壳聚糖基多孔碳材料的制备及其超级电容性能

以胶态SiO₂纳米粒子为模板,壳聚糖为碳源,ZnCl₂为活化剂,制备了具有不同比表面积和孔体积的氮掺杂介孔碳。采用多种表征手段对碳材料的微观形貌、比表面积和孔道结构进行了表征,探究了壳聚糖与SiO₂纳米粒子的比例以及ZnCl₂活化剂对碳材料孔体积和比表面积的影响。结果表明,在未使用活化剂时碳材料(CSi-1.75)的孔体积高达4.53 cm³·g^-1,但其比表面积最小(729 m²·g^-1);使用ZnCl₂作为活化剂制备的碳材料(CSi-1.75-Zn)比表面积为1 032 m²·g^-1,但其孔体积下降到1.99 cm³·g^-1,且具有最多的吡啶氮和吡咯氮。在以6.0 mol·L^-1KOH为电解液的三电极体系中,当电流密度为0.5 A·g^-1时,CSi-1.75...     

超高比表面积氮掺杂多孔碳材料的制备及其超级电容性能

以蔗糖为碳源、尿素为氮源、草酸钾为活化剂,通过简单的研磨和高温碳化制备了具有超高比表面积(大于3 000 m²·g^-1)的氮掺杂多孔碳材料。采用多种手段对多孔碳材料的微观形貌、比表面积、孔结构和表面氮物种进行了表征,探究了不同温度下草酸钾和尿素对碳材料的比表面积、氮含量和超级电容性能的影响。结果表明,仅使用草酸钾作为活化剂制备的碳材料KC-800的比表面积为1 114 m²·g^-1,而同时使用草酸钾和尿素制备的样品KNC-800的比表面积高达3 033 m²·g^-1。在以6.0mol·L^-1 KOH为电解液的三电极体系中,当电流密度为0.5 A·g^-1时,KNC-800的比电容为405 F·g^-1,而KC-800的比电容仅为248 F·g^-1。这表明草酸钾和尿素的加入显著提高了多孔碳材料的比表面积和超级电容性能。电容贡献分析表明,KNC-800的双电层电容值和赝电容值均...     

超高比表面积氮掺杂多孔碳材料的制备及其超级电容性能

以蔗糖为碳源,尿素为氮源,草酸钾为活化剂,通过简单的研磨和高温碳化制备了具有超高比表面积(大于3 000 m²·g^-1)的氮掺杂多孔碳材料。采用多种手段对多孔碳材料的微观形貌、比表面积、孔结构和表面氮物种进行了表征,探究了不同温度下草酸钾和尿素对碳材料的比表面积、氮含量和超级电容性能的影响。结果表明,仅使用草酸钾作为活化剂制备的碳材料KC-800 的比表面积为 1 114 m2·g^-1,而同时使用草酸钾和尿素制备的样品 KNC-800 的比表面积高达 3 033 m²·g^-1。在以 6.0mol·L^-1 KOH 为电解液的三电极体系中,当电流密度为 0.5 A·g^-1时,KNC-800 的比电容为 405 F·g^-1,而 KC-800 的比电容仅为248 F·g^-1。这表明草酸钾和尿素的加入显著提高了多孔碳材料的比表面积和超级电容性能。电容贡献分析表明,KNC-800的双电层电容值和赝电容值均高于KC-800。KNC-800在电流密度为0.5 A·g^-1时经过10 000次循环后仍能保持98.3%的初始比电容,表现出优异的循环性能。     

低成本硫掺杂多孔碳材料的制备及其超级电容性能

以廉价的胶态二氧化硅为模板,蔗糖为碳源,硫酸为预碳化试剂和硫源,通过硬模板法制备了相对廉价的硫掺杂多孔碳(SSC-T,T℃代表碳化温度)材料。采用多种表征方法对多孔碳材料的微观形貌、孔道结构、比表面积和表面硫物种进行了表征,探究了硫酸和碳化温度对多孔碳材料的微观形貌、孔道结构和比表面积的影响。结果表明,碳化温度对碳的孔结构、比表面积和硫元素的含量有显著的影响,其中900℃碳化得到的样品SSC-900具有最大的比表面积、孔体积和比电容,远高于未加入硫酸制备的碳材料SC-900,表明硫酸的加入可以提高碳材料的比表面积、孔体积,进而提高碳材料的比电容。与昂贵的有序介孔碳CMK-3相比,SSC-900具有成本更低、孔径更大和电容性能更好的优点。在以6.0 mol·L^-1 KOH为电解质的三电极体系中,在0.5 A·g^-1的电流密度下,SSC-900的比电容可以达到357 F·g^-1,而SC-900和CMK-3的比电容分别仅为152和266 F·g^-1。电容贡献分析表明,SSC-900的双层电容值和赝电容值均高于SC-900。此外,SSC-900在0.5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环10 000次后仍能保持98.4%的初始比电容。     

低成本硫掺杂多孔碳材料的制备及其超级电容性能

以廉价的胶态二氧化硅为模板,蔗糖为碳源,硫酸为预碳化试剂和硫源,通过硬模板法制备了相对廉价的硫掺杂多孔碳(SSC-T,T℃代表碳化温度)材料。采用多种表征方法对多孔碳材料的微观形貌、孔道结构、比表面积和表面硫物种进行了表征,探究了硫酸和碳化温度对多孔碳材料的微观形貌、孔道结构和比表面积的影响。结果表明,碳化温度对碳的孔结构、比表面积和硫元素的含量有显著的影响,其中900℃碳化得到的样品SSC-900具有最大的比表面积、孔体积和比电容,远高于未加入硫酸制备的碳材料SC-900,表明硫酸的加入可以提高碳材料的比表面积、孔体积,进而提高碳材料的比电容。与昂贵的有序介孔碳CMK-3相比,SSC-900具有成本更低、孔径更大和电容性能更好的优点。在以6.0 mol·L^-1 KOH为电解质的三电极体系中,在0.5 A·g^-1的电流密度下,SSC-900的比电容可以达到357 F·g^-1,而SC-900和CMK-3的比电容分别仅为152和266 F·g^-1。电容贡献分析表明,SSC-900的双层电容值和赝电容值均高于SC-900。此外,SSC-900在0.5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环10 000次后仍能保持98.4%的初始比电容。     

多孔碳材料的化学气相后处理及其超级电容性能

以廉价的椰壳为原料制备了高比表面积的多孔碳材料,然后在密闭的反应釜中以硝酸蒸汽对多孔碳材料进行了后处理,制备了亲水性更好的多孔碳材料。采用扫描透射电子显微镜(TEM)、物理吸附、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和接触角测试对材料的微观形貌、孔道结构、组成和亲水性进行了表征,探究了不同温度下硝酸蒸汽对多孔碳材料的形貌、结构的影响,并采用循环伏安法、恒电流充放电法和交流阻抗法考察了多孔碳材料的超级电容性能。结果表明,经过硝酸蒸汽处理后的多孔碳材料的比表面积和孔体积均有所降低,且随着处理温度的升高,降低得更加明显,而亲水性却越来越好。电化学测试结果表明,经过100℃硝酸蒸汽处理的多孔碳材料(CSC-100)具有最佳的超级电容性能。在以6 mol·L^-1 KOH为电解液的三电极体系中,当电流密度为0.5 A·g^-1时CSC-100的比电容可达452.9 F·g^-1,而未经硝酸蒸汽处理的多孔碳材料(CSC)的比电容仅为350.4 F·g^-1。电容贡献分析表明CSC-100良好的亲水性和表面官能团不仅提高了双电层电容,也提高了赝电容。     

碳化硅衍生碳的制备及其超级电容性能

以聚碳硅烷（PCS）为原料,通过不同温度高温热解制备碳化硅（SiC）前驱体,将得到的碳化硅前驱体在1 000℃条件下采用氯气刻蚀,成功制备了碳化硅衍生碳（SiC-CDCs）。采用X-射线衍射光谱（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和N₂吸附-脱附法等表征方法,研究了热解温度对SiC前驱体及SiC-CDCs的物相、形貌、孔结构和分布的影响;并将制备的材料作为超级电容器的电极材料,测试了其电化学性能。结果表明：采用氯气刻蚀聚碳硅烷热解生成的SiC,可以得到具有较高比表面积和亚纳米孔（<1 nm）的SiC-CDCs;SiC-CDCs用作超级电容器的电极材料,具有较高的比电容且在不同的电流密度下均表现出良好的电容性能。     

碳化硅衍生碳的制备及其超级电容性能

以聚碳硅烷(PCS)为原料,通过不同温度高温热解制备碳化硅(Si C)前驱体,将得到的碳化硅前驱体在1 000℃条件下采用氯气刻蚀,成功制备了碳化硅衍生碳(Si C-CDCs)。采用X-射线衍射光谱(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和N2吸附-脱附法等表征方法,研究了热解温度对Si C前驱体及Si C-CDCs的物相、形貌、孔结构和分布的影响;并将制备的材料作为超级电容器的电极材料,测试了其电化学性能。结果表明:采用氯气刻蚀聚碳硅烷热解生成的Si C,可以得到具有较高比表面积和亚纳米孔(1 nm)的Si C-CDCs;Si C-CDCs用作超级电容器的电极材料,具有较高的比电容且在不同的电流密度下均表现出良好的电容性能。     

介孔碳纳米纤维制备与超电容性能研究

采用低分子量酚醛树脂/F127混合物填充多孔氧化铝模板孔道,制备了大尺寸介孔孔道、核-壳结构的介孔碳纳米纤维.分别以SEM、TEM及N2等温吸附-脱附观察分析样品形貌和孔结构参数.循环伏安与恒流充放电测定该介孔纳米纤维电极(阳极)的超电容性能.结果表明:介孔碳纳米纤维比电容明显增大,且在高扫速、大电流下具有良好的超电容特性.     

碳基超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

超级电容器是近年迅速发展起来的一种新型储能元件,决定超级电容器性能的最重要因素是电极材料。碳材料以其比电容高、循环寿命长和资源丰富等优点,已经成为当前超级电容器电极材料的有力竞争者。用作超级电容器电极的碳材料主要包括活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯等。本文详细介绍了超级电容器用碳材料的特点、应用及发展状况,并指出制备具有大比表面积和高导电率的多孔碳是当前碳材料电极的主要研究方向。     

A universal model for nanoporous carbon supercapacitors applicable to diverse pore regimes, carbon materials, and electrolytes

Supercapacitors, commonly called electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), are emerging as a novel type of energy-storage device with the potential to substitute batteries in applications that require high power densities. In response to the latest experimental breakthrough in nanoporous carbon supercapacitors, we propose a heuristic theoretical model that takes pore curvature into account as a replacement for the EDLC model, which is based on a traditional parallel-plate capacitor. When the pore size is in the mesopore regime (2-50 nm), counterions enter mesoporous carbon materials and approach the pore wall to form an electric double-cylinder capacitor (EDCC); in the micropore regime (<2 nm), solvated/desolvated counterions line up along the pore axis to form an electric wire-in-cylinder capacitor (EWCC). In the macropore regime (>50 nm) at which pores are large enough so that pore curvature is no longer significant, the EDCC model can be reduced naturally to the EDLC model. We present density functional theory calculations and detailed analyses of available experimental data in various pore regimes, which show the significant effects of pore curvature on the supercapacitor properties of nanoporous carbon materials. It is shown that the EDCC/EWCC model is universal for carbon supercapacitors with diverse carbon materials, including activated carbon materials, template carbon materials, and novel carbide-derived carbon materials, and with diverse electrolytes, including organic electrolytes, such as tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF(4)) and tetraethylammonium methylsulfonate (TEAMS) in acetonitrile, aqueous H(2)SO(4) and KOH electrolytes, and even an ionic liquid electrolyte, such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI). The EDCC/EWCC model allows the supercapacitor properties to be correlated with pore size, specific surface area, Debye length, electrolyte concentration and dielectric constant, and solute ion size It may lend support for the systematic optimization of the properties of carbon supercapacitors through experiments. On the basis of the insight obtained from the new model, we also discuss the effects of the kinetic solvation/desolvation process, multimodal (versus unimodal) pore size distribution, and exohedral (versus endohedral) capacitors on the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors.     

超级电容器用中孔炭复合电极材料研究进展

超级电容器是一类利用电化学双电层或电极材料在电极/溶液界面发生的氧化还原反应来存储能量的装置,除兼有常规电容器功率密度大和二次电池能量密度高的特点外,还具有可逆性好和循环寿命长等优点.本文重点介绍了近几年国内外对中孔炭材料、表面官能团修饰中孔炭材料、中孔炭-金属氧化物、中孔炭-导电聚合物等几类电极材料的研究现状;并且展望了超级电容器用中孔炭及其复合电极材料的当前研究热点和发展前景.     

A hierarchical porous carbon membrane from polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylpyrrolidone blending membranes:Preparation,characterization and electrochemical capacitive performance

Novel hierarchical porous carbon membranes were fabricated through a simple carbonization procedure of well-defined blending polymer membrane precursors containing the source of carbon polyacrylonitrile （PAN） and an additive of polyvinylpyrrolidone （PVP）, which was prepared using phase inversion method. The as-fabricated materials were further used as the active electrode materials for supercapacitors. The effects of PVP concentration in the casting solution on structure feature and electrochemical capacitive performance of the as-prepared carbon membranes were also studied in detail. As the electrode material for supercapacitor, a high specific capacitance of 278.0 F/g could be attained at a current of 5 mA/cm2 and about 92.90% capacity retention could be maintained after 2000 charge/discharge cycles in 2 mol/L KOH solution with a PVP concentration of 0.3 wt% in the casting solution. The facile hierarchical pore structure preparation method and the good electrochemical capacitive performance make the prepared carbon membrane particularly promising for use in supercapacitor.     

A hierarchical porous carbon membrane from polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylpyrrolidone blending membranes: Preparation,characterization and electrochemical capacitive performance

Novel hierarchical porous carbon membranes were fabricated through a simple carbonization procedure of well-defined blending polymer membrane precursors containing the source of carbon polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and an additive of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which was prepared using phase inversion method. The as-fabricated materials were further used as the active electrode materials for supercapacitors. The effects of PVP concentration in the casting solution on structure feature and electrochemical capacitive performance of the as-prepared carbon membranes were also studied in detail. As the electrode material for supercapacitor, a high specific capacitance of 278.0 F/g could be attained at a current of 5 mA/cm² and about 92.90% capacity retention could be maintained after 2000 charge/discharge cycles in 2 mol/L KOH solution with a PVP concentration of 0.3 wt% in the casting solution. The facile hierarchical pore structure preparation method and the good electrochemical capacitive performance make the prepared carbon membrane particularly promising for use in supercapacitor.     

Graphene-based electrochemical supercapacitors

Graphenes prepared by three different methods have been investigated as electrode materials in electrochemical supercapacitors. The samples prepared by exfoliation of graphitic oxide and by the transformation of nanodiamond exhibit high specific capacitance in aq. H₂SO₄, the value reaching up to 117 F/g. By using an ionic liquid, the operating voltage has been extended to 3·5 V (instead of 1 V in the case of aq. H₂SO₄), the specific capacitance and energy density being 75 F/g and 31·9 Wh kg⁻¹ respectively. This value of the energy density is one of the highest values reported to date. The performance characteristics of the graphenes which are directly related to the quality, in terms of the number of layers and the surface area, are superior to that of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.     

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped polyurethane-based porous carbon materials as supercapacitors exhibit excellent electrochemical performance

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Nitrogen and sulfur porous co-doped carbonized materials were successfully prepared from polyurethane (PU) using KOH as an activating agent with promising...