随行装药方案提高大口径火炮初速的数值预测

采用固体随行装药技术提高现役大口径火炮初速,为工程应用提供理论指导。基于随行装药在30 mm弹道炮上的实验和数值模拟取得的良好结果,在100 mm加农炮火炮构造参数和装填条件不变的条件下,采用固体随行装药方案,考虑弹丸改变质量,建立固体随行装药零维模型,并依据模型编写模拟软件对内弹道性能进行了模拟分析,探讨了不同随行装药量、不同点火延迟时间以及不同形状火药对火炮膛压、初速的影响。模拟结果可以用来指导100 mm加农炮随行装药的设计和实验。     

固体差动随行装药高初速火炮内弹道理论分析

提出了一种基于差动原理的固体差动随行装药的高初速火炮发射方案,该方案能有效克服传统随行装药技术提高初速必将伴随射弹底部最大压力增加的缺点。它的主要特点是运用差动原理,实现不同组合件之间的速度不同,自动压缩储能室使随行工质向弹后连续喷射,有效抑制和消除了弹丸运动引发的稀疏波影响,提高了火炮工作容积利用率。推导了差动随行组合弹丸不同组合件动力学模型,给出了弹载工质物理量分布关系式。计算结果表明,在最大膛压、飞行弹丸底部最大压力、弹重及弹丸行程等不变条件下,随行药量取10.2 kg,某大口径火炮的弹丸初速可提高26%,火炮工作容积利用率提高约44%。该方案可为火炮提高初速和实现超远程发射提供新的途径。     

整装式液体随行装药燃烧的实验与数值模拟研究

报道了在整装式液体随行装药技术研究方面取得的最新实验结果，观测了随行药在不同点火延迟时间下燃烧对膛压曲线的影响，并建立了随行装药的内弹道经典模型，计算结果与实测结果有较好的一致性。     

模块装药火炮膛内两相燃烧模型及压力波模拟

为详细了解新型模块装药火炮膛内发射过程中各模块区及中心可燃管区着火、燃烧现象以及压力波动情况,建立了准二维两相流内弹道燃烧理论模型。模拟结果表明,膛底与膛口压力、压力差数值计算结果与实验结果吻合得很好。     

考虑两相流内弹道的自行火炮发射动力学计算

为了更加准确地计算火炮弹丸的起始扰动,将两相流内弹道应用于发射动力学研究。建立了完整的自行火炮系统发射动力学方程组,包括火炮系统的体动力学方程组、弹丸在膛内运动的动力学方程以及两相流内弹道方程。编制了计算程序,实现了对某自行火炮发射过程的数值模拟,在准确计算内弹道过程的同时,获得了火炮的动力响应、弹丸膛内运动和起始扰动。部分模拟结果与实验实测结果吻合较好。计算表明,采用两相流内弹道模型将提高发射动力学计算精度。     

稠密颗粒床中点火传火过程的两维两相流数值模拟

本文结合火炮工程背景,建立伴随化学反应的稠密颗粒群气固两相非定常两维轴对称流和点火器内的非定常一维两相流数学模型,并考虑点火器对主装药床的耦合作用。采用MacCormack两步差分格式,模拟点火传火过程中火焰传播及其物理量沿轴向和径向变化规律。部分计算结果与实验结果相吻合。发现点火开始阶段存在明显的径向效应,当火焰波传到固壁后,轴向流占主要优势。     

DCD格式在破碎发射药床两相流内弹道计算中的应用

利用DCD(dispersion controlled dissipative scheme)格式,提出了一种研究发射装药发射安全性问题的两相流内弹道计算方法。将内弹道气固两相流动力学方程组中与压力有关的项进行变形,实现了用同一种格式对气相和固相统一处理,而无须分别对待,采用DCD格式无须数值粘性和人工滤波,提高了计算精度。实例计算了某榴弹内弹道两相流动力学,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。把破碎发射药床视为混合装药结构,用DCD格式计算了发射药床不同破碎程度对发射安全性的影响。计算结果表现出了通常计算方法难以反映的破碎发射药床内弹道压力极为剧烈的变化过程和极高的危险膛压。 更多还原     

高含能颗粒床中瞬变点传火过程的三维两相流数值模拟

结合火炮工程背景，建立高含能稠密颗粒床中非定常三维两相流与点火器中非定常一维两相流的数理模型，并考虑主装药床与点火器的相互耦合作用。采用分数步法（ＦＳＭ）数值求解。发现在点传火阶段，膛内存在明显的三维效应，并伴随波动现象，火药颗粒向壁面聚集。部分计算结果与试验结果相一致。     

地表垂直爆破震动速度的数值计算

针对爆破震动速度计算中存在的问题,提出了分两步计算的方法,即先计算爆炸近区由炸药爆炸引起的冲击压力,再计算远端震动区的质点震动速度。并对动力学计算中的阻尼问题进行了初步讨论。利用本文提出的方法对岩粉、水和空气三种不同间隔装药结构下的不同质点处的震动速度进行了计算,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。岩粉间隔装药条件下的计算地表垂直震动速度最大,水间隔装药次之,空气间隔装药最小。     

爆炸复合中起爆区不定常段的确定

对2岩石炸药的定常爆轰形成过程进行了实验研究;对起爆端稀疏波效应进行了计算。实验结果表明,距起爆端约10倍装药厚度以内为不定常爆轰区。距离起爆端小于5倍装药厚度时,飞板速度及碰撞角增幅较大,5～10倍装药厚度,两者增幅趋缓,10倍装药厚度以后,爆速、飞板速度及碰撞角逐步进入定常状态。飞板碰撞角的工程计算与实验结果的一致性较好。     

Preliminary results of MCPHE by experimental studies

The influence of grooves in the U-turn areas for the multi-channel-plate heat exchangers (MCPHEs) is significant due to the friction and flow phenomena in this region. In this study, two types of MCPHE made of acrylic plates were tested: one with grooves in the U-turn area, one without. During this series of experiments, heat transfer rate, overall volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number and overall pressure drop (i.e., including the entrance and exit losses) were measured and calculated in order to understand the overall performance of these two different constructions of MCPHE. The experimental results show that the heat exchanger without grooves in the U-turn area possessed higher heat transfer performance and lower overall pressure drop.     

SELF-INDUCED SLOSHING CAUSED BY AN UPWARD ROUND JET IMPINGING ON THE FREE SURFACE

Self-induced sloshing was found to occur in a cylindrical tank when an upward round jet on the tank axis created a surface swell at the impingement point. The conditions under which the sloshing occurred were investigated experimentally, together with the sloshing modes and frequencies. The sloshing was found to appear when the inlet velocity exceeded a certain value, which depends on the inlet-surface distance. The mode always had one diametrical node, and a lower mode appeared at increased inlet-surface distance and velocity. A feedback model was proposed in order to explain the energy supply mechanism to the sloshing, which was composed of a jet deflection process caused by a lateral pressure gradient and a pressure imbalance generation process caused by jet movement. The lateral pressure gradient deflects the jet, resulting in the displacement of the surface impingement point. When the jet moves, transformation of the jet-induced swell does not follow the movement immediately, generating an imbalance of pressure. The imbalance caused by the motion of the swell is considered to supply energy to the sloshing. The calculated jet deflection caused by the lateral pressure gradient was found to agree with the experimental findings. The measured lateral pressure gradient was calculated as the sum of the lateral pressures caused by the sloshing motion and by the jet impingement point movement. The calculated oscillating region in the water-depth jet-velocity map was found to agree fairly well with the experimental findings, which suggests the validity of the model.     

高耸异型烟囱结构风压和风振系数试验研究

本文在模拟的大气边界层中,对某一发电厂高耸异型烟囱的刚性模型进行了测压试验研究,得到了这一结构的平均风压系数、最大和最小风压系数分布,以及该结构的风荷载体型系数;结果表明在烟囱外形明显变化的局部区域,风压绝对值较大,与理论分析一致。同时,对动态测力试验模型进行了高频动态天平测力试验研究,详细介绍了试验及数据处理方法,根据试验结果计算得到了该烟囱在风作用下的动力响应和风振系数;根据试验结果计算所得的风振系数值大于按规范公式估算值。这些结果不仅为结构的风荷载计算提供了依据,也有助于进一步认识该类异性烟囱结构的风荷载和风振特性。     

Experimental investigation of the flow pattern,pressure drop and void fraction of two-phase flow in the corrugated gap of a plate heat exchanger

The two-phase flow in the corrugated gap created by two adjacent plates of a plate heat exchanger was investigated experimentally. One setup consisting of a transparent corrugated gap was used to visualize the two-phase flow pattern and study the local phenomena of phase distribution, pressure drop and void fraction. Saturated two-phase R365mfc and an air-water mixture were used as working fluids.In a second experimental setup, the heat transfer coefficients and the pressure drop inside an industrial plate heat exchanger during the condensation process of R134a are determined. Both experimental setups use the same type of plates, so the experimental results can be connected and a flow pattern model for the condensation in plate heat exchangers can be derived. In this work the results of the flow pattern visualization, the two-phase pressure drop in the corrugated gap and the void fraction analysis by measurement of the electrical capacity are presented. A new pressure drop correlation is derived, which takes into account different flow patterns, that appear during condensation. The mean deviation of the presented pressure drop model compared to the experimental data and data from other experimental works is 18.9%. 81.7% of the calculated pressure drop lies within ±30% compared to the experimental data.     

Fracture Evaluation in a Ceramic Spherical Dome Port Under Shock Impact

In this study, a fracture evaluation of a ceramic spherical dome port under shock impact has been presented. The experiments were carried out with a shock tube device capable to produce a normal shock. The pressure behind the normal and reflected shock wave was predicted by analytic equations based on initial conditions. The pressures were measured by embedded dynamic pressure sensors. The fracture of specimen was occurred by the pressure behind the reflected shock wave. The pressure distribution in shock tube was obtained during 0 to 5 ms. Simultaneously, the distributions of the pressure, temperature and velocity were calculated in the shock tube at 3 ms after diaphragm burst for various thickness of dome port. The results of numerical analysis and analytic solutions were good agreement with experimental results.     

Experimental and numerical investigation on heat transfer characteristics of supercritical R1234ze(E) cooled in horizontal tubes

The heat transfer characteristics of supercritical fluids in tubes have been considered indispensable for the design and optimization of the heat exchanger and the energy conversion system. Specifically the cooling heat transfer of supercritical R1234ze(E) in horizontal tubes is a promising heat-power conversion technology; however, there is a scarcity of conducted research in available literature. The present work, the first-ever study in this direction, aims to thoroughly investigate the heat transfer characteristics of supercritical R1234ze(E) which is cooled in horizontal tubes. Experimental work was performed to thoroughly explore and inspect the heat transfer characteristics of supercritical R1234ze(E) passing through the tube of 4.12 mm diameter at 4–5 MPa pressure and 240–400 kg/m² s mass flux. Furthermore, the simulation study, supporting the experimental investigation under the same conditions of pressure and mass flux, extended the range of tube diameter up to 9.44 mm. The effects of pressure, mass flux and tube diameter on the heat transfer coefficient were carefully analyzed in the present research work. Based on the simulation results and experimental results, heat transfer correlations were newly developed by separating the region above and below the pseudo-critical temperature. The average absolute deviation between the calculated Nusselt numbers by the numerical correlation and the simulation results was found 2.87%; the average absolute deviation between the calculated Nusselt numbers by the experimental correlation and the experimental results was found 5.3%.     

液压换向阀的耦合水击振动特性研究

以某型舵机操纵液压换向阀为例,运用特征线法,对其由于自激振动以及启闭动作产生水击诱发非线性耦合振动现象的机理进行理论分析,获得换向阀水击振动的动态特性.通过实验验证,换向阀控制口水击压力幅值与计算结果偏差为2.87%,且压力变化趋势与计算结果基本一致.该结果可为掌握液压系统的振动特性、采取振动控制措施以及换向阀的设计和改进提供理论依据.     

Investigation of horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade threedimensional rotational effect based on field experiments

Field experiments are performed on a two-bladed 33 kW horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT). The pressures are measured with 191 pressure sensors positioned around the surfaces of seven spanwise section airfoils on one of the two blades. Three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations are performed, respectively, on the rotor and the seven airfoils of the blade. The results are compared with the experimental results of the pressure distribution on the seven airfoils and the lift coefficients. The 3D rotational effect on the blade aerodynamic characteristics is then studied with a numerical approach. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as follows. From the tip to the root of the blade, the experimental differential pressure of the blade section airfoil increases at first and then decreases gradually. The calculated 3D result of the pressure distribution on the blade surface is closer to that of the experiment than the 2D result. The 3D rotational effect has a significant impact on the blade surface flow and the aerodynamic load, leading to an increase of the differential pressure on the airfoils and their lift coefficient than that with the 2D one because of the stall delay. The influence of the 3D rotational effect on the wind turbine blade especially takes place on the sections with flow separation.     

体育场环状悬挑屋盖脉动风压数值模拟

本文提出了预测悬挑屋盖上脉动风压的实用方法,用数值模拟中稳态计算得到的平均压力、平均速度和湍动能的分布计算大跨屋盖的脉动风压。以昆山体育场为例,通过数值模拟的平均压力系数、湍动能分布及脉动风压与风洞实验结果的比较,验证了用数值模拟方法预测环状悬挑屋盖脉动风压的有效性,并建议了需选用的合适湍流模型和参考点的风速。     

Sensitivity analysis,calibration and validation of a snow indentation model

Quantification of the mechanical behavior of snow in response to loading is of importance in vehicle-terrain interaction studies. Snow, like other engineering materials, may be studied using indentation tests. However, unlike engineered materials with targeted and repeatable material properties, snow is a naturally-occurring, heterogeneous material whose mechanical properties display a statistical distribution. This study accounts for the statistical nature of snow behavior that is calculated from the pressure-sinkage curves from indentation tests. Recent developments in the field of statistics were used in conjunction with experimental results to calibrate, validate, and study the sensitivity of the plasticity-based snow indentation model. It was found that for material properties, in the semi-infinite zone of indentation, the cohesion has the largest influence on indentation pressure, followed by one of the the hardening coefficients. In the finite depth zone, the friction angle has the largest influence on the indentation pressure. A Bayesian metamodel was developed, and model parameters were calibrated by maximizing a Gaussian likelihood function. The calibrated model was validated using three local and global confidence-interval based metrics with good results.