-1), whereas not the red-side component at 2091 cm(-1) designated in the previous study. It was also demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond C[triple bond]N...H-O is significantly strengthened in the TICT state. The intermolecular hydrogen bond strengthening in the TICT state can facilitate the deactivation of the excited state via internal conversion (IC), and thus account for the fluorescence quenching of DMABN in protic solvents. Furthermore, the dynamic equilibrium of these electronically excited states is explained by the hydrogen bond strengthening in the TICT state.     

Luminescent heterohexanuclear complexes with platinum alkynyl and silver diphosphine as components

Reactions between the building blocks [Ag2(mu-Ph2PXPPh2)2(MeCN)2]2+ and [Pt(C[triple bond]CC6H4R-p)4]2- (R = H, CH3) afforded strongly luminescent acetylide-linked neutral heterohexanuclear complexes Pt2Ag4(mu-Ph2PNPPh2)4 (C[triple bond]CC6H4R-p)4 (R = H, 1; CH3, 2) for X = NH, but a heterotrinuclear complex cation [PtAg2(mu-PPh2CH2PPh2)2 (C[triple bond]CC6H5)2(CH3CN)2]2+ (3(2+)) for X = CH2.     

Synthesis and coordination chemistry of an alkyne functionalised bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligand

The alkyne functionalised bidentate N-donor ligand (2-propargyloxyphenyl)bis(pyrazolyl)methane was prepared in high yield from the reaction of (2-hydroxyphenyl)bis(pyrazolyl)methane with propargyl bromide in the presence of base. A series of transition-metal complexes including [MCl2] (M=Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Pt), [M2](NO3)2 (M=Cu, Co, Ni, Zn), [Ag]NO3 and [Pd(dppe)](OTf)2 were prepared and characterised by spectroscopic techniques. In addition, ligand as well as the Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes [CoCl2]2, [ZnCl2] were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The organometallic gold(I) and platinum(II) acetylide complexes [Pz2CH(C6H(4)-2-OCH2C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CAuPPh3)] and trans-[{Pz2CHC6H(4)-2-OCH2C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C}2Pt(PPh3)2] were prepared from and [AuCl(PPh3)] and trans-[PtCl2(PPh3)2], respectively. Treatment of these complexes with [Pd(OTf)2(dppe)] or [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6 results in formation of the cationic, mixed-metal complexes, which were isolated (Pt/Pd, Au/Pt) or detected by electrospray mass spectrometry (Au/Cu, Pt/Cu).     

A microwave spectroscopic and quantum chemical study of propa-1,2-dienyl selenocyanate (H(2)==C==CHSeC[triple bond]N) and cyclopropyl selenocyanate (C(3)H(5)SeC[triple bond]N)

The microwave spectra of propa-1,2-dienyl selenocyanate, H(2)C==C==CHSeC[triple bond]N, and cyclopropyl selenocyanate, C(3)H(5)SeC[triple bond]N, are reported. The spectra of the ground and two vibrationally excited states of the (80)Se isotopologue and the spectrum of the ground state of the (78)Se isotopologue were assigned for one rotameric form of H(2)C==C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHSeC[triple bond]N. This conformer is characterized by a C-C-Se-C dihedral angle of 129(5) degrees from synperiplanar (0 degrees ) and is shown to be the global minimum of H(2)C[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHSeC[triple bond]N. The spectra of the ground and of three vibrationally excited states of the (80)Se isotopologue, as well as of the ground state of the (78)Se isotopologue of one rotamer of C(3)H(5)SeC[triple bond]N were assigned. This conformer has a H-C-Se-C dihedral angle of 80(4) degrees from synperiplanar and is at least 3 kJ mol(-1) more stable than any other form of the molecule. The microwave study has been augmented by quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+ +G(3df,3pd) and MP2/6-311+ +G(3df,3pd) levels of theory.