气相色谱矩形离子阱质谱联用仪的设计与性能

气相色谱离子阱质谱联用仪(GC-ITMS)广泛地应用于药物分析、环境分析、农药检测和食品分析、有机化学品分析、毒品分析以及医学和生物分析等领域。离子阱质谱作为色谱的检测器,决定了色质联用仪的分析性能,包括检出限、分辨率。离子阱质量分析器从传统的双曲型3D离子阱发展到2D线性离子阱,质量歧视效应得到了极大的改善,灵敏度得到了提高。矩形离子阱作为线性离子阱,结构简单,加工和装配容易,因此应用到GCMS系统中将具有非常大的优势。介绍了矩形离子阱质谱仪的设计方案、仪器整机的性能测试、质量分辨和质量歧视效应分析,与Agilent6890组成GCMS联用仪,对实际样品进行了分析。     

仪器装置与实验技术小型矩形离子阱质谱仪的研制

研制的小型质谱仪以电子轰击源(EI)和矩形离子阱(RIT)质量分析器为核心部件,采用渗透阀控制的直接进样系统,高增益的电子倍增器用于离子检测,通过小信号放大系统对电子倍增器输出的弱电流再次放大,并输出电压信号,计算机上的NI数据采集卡和Labview操作软件对电压信号进行采集处理。由旋片机械泵和分子泵组成的真空系统可以形成10-5Pa的质谱工作环境。对研制的仪器进行了初步测试,得到了相应的质谱图,通过质量校正表明,结果令人满意。     

数字化矩形离子阱质谱仪的设计及性能

将数字化离子阱技术和矩形离子阱(RIT)技术相结合,建立了数字化矩形离子阱质谱仪.此技术和装置既具有数字化电源的结构简单、输出稳定和易精确控制等特点,又结合了矩形离子阱的高离子存储效率、结构简单以及加工和装配容易等优点.构建了基于电喷雾(ESI)电离源的数字化矩形离子阱质谱仪系统,并使用Fenfluramine和PPG2000分别对此系统的质量分辨率和质量范围进行了测试.研究结果表明:一个用印刷线路板(PCB)制作的简单矩形离子阱,在200 V(半峰值)的数字束缚电压的驱动下,获得了大于500的质量分辨率和超过2600 Th的质量范围.实验证明,数字化离子阱技术的应用可以显著提高矩形离子阱的性能,特别是质量范围等关键的质谱仪指标.     

离子阱颗粒质谱研究进展

随着质谱技术的不断发展,对超高质量颗粒物质的分析已经成为质谱领域研究的一个重要方向.离子阱颗粒质谱(particle ion trap mass spectrometry)作为用于完整颗粒质量分析的有利工具,拓展了质谱技术在巨大颗粒物质量分析中的应用范围.本文对离子阱颗粒质谱仪器的研究进展及其在各个领域的应用进行了综述,并展望了离子阱颗粒质谱未来的发展趋势.     

一种基于数值分析的矩形离子阱仿真优化方法

提出了一种对矩形离子阱进行仿真设计和优化的方法。该方法以数值分析为基础,对离子在矩形离子阱中的运动进行分析,得到相应的离子运动二阶微分方程。然后使用数值分析的Runge-Kutta法,对此二阶微分方程进行求解,可以得到理想状态下离子在离子阱中稳定的条件,从而完成对矩形离子阱的设计和优化。采用本方法,设计并优化了一种矩形离子阱,质量范围最大为260 amu/e,使用乙醇作为目标样品,紫外灯源作为离子源,法拉第筒作为检测器,对该矩形离子阱进行了质谱实验,成功得到了质谱结果,验证了所提出的数值分析仿真优化方法的实用性和正确性。本方法简单易行,便于修改,针对性强,可对多个参数使用循环遍历的方式来寻找最优值,特别适用于对未知结构或参数的探索研究。以此方法为基础可开发离子运动仿真软件,有很好的应用前景。     

小型离子阱的质量校正

各种野外环境的现场检测、现场诊断、流程监控、排放物检测与控制、突发事件的处理、尤其是化学和生物武器的检测等诸多需要现场使用质谱仪的场合都对质谱仪的小型化提出了迫切的要求。小型离子阱具有较高的灵敏度,可进行MS／MS实验,可利用离子-分子反应来识别特殊的化学基团,因而是小型质谱仪的重要质量分析器。本研究对小型离子阱的工作原理作了简要介绍,并以此为依据提出了进行小型离子阱质量校正的方法,推导了相关的公式,还成功地将其应用于自制的小型矩形离子阱质谱仪进行了质量校正,并指出该方法还可用于仪器RF等电学系统性能的检验。     

多种污染物的离子阱质谱库的建立

建立常见有机磷和有机氯农药的质谱库,通过检索与NIST库进行比较,结果较满意。该质谱库可应用于离子阱检测系统的谱库检索,提高了对未知污染物鉴定的可靠性。     

用数字离子阱进行快速质量分析

利用数字离子阱技术进行样品的快速质量分析.在样品离子被引入离子阱的过程中,同时扫描数字射频工作电压的频率和离子共振偶极电压的频率,使得离子在进入离子阱质量分析器后,立即被相应的共振偶极电压所共振激发而逐出离子阱,并被离子探测器测量到.本方法相较于传统离子阱分析过程省去了离子引入、离子冷却和离子清空3个阶段,减少了约3/4的实验分析时间.通过对扫描速度、离子门电压参数的优化,数字束缚射频频率从1000～ 400 kHz线性扫描,扫描速度为2385 Th/s,离子门电压为9V,对利血平(m/z 609),精氨酸(m/z 174)等样品的进行测试,离子信号强度达到最优.结果表明,利用本方法可以获得与离子阱质量分析传统方法相同的质谱结果.     

常见毒品离子阱飞行时间质谱分析手册

正本书重点阐述了离子阱飞行时间质谱(LCMS-IT-TOF)在毒品鉴定方面的应用,详细介绍了利用离子阱飞行时间质谱仪对49种毒品样品进行多级质谱分析的谱图,总结其裂解途径。每种样品包含了其基本的信息,如名称、分子式、结构式、CAS登记号、分子量、熔点、沸点、性状等等,以及各种质谱条件下的     

气相色谱-离子阱二级质谱对照高分辨质谱对食品中二噁英类多氯联苯的测定

确定了气相色谱-离子阱二级质谱在分析食品中12种二噁英类多氯联苯残留的定性参数;优化了分析过程的质谱条件;研究了实际样品(河豚、鳗鱼、甜虾、鸡脂肪、奶粉、猪肠衣)离子阱串联质谱测定值与高分辨质谱值的准确度差异.样品采用加速溶剂萃取方法提取、流体控制系统净化及离子阱二级质谱和高分辨质谱测定.两种方法测定值之间的回归方程和相关系数分别为:4种非邻位取代二噁英类多氯联苯,y=0.781 5x,r=0.933 1;8种邻位取代二噁英类多氯联苯,y=0.807 3x,r=0.996;样品中12种多氯联苯总毒性当量(Total TEQ):y=0.518 1x 0.125 5,r=0.992.离子阱二级质谱和高分辨质谱的检出限分别为0.5ng/kg和0.1ng/kg,样品中同位素内标的回收率为41%～102%.     

Characterization of electrode surface roughness and its impact on ion trap mass analysis

With the recent trend towards mass spectrometer miniaturization, the fabrication of mass analyzers and other ion optical components is being performed at scales where critical dimensions range from several millimeters to several micrometers. Depending on the sizes of the objects and the nature of the fabrication method used, electrode surface roughness can become non‐negligible and affect the analytical performance of the mass analyzer. In this work, a method of characterizing surface roughness is introduced through the concept of spatial roughness frequency. The roughness of a given surface is quantitatively described using spatial roughness components at a series of frequencies and with characteristic intensities. Based on this concept, an analytical method has been developed to describe the electromagnetic field inside an electrode assembly including consideration for the electrode roughness. The methodology is applied in simplified form to cylindrical and rectilinear ion trap analyzers. Four types of surface finishes were applied to ion trap electrodes of various sizes to illustrate the surface roughness effects on the high‐order fields and to compare the analytical performance of the ion traps. Application of this method to arrays of large numbers of micro‐scale ion traps has enabled the impact of fabrication methodology to be evaluated in terms of mass resolution for the ion trap arrays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fragmentation studies on the antibiotic avilamycin A using ion trap mass spectrometry

A comprehensive study on the fragmentation pattern of the antimicrobial growth promoter avilamycin A was conducted in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. Performing multiple-stage experiments on the deprotonated molecule (m/z 1401) and its principal product ions showed that a sequential shortening of the oligosaccharide backbone took place, which can be attributed to the localization of the negative charge in the terminal dichloroisoeverninic acid. Under (+)-ESI conditions, avilamycin A readily formed an intense sodium-cationized molecule, [M + Na](+) (m/z 1425). Structural elucidation of the second-, third- and fourth-generation fragment ions revealed that all of the structures shared a common molecular portion comprising a central monosaccharide. This observation allowed us to assign confidently the complexation site of the alkali metal cation. In addition to the monosodiated molecule, the full-scan mass spectral acquisition also yielded a less abundant disodiated molecule, [M - H + 2Na](+) (m/z 1447). Multiple-stage experiments on this ion indicated that the second sodium ion compensates for the negative charge located at either of two positions within the molecule. While deprotonation of the phenolic hydroxyl group in the dichloroisoeverninic acid moiety was suggested to be driven by charge stabilization in the aromatic ring (in analogy with the deprotonated molecule in the (-)-ESI mode), the deprotonation at an alpha-carbon of an ester side-chain substituent in the oligosaccharide part was believed to provide a stable chelation-like coordination site for the cation.     

Multistep mass spectrometry of heterocyclic amines in a quadrupole ion trap mass analyser

The fragmentation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in an ion trap was studied by means of the infusion of methanolic solutions containing the compounds under assay, and using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as ion source. The MS(n) spectra obtained for compounds included in the same family, either aminoimidazoazaarenes (AIAs) or carbolines, were compared in order to propose fragmentation pathways for each HA. Moreover, labelled AIAs were used to establish the mechanisms. The protonated molecule was always obtained, but subsequent fragmentation was different for both families. In the case of AIAs, major product ions came from the fragmentation of the aminoimidazole moiety, thus the base peak in MS(2) corresponded to the loss of the methyl group, and losses of C(2)NH(3) and CN(2)H(2) were also observed. Further fragmentation occurred in the heterocyclic rings, mainly with losses of HCN and CH(3)CN. For carbolines, the most important product ions came from the loss of ammonia, except for harman and norharman, the loss of a methyl group for methylated carbolines or the loss of diverse fragments from the heterocyclic rings. In some cases, ion-molecule reactions into the ion trap were observed. For instance, for AalphaC or MeAalphaC one ion originating from these reactions corresponded to the base peak.     

Analysis of rare-earth elements in soil sample by using laser-ablation ion trap mass spectrometry

Laser-ablation ion trap mass spectrometry (LA-ITMS) is applied for the analysis of rare-earth elements in soil samples. The target elements studied in this work were ytterbium (Yb) and samarium (Sm). The isotopic compositions of these elements were analyzed for standard samples with chip shape, the western phosphate rock sample (NIST SRM-694), and soil samples collected near our laboratory. For metal samples of Sm and Yb, isotopes of these elements as well as oxide forms were clearly identified. For the case of soil samples only a tentative assignment on the mass peaks were performed due to the complicated mass spectra that originated from the oxide forms of various rare-earth elements.     

Determination of organotins in water by micro liquid chromatography–electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry

Due to the varying toxicity the species of organotins in their widespread applications, it is important for analytical methods to address their speciation. Traditional methods call for the hydrolysis and subsequent derivatization of the organotins before analysis. These methods can be time‐consuming, derivatization can be incomplete and high levels of background interference produce difficulties in identification and quantification. The use is described of a non‐derivatization and non‐hydrolysis micro‐liquid chromatography–electrospray/ion trap mass spectrometry for separation and detection of the organotins. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of a quadrupole ion storage trap as a source for time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Designs of a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) as a source for time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry are evaluated for mass resolution, ion trapping, and laser activation of trapped ions. Comparisons are made with the standard hyperbolic electrode ion trap geometry for TOF mass analysis in both linear and reflectron modes. A parallel‐plate design for the QIT is found to give significantly improved TOF mass spectrometer performance. Effects of ion temperature, trapped ion cloud size, mass, and extraction field on mass resolution are investigated in detail by simulation of the TOF peak profiles. Mass resolution (m/Δm) values of several thousand are predicted even at room temperature with moderate extraction fields for the optimized design. The optimized design also allows larger radial ion collection size compared with the hyperbolic ion trap, without compromising the mass resolution. The proposed design of the QIT also improves the ion–laser interaction volume and photon collection efficiency for fluorescence measurements on trapped ions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A digital ion trap mass spectrometer coupled with atmospheric pressure ion sources

In a digital ion trap (DIT), the quadrupole trapping and excitation waveforms are generated by the rapid switching between discrete d.c. voltage levels. As the timing of the switch can be controlled precisely by digital circuitry, the approach provides an opportunity to generate mass spectra by means of a frequency scan in contrast to the conventional voltage scan, thus providing a wider mass range of analysis. An instrument has been constructed which employs a 'non-stretched' ion trap and the field fault around the aperture of the end-cap electrode can be corrected electronically using a field-adjusting electrode. The ion trap was coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) sources to demonstrate the capability of the digital method. AP-MALDI mass spectra of singly charged ions with mass-to-charge ratios upto 17 000 Th were generated using a trapping voltage of only 1000 V. Forward and reverse mass scans at resolutions up to 19 000 and precursor ion isolation at resolutions up to 3500 with subsequent tandem mass spectrometric analysis were demonstrated. The method of generating the digital waveforms and period scan is described. Discussion of the issues of mass range, scan speed, ion trapping efficiency and collision-induced dissociation efficiency are also provided.     

Characterization of the chemical composition of white chrysanthemum flowers of Hangzhou by using high‐performance ion trap mass spectrometry

In this study, high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with amaZon SL high‐performance ion trap mass spectrometry was used to analyze the target components in white chrysanthemum flowers of Hangzhou. Twenty‐one components were detected and identified in both white chrysanthemum flowers of Hangzhou samples by using target compound analysis. Furthermore, seven new compounds in white chrysanthemum flowers of Hangzhou were found and identified by analyzing the fragment ion behavior in the mass spectra. The established method can be expedient for the global quality investigation of complex components in herbal medicines and food.     

Ion trap mass analysis at high pressure: an experimental characterization

In recent years, it has become increasingly interesting to understand the performance of mass spectrometers at pressures much higher than those employed with conventional operating conditions. This interest has been driven by several influences, including demand for the development of reduced‐power miniature mass spectrometers, desire for improved ion transfer into and through mass spectrometers, enhanced‐yield preparative mass separations, and mass filtering at the atmospheric pressure interface. In this study, an instrument was configured to allow for the performance characterization of a rectilinear ion trap (RIT) at pressures up to 50 mtorr with air used as the buffer gas. The mass analysis efficiency, mass resolution, isolation efficiency, and collision‐induced dissociation (CID) efficiency were evaluated at pressures ranging from 1 to 50 mtorr. The extent of degradation of mass resolution, isolation efficiency and ion stability as functions of pressure were characterized. Also, the optimal resonance ejection conditions were obtained at various pressures. Operations at 50 mtorr demonstrated improved CID efficiency in addition to peak widths of 2 and 5 m/z units (full width at half‐maximum, FWHM) for protonated caffeine (m/z 195) and Ultramark (m/z 1521) respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.