Cryptanalysis of smart‐card‐based password authenticated key agreement protocol for session initiation protocol of Zhang et al.

As the core signaling protocol for multimedia services, such as voice over internet protocol, the session initiation protocol (SIP) is receiving much attention and its security is becoming increasingly important. It is critical to develop a roust user authentication protocol for SIP. The original authentication protocol is not strong enough to provide acceptable security level, and a number of authentication protocols have been proposed to strengthen the security. Recently, Zhang et al. proposed an efficient and flexible smart‐card‐based password authenticated key agreement protocol for SIP. They claimed that the protocol enjoys many unique properties and can withstand various attacks. However, we demonstrate that the scheme by Zhang et al. is insecure against the malicious insider impersonation attack. Specifically, a malicious user can impersonate other users registered with the same server. We also proposed an effective fix to remedy the flaw, which remedies the security flaw without sacrificing the efficiency. The lesson learned is that the authenticators must be closely coupled with the identity, and we should prevent the identity from being separated from the authenticators in the future design of two‐factor authentication protocols. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An ID‐based mutual authentication with key agreement protocol for multiserver environment on elliptic curve cryptosystem

Mutual authentication is used to validate the legitimacy of a remote login user and a server. Conventional user authentication protocols are suited to solve the privacy and security problems for the single client/server architecture environment. However, the use of computer networks and information technology has grown spectacularly. More and more network architectures are used in multi‐server environments. Recently, several authentication schemes for multi‐server environments have been proposed. However, the performance of these schemes is not suitable for applications. To improve the performance, we propose a new ID‐based mutual authentication protocols for multi‐server environment without bilinear pairings. We also show that the proposed scheme is provable secure in the random oracle model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cryptanalysis and security enhancement of a remote user authentication scheme using smart cards

With the broad implementations of the electronic business and government applications,robust system security and strong privacy protection have become essential requirements for remote user authentication schemes.Recently,Chen et al.pointed out that Wang et al.’s scheme is vulnerable to the user impersonation attack and parallel session attack,and proposed an enhanced version to overcome the identified security flaws.In this paper,however,we show that Chen et al.’s scheme still cannot achieve the claimed security goals and report its following problems:(1) It suffers from the offline password guessing attack,key compromise impersonation attack and known key attack;(2) It fails to provide forward secrecy;(3) It is not easily repairable.As our main contribution,a robust dynamic ID-based scheme based on non-tamper resistance assumption of the smart cards is presented to cope with the aforementioned defects,while preserving the merits of different related schemes.The analysis demonstrates that our scheme meets all the proposed criteria and eliminates several grave security threats that are difficult to be tackled at the same time in previous scholarship.     

改进的3G认证与密钥分配协议

本文详细分析了3G认证与密钥分配协议的过程以及协议的安全性，找出了协议中的安全缺陷，并给出了攻击者可能进行的攻击。针对协议的安全漏洞，提出了一种改进的认证与密钥分配方案，解决了对VLR的认证以及网络端信息传输的安全性。最后，对改进方案的安全性进行了分析。     

Cryptanalysis of a simple three‐party password‐based key exchange protocol

In order to secure communications between two clients with a trusted server's help in public network environments, a three‐party authenticated key exchange (3PAKE) protocol is used to provide the transaction confidentiality and the efficiency. In 2009, Huang proposed a simple three‐party password‐based authenticated key exchange (HS‐3PAKE) protocol without any server's public key. By analysis, Huang claimed that the proposed HS‐3PAKE protocol is not only secure against various attacks, but also more efficient than previously proposed 3PAKE protocols. However, this paper demonstrates that HS‐3PAKE protocol is vulnerable to undetectable online password guessing attacks and off‐line password guessing attacks by any other user. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A robust ElGamal‐based password‐authentication protocol using smart card for client‐server communication

Smart card‐based client‐server authentication protocol is well popular for secure data exchange over insecure and hostile networks. Recently, Lee et al. put forward an authentication protocol by utilizing ElGamal cryptosystem and proved that it can withstand known security threats. This article evinces that the protocol of Lee et al. is unwilling to protect various important security vulnerabilities such as forgery attack and off‐line password‐guessing attack. To vanquish these loopholes, this article presents a robust authentication protocol for client‐server communication over any insecure networks. The security explanation of our protocol has done through the formal and informal mechanism and its outcome makes sure that the designed protocol is strong enough to resist the known vulnerabilities. In addition, we have simulated our protocol using ProVerif online software and its results certify that our protocol is safe against private information of the client and server. This paper also has made performance estimation of the presented protocol and others, and the outcome favors the presented protocol.     

Two-factor authenticated key agreement protocol based on biometric feature and password

A new two-factor authenticated key agreement protocol based on biometric feature and password was proposed.The protocol took advantages of the user’s biological information and password to achieve the secure communication without bringing the smart card.The biometric feature was not stored in the server by using the fuzzy extractor technique,so the sensitive information of the user cannot be leaked when the server was corrupted.The authentication messages of the user were protected by the server’s public key,so the protocol can resist the off-line dictionary attack which often appears in the authentication protocols based on password.The security of the proposed protocol was given in the random oracle model provided the elliptic computational Diffie-Hellman assumption holds.The performance analysis shows the proposed protocol has better security.     

A new authenticated key agreement for session initiation protocol

The session initiation protocol (SIP) is an authentication protocol used in 3G mobile networks. In 2009, Tsai proposed an authenticated key agreement scheme as an enhancement to SIP. Yoon et al. later pointed out that the scheme of Tsai is vulnerable to off‐line password guessing attack, Denning–Sacco attack, and stolen‐verifier attack and does not support perfect forward secrecy (PFS). Yoon et al. further proposed a new scheme with PFS. In this paper, we show that the scheme of Yoon et al. is still vulnerable to stolen‐verifier attack and may also suffer from off‐line password guessing attack. We then propose several countermeasures for solving these problems. In addition, we propose a new security‐enhanced authentication scheme for SIP. Our scheme also maintains low computational complexity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A chaotic map‐based anonymous multi‐server authenticated key agreement protocol using smart card

Authenticated key agreement protocols play an important role for network‐connected servers to authenticate remote users in Internet environment. In recent years, several authenticated key agreement protocols for single‐server environment have been developed based on chaotic maps. In modern societies, people usually have to access multiple websites or enterprise servers to accomplish their daily personal matters or duties on work; therefore, how to increase user's convenience by offering multi‐server authentication protocol becomes a practical research topic. In this study, a novel chaotic map‐based anonymous multi‐server authenticated key agreement protocol using smart card is proposed. In this protocol, a legal user can access multiple servers using only a single secret key obtained from a trusted third party, known as the registration center. Security analysis shows this protocol is secure against well‐known attacks. In addition, protocol efficiency analysis is conducted by comparing the proposed protocol with two recently proposed schemes in terms of computational cost during one authentication session. We have shown that the proposed protocol is twice faster than the one proposed by Khan and He while preserving the same security properties as their protocol has. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New low-earth orbit satellites authentication and group key agreement protocol

Due to the function of communication and continuous monitoring,the low-earth orbit satellites are widely used in the aerospace field.However,there is no special authentication protocol in the existing satellite communication system.In order to solve this problem,a lightweight authentication protocol which considering the switch of communication path in the authentication process was designed for the low-earth orbit satellites,and the proposed protocol was verified by simulation and compared with the 3GPP AKA protocol.The simulation results show that the protocol has a 20% higher efficiency than 3GPP AKA protocol,and the spend of group key agreement protocol is about 300 ms.     

Cryptanalysis of a dynamic ID‐based remote user authentication with key agreement scheme

A dynamic user authentication scheme allows a user and a remote server to authenticate each other without leaking the user's identity. In 2011, Wen and Li proposed an improved dynamic ID‐based remote user authentication with key agreement scheme for mobile and home networks. They claimed that their scheme was more secure than the scheme of Wang et al. However, we demonstrate that their scheme is vulnerable to the privileged insider, off‐line password guessing, impersonation, and server spoofing attacks. At the same time, it does not provide any user anonymity and forward secrecy property. Thus, it is not feasible for real‐life implementation.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvement of robust smart‐card‐based password authentication scheme

Smart‐card‐based password authentication scheme is one of the commonly used mechanisms to prevent unauthorized service and resource access and to remove the potential security threats over the insecure networks and has been investigated extensively in the last decade. Recently, Chen et al. proposed a smart‐card‐based password authentication scheme and claimed that the scheme can withstand offline password guessing attacks even if the information stored in the smart card is extracted by the adversary. However, we observe that the scheme of Chen et al. is insecure against offline password guessing attacks in this case. To remedy this security problem, we propose an improved authentication protocol, which inherits the merits of the scheme of Chen et al. and is free from the security flaw of their scheme. Compared with the previous schemes, our improved scheme provides more security guarantees while keeping efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Security and key management in IoT‐based wireless sensor networks: An authentication protocol using symmetric key

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of hundreds of miniature sensor nodes to sense various events in the surrounding environment and report back to the base station. Sensor networks are at the base of internet of things (IoT) and smart computing applications where a function is performed as a result of sensed event or information. However, in resource‐limited WSN authenticating a remote user is a vital security concern. Recently, researchers put forth various authentication protocols to address different security issues. Gope et al presented a protocol claiming resistance against known attacks. A thorough analysis of their protocol shows that it is vulnerable to user traceability, stolen verifier, and denial of service (DoS) attacks. In this article, an enhanced symmetric key‐based authentication protocol for IoT‐based WSN has been presented. The proposed protocol has the ability to counter user traceability, stolen verifier, and DoS attacks. Furthermore, the proposed protocol has been simulated and verified using Proverif and BAN logic. The proposed protocol has the same communication cost as the baseline protocol; however, in computation cost, it has 52.63% efficiency as compared with the baseline protocol.     

Cryptanalysis and improvement of a three‐party password‐based authenticated key exchange protocol with user anonymity using extended chaotic maps

Three‐party password‐authenticated key exchange (3PAKE) protocols allow two clients to agree on a secret session key through a server via a public channel. 3PAKE protocols have been designed using different arithmetic aspects including chaotic maps. Recently, Lee et al. proposed a 3PAKE protocol using Chebyshev chaotic maps and claimed that their protocol has low computation and communication cost and can also resist against numerous attacks. However, this paper shows that in spite of the computation and communication efficiency of the Lee et al. protocol, it is not secure against the modification attack. To conquer this security weakness, we propose a simple countermeasure, which maintains the computation and communication efficiency of the Lee et al. protocol. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Smart card–based password authenticated key agreement protocol using chaotic maps

In 2015, Lee proposed time stamp–based and nonce‐based password authenticated key agreement protocols based on the Chebyshev chaotic map to enhance the security of relevant schemes. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that Lee's protocols are vulnerable to user impersonation and stolen verifier attacks. To overcome these security problems, we thus provide an improved version using a smart card. Security analysis and comparisons show that the proposed protocol is more secure and maintains better performance. Furthermore, we perform a formal verification of the proposed protocol using the widely accepted AVISPA tool for error detection.     

Cryptanalysis and improvement of ‘a robust smart‐card‐based remote user password authentication scheme’

With the use of smart card in user authentication mechanisms, the concept of two‐factor authentication came into existence. This was a forward move towards more secure and reliable user authentication systems. It elevated the security level by requiring a user to possess something in addition to know something. In 2010, Sood et al. and Song independently examined a smart‐card‐based authentication scheme proposed by Xu et al. They showed that in the scheme of Xu et al., an internal user of the system can turn hostile to impersonate other users of the system. Both of them also proposed schemes to improve the scheme of Xu et al. Recently, Chen et al. identified some security problems in the improved schemes proposed by Sood et al. and Song. To fix these problems, Chen et al. presented another scheme, which they claimed to provide mutual authentication and withstand lost smart card attack. Undoubtedly, in their scheme, a user can also verify the legitimacy of server, but we find that the scheme fails to resist impersonation attacks and privileged insider attack. We also show that the scheme does not provide important features such as user anonymity, confidentiality to air messages, and revocation of lost/stolen smart card. Besides, the scheme defies the very purpose of two‐factor security. Furthermore, an attacker can guess a user's password from his or her lost/stolen smart card. To meet these challenges, we propose a user authentication method with user anonymity. We show through analysis and comparison that the proposed scheme exhibits enhanced efficiency in contrast to related schemes, including the scheme of Chen et al. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3G移动通信系统的认证和密钥协商协议的技术研究

第三代移动通信系统（3G）是一个在全球范围内覆盖与使用的网络系统,它向用户提供高质量多媒体通信,不仅支持传统的话音与数据业务,还支持交互式业务与分布式业务,如多媒体业务、电子商务、电子贸易、网上银行,以及互联网服务等多种信息服务。这样一来各种机密的、敏感的、隐私的数据传输量会大大增加,这种全新的业务环境便对网络系统的安...     

一种自证明身份密钥协商协议的研究

针对Diffie-Hellman密钥协商协议易受中间人（man in the middle）攻击的问题，提出了一种自证明身份的密钥协商协议，阐述了密钥交换原理，分析了其安全性和实现的关键技术。该协议将RSA与离散对数相结合，使通信双方在不需对方公开密钥证书，不需数字签名，也不需密钥分配中心（KDC）的条件下进行双向身份认证，并同时产生共享的会话密钥，具有一定实用价值。     

Identity-based efficient authentication and key agreement protocol for mobile Internet

For the bad computation overhead of bi1inear pairings in e11iptic curve and the prob1ems of certificate management in the PKI，an efficient and secure authentication key agreement protoco1 was proposed based on the identity-based cryptosystem and GDH difficu1t prob1em on the additive group of e11iptic curve.Meanwhi1e，the security of the new protoco1 was proved under the random orac1e mode1.The ana1ysis shows that the new protoco1 meets security properties such as known session key security，perfect forward security，ephemera1 secret 1eakage resistance and the session key escrow resistance.The proposed protoco1 has the good computationa1 overhead for it was ab1e to comp1ete the mutua1 authentication and session key agreement between parties under on1y 5 times sca1ar mu1tip1ication.     

An enhanced anonymous and unlinkable user authentication and key agreement protocol for TMIS by utilization of ECC

The telecare medicine information systems (TMISs) not only help patients to receive incessant health care services but also assist the medical staffs to access patients' electronic health records anytime and from anywhere via Internet. Since the online communications are exposed to numerous security threats, the mutual authentication and key agreement between patients and the medical servers are of prime significance. During the recent years, various user authentication schemes have been suggested for the TMISs. Nonetheless, most of them are susceptible to some known attacks or have high computational cost. Newly, an effective remote user authentication and session key agreement protocol has been introduced by Ravanbakhsh and Nazari for health care systems. Besides the nice contributions of their work, we found that it has two security weaknesses, namely, known session‐specific temporary information attack and lack of perfect forward secrecy. As a result, to overcome these deficiencies, this paper suggests a novel anonymous and unlinkable user authentication and key agreement scheme for TMISs using the elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC). We have evaluated the security of the proposed scheme by applying the automated validation of internet security protocols and applications (AVISPA) tool with the intention of indicating that our scheme can satisfy the vital security features. In addition, we have compared the proposed protocol with related schemes to show that it has a proper level of performance. The obtained results demonstrate that the new scheme is more preferable considering both efficiency and security criteria.