基于超声散射元平均间距的生物软件组织弹性测量

超声弹性成像有希望成为生物软组织病变诊断的有效手段，本文论述了软组织散射元准周期规则分布导致超声散射信号相干峰产生的机理，提出利用AR幅度倒谱估计散射元平均间距及其变化，结合组织外加应力来估计软组织内局部杨氏弹性模量，结果表明，该方法能有效地测量软组织内局部杨氏弹性模量，轴向和侧向空间分辨力分别为2.5mm和1.5mm，可用于在体软组织弹性成像，最后讨论了软组织弹性测量中的具体问题。     

基于超声散射元平均间距的生物软组织弹性测量

超声弹性成像有希望成为生物软组织病变诊断的有效手段。本文论述了软组织散射元准周期规则分布导致超声散射信号相干峰产生的机理，提出利用ＡＲ幅度倒谱估计散射元平均间距及其变化，结合组织外加应力来估计软组织内局部杨氏弹性模量。结果表明，该方法能有效地测量软组织内局部杨氏弹性模量，轴向和侧向空间分辨力分别为２．５ｍｍ和１．５ｍｍ，可用于在体软组织弹性成像。最后讨论了软组织弹性测量中的具体问题。     

基于压电双脉冲剪切波加载和光学相干断层扫描的生物组织弹性测试技术

生物组织力学性能的定量测试对疾病发生和发展的研究及诊治非常重要。本文集成压电堆栈振动加载和光学相干断层扫描(OCT)提出对生物组织弹性进行定量测量的剪切波光学相干弹性成像技术。压电堆栈携带探针在双脉冲激励下对生物组织或仿体产生约2μm振幅的振动,生成剪切波。在OCT探测区域,生物组织的变形会引起OCT的相位信号变化,由此提出检测剪切波的相位差法。再根据剪切波的传播速度,计算获得组织的弹性模量。通过比较该方法与拉伸实验对生物组织仿体弹性模量的测量结果,验证了技术的可行性。进而对人体手指指腹皮肤的弹性进行了在体测试,表明该方法有用于在体皮肤力学性能测试的潜力。压电堆栈双脉冲剪切波OCE为离体生物组织弹性测试提供了新的简单有效的手段,并且有潜力进一步发展为生物组织复杂力学性能的测试技术,以及应用于临床上皮肤等疾病的诊断。     

超声弹性成像应用在角膜疾病诊断中的有限元分析

弹性成像在医学成像领域具有广阔的应用前景.在本文中,有限元法被用于模拟角膜组织的超声弹性成像,通过改变角膜病变组织与正常组织杨氏模量的数值大小及分布,模拟角膜病变的不同情形,分析计算各种不同情形时的应变、应力和位移分布,并对仿真结果进行分析.当角膜正常组织与病变组织的杨氏模量之比为1:4时,病变区域中心的应变为-0.00854,而对应正常角膜相同位置的应变为-0.02277,为病变区域中心的应变值的2.67倍.病变区域中心的应力为0.04337,而对应正常角膜相同位置的应力为0.02729,相当于病变区域中心的应力值的0.64倍.当角膜正常组织与病变组织的杨氏模量之比为4:1时,情况刚好相反.基于角膜组织的粘弹性,优化了角膜组织模型.结果表明,利用应变压缩方法可以实现离体组织的弹性成像,超声弹性成像中病变组织与正常组织的生物力学响应差异明显,研究结果可为弹性成像在眼科临床应用上提供理论指导.     

基于拓扑优化的结构弹性成像方法

弹性模量是工程材料重要的性能参数, 可以衡量物体抵抗弹性变形的能力. 弹性成像是一种通过弹性模量表征生物体组织物理特性的医学成像方法. 为了将弹性成像应用于机械装备结构的缺陷识别, 提高弹性成像的局部表征和全局识别能力, 提出一种基于拓扑优化的结构弹性成像方法. 受拓扑优化理论启发, 采用结构离散单元的相对密度(弹性模量系数)作为弹性成像参数来表征损伤程度, 建立成像参数与弹性模量的插值模型, 基于有限元模型构建损伤表征、结构模型与物理响应的映射关系. 以损伤结构和无损结构位移响应的最小二乘为目标函数, 以成像参数上下限为约束, 建立结构弹性成像的优化模型. 以伴随法推导弹性成像问题的灵敏度, 并详细给出了弹性成像反演的数值实施方式. 二维悬臂梁和米歇尔梁算例表明, 本文提出的基于拓扑优化的弹性成像方法无需先验损伤信息, 可有效实现均质/非均质、单/多缺陷结构的弹性成像, 且弹性成像结果不依赖于特定的边界条件, 进一步将弹性成像方法扩展至三维悬臂梁问题验证了其通用性.      

船舶声弹性力学理论及其应用

船舶结构与水介质耦合动力学在改善船舶运动性能与结构安全性,控制船舶振动噪声与提高水下声隐身性能,进行船舶综合性能的优化设计等一系列工程问题中有广泛的应用需求与发展前景.本文综述了船舶水弹性力学、声弹性力学的理论方法、试验技术与应用技术的国内外研究进展;介绍了在带航速三维水弹性力学理论(Wu 1984)基础上,作者所在课题组近年来发展的船舶三维声弹性理论、计算技术及工程应用的概况.简述了船舶三维声弹性理论的部分应用情况及发展方向.     

船舶声弹性力学理论及其应用

船舶结构与水介质耦合动力学在改善船舶运动性能与结构安全性,控制船舶振动噪声与提高水下声隐身性能,进行船舶综合性能的优化设计等一系列工程问题中有广泛的应用需求与发展前景.本文综述了船舶水弹性力学、声弹性力学的理论方法、试验技术与应用技术的国内外研究进展;介绍了在带航速三维水弹性力学理论(Wu 1984)基础上,作者所在课题组近年来发展的船舶三维声弹性理论、计算技术及工程应用的概况.简述了船舶三维声弹性理论的部分应用情况及发展方向.     

Advances in sono-elasticity of ships and the related applications

船舶结构与水介质耦合动力学在改善船舶运动性能与结构安全性,控制船舶振动噪声与提高水下声隐身性能,进行船舶综合性能的优化设计等一系列工程问题中有广泛的应用需求与发展前景.本文综述了船舶水弹性力学、声弹性力学的理论方法、试验技术与应用技术的国内外研究进展;介绍了在带航速三维水弹性力学理论(Wu 1984)基础上,作者所在课题组近年来发展的船舶三维声弹性理论、计算技术及工程应用的概况.简述了船舶三维声弹性理论的部分应用情况及发展方向.     

考虑面层约束时蜂窝芯弹性常数的确定

本文研究了面板约束效应对蜂窝芯弹性性能的影响并基于六边形蜂窝芯夹层板的代表性体单元建立了考虑面板约束效应的蜂窝芯位移模式.根据真实蜂窝芯代表性单元与其等效材料的代表性单元在宏观均匀应变作用下的总弹性应变能相等,导出了蜂窝芯材料等效弹性常数的公式,进一步探讨了蜂窝几何参数对其弹性常数的影响规律.通过与现有理论结果、有限元结果和实验数据进行对比证实本文导出的弹性常数公式具有较好的预报精度.结果表明面板约束对蜂窝芯等效弹性常数有显著影响.     

弹性波CT在混凝土靶体冲击损伤实验中的应用

介绍了弹性波CT技术的原理、方法和优点。在弹丸冲击混凝土靶体实验中,应用弹性波CT技术对冲击前后的混凝土靶体进行CT成像分析,并根据成像剖面上冲击前后对应位置的速度对比情况,分析其在弹丸冲击作用下的宏观破坏和内部损伤。CT成像分析结论与实际观测结果有较好的一致性,这表明利用弹性波CT成像能很好地反映混凝土靶体冲击前的结构特征、冲击后的破坏状况和损伤情况。     

NMR flow imaging of Newtonian liquids and a concentrated suspension through an axisymmetric sudden contraction

Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) flow imaging to examine fluid motions at constant velocities or flows that change relatively slowly has been well-documented in the literature. Application of this technique to accelerative flows, on the other hand, has been limited. This study reports the use of an NMR flow imaging method, for which acceleration is not explicitly compensated in the NMR pulse sequence, to measure axial and radial fluid motions during flow through an axisymmetric sudden contraction. In this flow geometry, both velocity and acceleration are spatially dependent. The flow contraction ratio was 2:1. The method was first applied to examine Newtonian liquids at low and high Reynolds numbers under laminar flow conditions. The measured axial and radial velocity profiles, without accounting for acceleration effects in the data analysis, across the contraction are in excellent qualitative agreement with previous experimental data and theoretical calculations reported in the literature. Quantitative comparison of the axial and radial velocities with numerical results indicates that the maximum error from acceleration effects is about 10%. The method has also been used to examine the flow of a concentrated suspension (50% by volume of solid particles) through the contraction. The flow kinematics of the suspension at creeping flow conditions appear to mimic those of the Newtonian fluid with some slight differences. NMR images taken immediately following the cessation of flow suggest a slight degree of particle migration toward the center of the pipe downstream of the contraction.     

混凝土损伤识别中的时间逆转成像方法

时间逆转成像技术具有定位准确和操作简单之特点,本文将其运用于混凝土结构损伤的检测．通过提取各换能器单元的发射信号和损伤散射信号构建超声波传播的传递矩阵然后对其进行奇异值分解,获得包含损伤信息的奇异向量;采用多重信号分类(multiple signal classification, MUSIC)算法,分别基于数值模拟数据和实验实测数据对混凝土结构内部损伤进行成像,实现了准确的损伤定位,并将成像结果与偏移成像法进行对比．此工作探索了将时间逆转成像技术应用于混凝土结构内部损伤实际工程检测可行性,为无损检测技术人员定性或定量分析混凝土结构的内部缺陷提供理论参考．     

基于荧光漂白成像的润滑油膜剪切流速测量

沿润滑油膜厚度方向的剪切流速分布是影响机械部件润滑性能的重要因素.为此,搭建了基于荧光漂白成像的微间隙油膜剪切流速分布测量平台.通过对漂白区域形状演化过程进行图像分析,获得了微米量级间隙中的PB450和PAO6润滑油膜的剪切速度分布.结果表明:在设定测试条件下,厚度为8.5μm的PB450油膜沿膜厚方向的剪切流速近似为典型的线性分布,而相同厚度下的PAO6油膜流速分布表现为非线性塞流,界面附近油膜黏度较中层显著下降.研究还发现,同一滑动速度下,PAO6剪切流速偏离线性分布的程度随膜厚的降低而增加.经过比对分析,试验结果与流体动压润滑条件下的相关数据吻合.     

一种下一代激光雷达的设计与实现

研制了一种下一代小型化实时成像的激光雷达样机,这种新的激光雷达系统由激光二极管、准直镜、MEMS微扫描器、收集光学、带通滤波器、光电探测器和信号处理装置组成,其核心器件是基于MEMS的微扫描反射镜。详细分析了系统的结构和参数,结果表明：其距离分辨率为1cm,视场角为24°,谐振频率为1.5kHz。该下一代MEMS微扫描器激光雷达系统具有高精度、低成本、小体积和三维实时成像等优点。     

How a moving passive observer can perceive its environment ? The Unruh effect revisited

We consider a point-like observer that moves in a medium illuminated by noise sources with Lorentz-invariant spectrum. We show that the autocorrelation function of the signal recorded by the observer allows it to perceive its environment. More precisely, we consider an observer with constant acceleration (along a Rindler trajectory) and we exploit the recent work on the emergence of the Green’s function from the cross correlation of signals transmitted by noise sources. First we recover the result that the signal recorded by the observer has a constant Wigner transform, i.e. a constant local spectrum, when the medium is homogeneous (this is the classical analogue of the Unruh effect). We complete that result by showing that the Rindler trajectory is the only straight-line trajectory that satisfies this property. We also show that, in the presence of an obstacle in the form of an infinite perfect mirror, the Wigner transform is perturbed when the observer comes into the neighborhood of the obstacle. The perturbation makes it possible for the observer to determine its position relative to the obstacle once the entire trajectory has been traversed.     

Emission and laser-induced fluorescence imaging methods in experimental combustion

Imaging methods provide new insights into many fundamental combustion processes. Many imaging techniques have been devised in recent years and applied to a range of experiments. One particularly useful method is to seed the flow with oil particles and illuminate the domain of interest with a planar sheet of laser light. The droplets evaporate and vanish when they pass through the flame. The light scattered by the particles may be imaged for example with a CCD camera or with high-speed cinematography to show the structure and dynamics of the flame front. This technique, sometimes called laser tomography, is based on Mie scattering. It provides essentially qualitative information on the geometry and motion of the flame front. Another valuable method relies on spontaneous emission imaging. In this method the light emitted by certain radicals produced by the chemical reaction is detected by a camera and delivered to a computer for further processing. In some circumstances it is possible to deduce from this measurement the spatial distribution of heat release in the reactive flow. More quantitative data may be gathered with planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging. The reactive flow is illuminated with a planar laser sheet delivered by a tunable laser. The laser light excites the fluorescence of a species that is present in the flow, which is then detected with an intensified CCD camera. The data obtained in this way can be processed to obtain spatial measurements of the species concentration. The basic principles, equipment requirements, and experimental aspects of these three imaging techniques are reviewed. Practical applications to turbulent flames are emphasized. It is shown that emission imaging applied to turbulent ducted flames yields interesting information for modeling. A second example of application is the ignition sequence of a multiple-injector combustor, of importance to modern cryogenic rocket engines. Emission and PLIF imaging have been used to obtain data on the development of the initial flame kernel and on its propagation from the first injector to the next. The images gathered in this experiment yield a unique view on the flame patterns that lead to the final stabilization of the reactive fronts. While current imaging methods are essentially qualitative, it is possible to deduce quantitative results from the data, and some of the present limitations may be overcome with more refined measurement procedures. These issues are analyzed, and future developments in this area are evaluated.     

Assessment of camera models for use in planar velocimetry calibration

The performance of three implementations of pinhole-based camera models for use in common light-sheet imaging arrangements is investigated on the background of application to particle image velocimetry (PIV) and Doppler global velocimetry (DGV). Calibration data obtained from translated planar calibration targets was found to yield camera attitude within 0.1° on four different test cases with object distance varying as little as 2% depending on the choice of camera model. Camera calibration using data from a single image of coplanar points is considered a viable alternative to manual triangulation of camera positions but is restricted to off-normal viewing directions.

Characterization of a new luminescent photoelastic coating

The luminescent photoelastic coating (LPC) technique measures the full-field shear strain and its principal direction on the surface of complex three-dimensional components. The measured optical strain response is also dependent on the coating thickness. Achieving uniform coating thickness is difficult, and thus requires thickness correction for accurate quantitative strain measurements. The original formulations of LPC employed a dual-layer coating containing luminescent dyes to transmit both strain and thickness information. This paper will document (theory and experiment) a new strategy: a single-layer coating that incorporates both a luminescent dye and an absorption dye. Dependent on the concentration of the absorption and luminescent dyes, the solution is sprayed onto the object of interest to a minimum threshold thickness that corresponds to a predefined penetration depth. Advantages of the single-layer coating are the elimination of thickness dependency, the elimination of compliance and adhesion issues between multiple layers, simpler data acquisition and post-processing methods, and easier and faster coating preparation and application.     

纳米压痕残余应力场拉曼光谱实验研究

本文采用纳米压入仪在晶向为〈111〉和〈100〉的两种单晶硅片表面压入1000nm,卸载后得到深度约为550~570nm的压痕。使用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪对压痕周边区域进行测量,采用场扫描成像技术得到了压痕周边拉曼频移、半高宽、峰强等拉曼信息,通过分析由频移求得残余应力场的分布。在实验的基础上讨论了残余应力场的分布,以及晶向对应力场分布的影响,近似给出了压痕边缘最大压应力与微裂纹尖端最大拉应力。对其他拉曼信息的分析表明,半高宽和峰强信息与材料晶格结构的变化相关,在一定程度上也可以反映残余应力的作用。     

Infrared Image Processing for the Calorimetric Analysis of Fatigue Phenomena

This paper presents an infrared image processing procedure that was developed to study calorific effects accompanying material fatigue. This method enables us to separately estimate patterns of thermoelastic and dissipative sources. Heat sources were estimated on the basis of partial derivative operators present in a local form of the heat equation by using a set of approximation functions that locally fits the temperature field and takes the spectral properties of the sought sources into account. Numerical examples were used to check the validity of the method and to highlight its capabilities along with its limits. The paper concludes with examples of thermal image processing extracted from fatigue tests performed on a dual-phase steel. The coupling sources were compared to the theoretical predictions induced by a basic thermoelastic model, while the heterogeneous character of the fatigue development was highlighted in terms of dissipation sources.