On the validity of the geometrical theory of diffraction by convex cylinders

In this paper we consider the scattering of a wave from an infinite line source by an infinitely long cylinder C. The line source is parallel to the axis of C, and the cross section C of this cylinder is smooth, closed and convex. C is formed by joining a pair of smooth convex arcs to a circle C₀, one on the illuminated side, and one on the dark side, so that C is circular near the points of diffraction. By a rigorous argument we establish the asymptotic behavior of the field at high frequencies, in a certain portion of the shadow S that is determined by the geometry of C in S. The leading term of our asymptotic expansion is the field predicted by the geometrical theory of diffraction.Previous authors have derived asymptotic expansions in the shadow regions of convex bodies in special cases where separation of variables is possible. Others, who have considered more general shapes, have only been able to obtain bounds on the field in the shadow. In contrast our result is believed to be the first rigorous asymptotic solution in the shadow of a nonseparable boundary, whose shape is frequency independent.The research for this paper was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation Grant No. GP-7985.     

非对称射流形成的几何理论(一)

两股来流碰撞形成非对称射流问题的定常解具有不确定性，理论上尚未很好求解。从分析特殊射流形成入手，由定常出流所满足的最小动能原理出发，分析来流初始交汇位形和相互作用过程，建立了非对称射流形成的方程封闭条件，提出了非对称射流形成的几何理论。以平面二维不等厚度来流碰撞为例，给出了非对称射流出流方向、厚度随初始位形变化的理论预测曲线，与数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

The derivation of dual extremum and complementary stationary principles in geometrical non-linear shell theory

Summary In non-linear elasticity dual extremum principles can be formulated for some class of elastic deformations, for which uniqueness of the solution is assured. These results are used in the present paper to derive extremal variational principles for geometrical non-linear shells with moderate rotations. Furthermore two complementary variational principles are considered, which are stationary principles without any extremum property. The proposed theorems are valid also for the special cases of linear plates and shells, for the non-linear von Kármán plate theory and for non-linear Donnell-Marguerre type shells.

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Übersicht In der nichtlinearen Elastizitätstheorie lassen sich duale Extremalprinzipe für solche elastische Verformungen herleiten, für die Eindeutigkeit der Lösung gewährleistet ist. Diese Resultate werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit benutzt, um für geometrisch-nichtlineare Schalen mit moderaten Rotationen Extremalprinzipe zu erhalten. Darüber hinaus werden zwei komplementäre Variationstheoreme angegeben, die Stationaritätsprinzipe ohne Extremaleigenschaft sind. Die vorgeschlagenen Verfahren gelten auch für die Sonderfälle der linearen Platten- und Schalentheorie, für die nichtlineare von Kármánsche Plattentheorie sowie für die nichtlineare Donnell-Marguerresche Schalentheorie.

     

Study on the effective diffusion coefficient of nano-magnetic fluid and the geometrical factors in tumor tissues

Based on the Fick’s First law, the effective diffusion coefficient of nano-magnetic fluid in tumor tissues is deduced by considering the tumor tissues as porous media and assuming the shapes of tumor to be circle or ellipse or a combination of them. The deduced expression of effective diffusion coefficient is generally a function of geometrical factors with no empirical constants and presents good agreements with the existed values especially in biological tissues (porosity is about 60%), with relative error less than 3%. The irregular structure can be transformed into regular structure (circle or ellipse) by using the irregular factor. The expression of the effective diffusion coefficient can be widely used in both regular and irregular structures and may provide theoretical basis for the study of transportation especially in drug delivery research.     

Generalization of the Kirchhoff theory to elastic wave diffraction problems

The Kirchhoff approximation in the theory of diffraction of acoustic and electromagnetic waves by plane screens assumes that the field and its normal derivative on the part of the plane outside the screen coincides with the incident wave field and its normal derivative, respectively. This assumption reduces the problem of wave diffraction by a plane screen to the Dirichlet or Neumann problems for the half-space (or the half-plane in the two-dimensional case) and permits immediately writing out an approximate analytical solution. The present paper is the first to generalize this approach to elastic wave diffraction. We use the problem of diffraction of a shear SH-wave by a half-plane to show that the Kirchhoff theory gives a good approximation to the exact solution. The discrepancies mainly arise near the screen, i.e., in the region where the influence of the boundary conditions is maximal.     

Allowance for geometrical nonlinearity in dynamic problems of the theory of discretely stiffened cylindrical shells under nonstationary loading

A variant of the two-dimensional equations of the motion of a discretely stiffened cylindrical shell is considered within the framework of the elastic nonlinear Timoshenko-type theory of shells and rods. The initial system of equations of motion is derived based on the Hamilton-Ostrogradskii variation principle. A numerical algorithm for solution of such problems with allowance for discrete nonuniformities is constructed. Some aspects of equation approximation are studied. The effect of geometrically nonlinear factors on the stress-strain state of a structure is analyzed. The scientific results of the present work were obtained during implementation of Project No. 182 of the Ukrainian Scientific and Technological Center. S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 120–124, April, 2000.     

Geometrical theory of diffraction in the scattering of harmonic elastic waves by smooth convex cavities

Institute of Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSSR, Kiev. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 26–35, February, 1991.     

Determination of hourglass coefficients in the theory of a Cosserat point for nonlinear elastic beams

The theory of a Cosserat point has recently been used [Int. J. Solids Struct. 38 (2001) 4395] to formulate the numerical solution of problems of nonlinear elastic beams. In that theory the constitutive equations for inhomogeneous elastic deformations included undetermined constants associated with hourglass modes which can occur due to nonuniform cross-sectional extension and nonuniform torsion. The objective of this paper is to determine these hourglass coefficients by matching exact solutions of pure bending and pure torsion applied in different directions on each of the surfaces of the element. It is shown that the resulting constitutive equations in the Cosserat theory do not exhibit unphysical stiffness increases due to thinness of the beam, mesh refinement or incompressibility that are present in the associated Bubnov–Galerkin formulation. Also, example problems of a bar hanging under its own weight and a bar attached to a spinning rigid hub are analyzed.     

非对称射流形成的几何理论(二)

将平板非对称正碰撞形成射流满足的定常方程组封闭条件推广到非正碰情况，提出了平面二维条件下非对称射流形成的一般理论，给出了射流形成的临界条件和出流射流的理论公式。对斜碰撞情形下非对称射流的出流方向、厚度随碰撞角和来流初始位形的变化规律进行了理论预测和数值模拟，理论解与二维欧拉程序的仿真结果符合较好。     

Computations of hydrodynamic coefficients, displacement-amplitude ratios and forces for a floating cylinder due to wave diffraction and radiation

Computations of the hydrodynamic coefficients, displacement-amplitude ratios and loadings on floating vertical circular cylinder due to diffraction and radiation are presented here. The boundary value problem (BVP) is solved in terms of diffraction potential and three potentials due to radiation, two translational motions about x-axis (surge) and about z-axis (heave), one rotational motion about y-axis (pitch). The analytical expressions for the hydrodynamic coefficients, displacement-amplitude ratios and loadings for this case were obtained previously by Bhatta and Rahman [1]. In this paper, we present the computational aspects of those analytical results for different depth to radius and draft to radius ratios. JMSL (Java Mathematical and Statistical Library) is used to compute special functions and solve complex matrix equations.     

An asymptotic estimate of the edge effects in the high frequency Kirchhoff diffraction theory for 3-d problems

In the context of wave propagation through a three-dimensional acoustic medium, an analytical approach to estimate the boundary effects in the high-frequency (single) diffraction by thin rigid obstacles is developed. Starting from the classical Kirchhoff (approximate) representation, explicit formulas regarding three sample cases are obtained. The improvement with respect to previous approaches, usually based on refinements of the classical Ray Theory, is evaluated by comparison with the results from a direct numerical solution of the main integrals involved.     

On shear correction factors in the non-linear theory of elastic shells

Theoretical values of two correction factors α_s = 5/6 and α_t = 7/10 are established for the respective transverse shear stress resultants and stress couples within the general, dynamically and kinematically exact, six-field theory of elastic shells. These values do not depend on the shell material symmetry, geometry of the base surface, the shell thickness, or any kind of kinematic and/or dynamic constraints. The analysis is based on the complementary energy density following from the transverse shear stresses acting only on the shell cross section. The appropriate quadratic and cubic distributions of the stresses across the thickness allow one to derive the consistent constitutive equations for the transverse shear stress resultants and stress couples with α_s and α_t as the respective correction factors. Four numerical examples of highly non-linear shell structures illustrate the influence of different values of α_s and α_t on the results. In particular, some influence of α_t is noticed on the placement of bifurcation points. In dynamic problem of flight of three intersecting plates analysed with Newmark-type temporal algorithm, the value of α_t influences the moment at which the relative error of total energy of the system begins to grow indefinitely leading to the solution failure.     

Shear correction factors and an energy-consistent beam theory

Presented here is a new derivation of shear correction factors for isotropic beams by matching the exact shear stress resultants and shear strain energy with those of the equivalent first-order shear deformation theory. Moreover, a new method of deriving in-plane and shear warping functions from available elasticity solutions is shown. The derived exact warping functions can be used to check the accuracy of a two-dimensional sectional finite-element analysis of central solutions. The physical meaning of a shear correction factor is shown to be the ratio of the geometric average to the energy average of the transverse shear strain on a cross section. Examples are shown for circular and rectangular cross sections, and the obtained shear correction factors are compared with those of Cowper (1966) . The energy-averaged shear representative is also used to derive Timoshenkos beam theory.     

On the geometrical arrangement in hall effect measurements

Summary A discussion of the short circuiting effect of the current electrodes in Hall effect measurements is given for an arbitrary geometrical arrangement. It is shown that (for singly connected geometries) the correction to be applied is given by a universal function of only one parameter which is characteristic of the geometry and which can be determined by measurement. The theory is experimentally verified for a particular geometry by measurements on copper.