Magnetically recoverable chiral catalysts immobilized on magnetite nanoparticles for asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones

Novel heterogenized asymmetric catalysts were synthesized by immobilizing preformed Ru catalysts on magnetite nanoparticles via the phosphonate functionality and were characterized by a variety of techniques, including TEM, magnetization, and XRD. These nanoparticle-supported chiral catalysts were used for enantioselective heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones with very high enantiomeric excess values of up to 98.0%. The immobilized catalysts were easily recycled by magnetic decantation and reused for up to 14 times without loss of activity and enantioselectivity. Orthogonal nature of the present catalyst immobilization approach should allow the design of other superparamagnetic nanoparticle-supported asymmetric catalysts for a wide range of organic transformations.     

Self-supported heterogeneous catalysts for enantioselective hydrogenation

"Self-supported" catalysts were prepared by the reaction of bis-MonoPhos ligand with rhodium(I) metallic ion on the basis of molecular assembling through coordination. These polymeric metal-organic assemblies are insoluble in common organic solvents and, as a result, provide an excellent opportunity for running asymmetric catalysis heterogeneously. The application of the self-supported Rh(II) catalysts in the asymmetric hydrogenation of olefin derivatives afforded a variety of enantioenriched amino acid and amine derivatives with high yields and enantioselectivities. This strategy might provide a new direction in asymmetric catalysis, particularly for the development of practical heterogeneous asymmetric synthesis of optically active compounds.     

Chiral Frustrated Lewis Pair@Metal-Organic Framework as a New Platform for Heterogeneous Asymmetric Hydrogenation

Asymmetric hydrogenation, a seminal strategy for the synthesis of chiral molecules, remains largely unmet in terms of activation by non-metal sites of heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, as demonstrated by combined computational and experimental studies, we present a general strategy for integrating rationally designed molecular chiral frustrated Lewis pair (CFLP) with porous metal–organic framework (MOF) to construct the catalyst CFLP@MOF that can efficiently promote the asymmetric hydrogenation in a heterogeneous manner, which for the first time extends the concept of chiral frustrated Lewis pair from homogeneous system to heterogeneous catalysis. Significantly, the developed CFLP@MOF, inherits the merits of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, with high activity/enantio-selectivity and excellent recyclability/regenerability. Our work not only advances CFLP@MOF as a new platform for heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation, but also opens a new avenue for the design and preparation of advanced catalysts for asymmetric catalysis.     

Self-supported chiral catalysts for heterogeneous enantioselective reactions

The development of heterogeneous chiral catalysts for enantioselective reactions is highly desirable in order to overcome some drawbacks of homogeneous catalysts. Different from the conventional approaches by using various types of supports or biphasic systems for the recovery and reuse of homogeneous catalysts, a conceptually new strategy for heterogenization of homogeneous chiral catalysts, that is, a "self-supporting" approach, has been developed to use homochiral metal-organic coordination polymers generated by the self-assembly of chiral multitopic ligands with metal ions, and thus obviates the use of any support. In this concept article, the success of this "self-supporting" strategy will be exemplified in heterogeneous catalysis of asymmetric carbonyl-ene, sulfoxidation, epoxidation, and asymmetric hydrogenation reactions.     

A novel layered organic polymer-inorganic hybrid zinc poly (styrene-phenylvinylphosphonate)-phosphate immobilized chiral salen Mn(III) catalyst large-scale asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins

A novel layered organic polymer-inorganic hybrid zinc poly (styrene-phenylvinylphosphonate)-phosphate (ZnPS-PVPA) has been synthesized under mild conditions and diphenol-modified ZnPS-PVPA was used to successfully immobilize the chiral salen Mn(III) by axial coordination. The obtained heterogeneous chiral catalysts exhibited excellent activities and enantioselectivities using sodium periodate as an oxidant for asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins, especially for the epoxidation of α-methylstyrene (conversion: up to 97%; ee: exceed 99%). Moreover, these synthesized catalysts were relatively stable and could be expediently separated from the reaction system, and could be recycled at least ten times without obvious loss of activity and enantioselectivity. These novel catalysts could be efficiently used in large-scale reactions with the enantioselectivity being maintained at the same level, which offer a great possibility for application in industry.     

磺甲基化ZPS-IPPA轴向固载手性Salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂及催化烯烃环氧化反应

以聚(苯乙烯-异丙烯膦酸)-磷酸氢锆(ZPS-IPPA)为载体,对其苯环氯甲基化、磺酸化后与手性Salen Mn(Ⅲ)轴向配位,合成了一类新的固载型手性Salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂,采用FTIR,XPS,SEM,TEM,N2吸附等对催化剂表征.分别在次氯酸钠溶液和间氯过氧苯甲酸氧化体系中,考察了固载催化剂对苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、茚等非功能化烯烃不对称环氧化反应的催化性能,结果表明,与均相催化剂相比,对映体选择性明显提高.尤其在m-CPBA/NMO氧化体系中0℃反应12h,茚的环氧化物的转化率及ee值均达到99%以上.并且催化剂容易分离,回收使用5次仍能保持较好的催化性能.     

Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysis with Chiral Encoded Mesoporous Pt−Ir Films Supported on Ni Foam

The development of heterogeneous catalysts for asymmetric synthesis is one of the most challenging topics in chemistry, as it allows obtaining enantiomerically pure compounds. Recently, metal layers incorporating molecular chiral cavities, obtained by electroreduction of a metal source in the simultaneous presence of a non-ionic surfactant and asymmetric molecules, have been proposed for a wide range of applications, including enantioselective electroanalysis and electrosynthesis, as well as chiral separation. In contrast to this previous work, solely based on electrochemical phenomena, herein we designed and employed nanostructured chiral encoded Pt−Ir alloys, supported on high surface area nickel foams, as heterogeneous catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones. Fine-tuning the experimental conditions allows achieving very high enantioselectivity (>80%), combined with improved catalyst stability.     

Bridged silsesquioxanes containing a chiral diphosphine substructure. Catalytic properties in asymmetric hydrogenation

Bridged silsesquioxanes with asymmetric catalytic properties are described. These new silica-based materials are obtained by the sol-gel hydrolysis of an organosilylated chiral compound bearing rhodium-complexed diphosphine ligands. The incorporation of the organometallic species in various hybrid networks was achieved upon co-hydrolysis of the latter silylated ligands with TEOS or with 1,4-bis(trimethoxysilyl)benzene. These amorphous hybrids have been tested as enantioselective catalysts for the hydrogenation of (Z)α-(acetamido)cinnamic acid to the corresponding aminoacid and the results were compared with that obtained from the complexed precursor in homogeneous medium and related grafted silica. Enantioselectivities slightly higher than for homogeneous reaction were obtained in the case of the heterogeneous catalysts prepared by the direct hydrolysis of the rhodium-complexed diphosphine compound or by its co-hydrolysis with 1,4-bis(trimethoxysilyl)benzene. Conversely, a significant decrease in selectivity was observed when the organometallic species was immobilised in silica or grafted at the surface of silica.     

新型层状晶态聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯基膦酸)-磷酸锌铵有机聚合物-无机杂化材料的合成与表征

将苯乙烯-苯乙烯基膦酸共聚物、 二水合醋酸锌和磷酸二氢铵在温和的条件下反应, 通过调节无机磷酸盐和有机膦酸的比例, 合成了一系列有机聚合物-无机杂化材料聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯基膦酸)-磷酸锌铵. 通过FTIR, TG, XRD, SEM和TEM等手段对其进行表征并测试了其催化性能. 结果表明, 聚(苯乙烯-苯乙烯基膦酸)-磷酸锌铵是一种新型层状晶态的有机聚合物-无机杂化材料, 具有较高的热稳定性和特殊的多孔结构. 将其作为催化剂载体, 以芳香二胺作为连接基团, 轴向固载手性Salen Mn(Ⅲ)制备了多相催化剂, 并用于非功能化烯烃的不对称环氧化反应. 催化实验结果表明, 该催化剂在以m-CPBA/NMO为氧化体系催化α-甲基苯乙烯和茚的反应中显示出优良的催化性能, 如催化茚的e.e.值可达99%, 并且可以回收利用, 循环使用8次仍具有较好的催化活性, 具有潜在的工业应用价值.     

Catalytic enantioselective construction of tetrasubstituted carbons by self-assembled poly rare earth metal complexes

Rare earth metal-based enantioselective catalysts that can promote practical cyanation reactions of ketones and ketoimines were developed. These catalytic enantioselective tetrasubstituted carbon-forming reactions are useful platforms for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. ESI-MS and crystallographic studies of the asymmetric catalysts revealed that the active catalysts are polymetallic complexes produced through the assembly of modules. The higher-order structure of the polymetallic complexes has strong effects on catalyst activity and enantioselectivity. Controlling the higher-order structure of artificial polymetallic asymmetric catalysts is a new strategy for optimizing asymmetric catalysts. Recent progress in this approach is also described.     

Isoreticular chiral metal-organic frameworks for asymmetric alkene epoxidation: tuning catalytic activity by controlling framework catenation and varying open channel sizes

A family of isoreticular chiral metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs) of the primitive cubic network topology was constructed from [Zn(4)(μ(4)-O)(O(2)CR)(6)] secondary building units and systematically elongated dicarboxylate struts that are derived from chiral Mn-Salen catalytic subunits. CMOFs 1-5 were synthesized by directly incorporating three different chiral Mn-Salen struts into the frameworks under solvothermal conditions, and they were characterized by a variety of methods, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, PXRD, TGA, and (1)H NMR. Although the CMOFs 1 vs 2 and CMOFs 3 vs 4 pairs were constructed from the same building blocks, they exhibit two-fold interpenetrated or non-interpenetrated structures, respectively, depending on the steric sizes of the solvents that were used to grow the MOF crystals. For CMOF-5, only a three-fold interpenetrated structure was obtained due to the extreme length of the Mn-Salen-derived dicarboxylate strut. The open channel and pore sizes of the CMOF series vary systematically, owing to the tunable dicarboxylate struts and controllable interpenetration patterns. CMOFs 1-5 were shown to be highly effective catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation of a variety of unfunctionalized olefins with up to 92% ee. The rates of epoxidation reactions strongly depend on the CMOF open channel sizes, and the catalytic activities of CMOFs 2 and 4 approach that of a homogeneous control catalyst. These results suggest that, although the diffusion of bulky alkene and oxidant reagents can be a rate-limiting factor in MOF-catalyzed asymmetric reactions, the catalytic activity of the CMOFs with large open channels (such as CMOFs 2 and 4 in the present study) is limited by the intrinsic reactivity of the catalytic molecular building blocks. The CMOF catalysts are recyclable and reusable and retain their framework structures after epoxidation reactions. This work highlights the potential of generating highly effective heterogeneous asymmetric catalysts via direct incorporation of well-defined homogeneous catalysts into framework structures of MOFs.     

Ordered Mesoporous Silica as Supports in the Heterogeneous Asymmetric Catalysis

Enantioselective synthesis of organic compounds has been studied by homogeneous catalysts for several years. However, these catalysts have yet to make a significant impact on industrial scales for fine chemical synthesis. A primary reason is the designing of a homogeneous asymmetric catalyst, which requires relatively bulky ligands and catalyst recovery and recycling often causes problems. One of the convincing ways to overcome this problem is to immobilise the asymmetric catalyst onto a solid support and the resulting heterogeneous asymmetric catalyst system can, in principle, be readily re-used. A large number of supports such as inorganic oxides including zeolites, alumina, zirconia, silica and organic polymers have been employed as supports in heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis. Therefore, in this review article we have summarized the work done by us in our laboratory on the immobilization of chiral transition metal complexes such as Ru, Ir, Mn and Ti onto ordered mesoporous silica and its asymmetric catalysis. All these immobilized catalysts were well characterized by different physicochemical techniques to confirm the structural retention of the support as well as the active metal complex after immobilization. This report includes our asymmetric catalytic investigations in enantioselective reactions such as hydrogenation of ketones, olefins, oxidation of sulfides and oxidative kinetic resolution of alcohols and sulfoxides through immobilized heterogeneous catalyst systems.     

Synthesis and characterization of Co (II) and Fe (III) Schiff base complexes grafted onto mesoporous MCM-41: A heterogeneous and recyclable nanocatalysts for the selective oxidation of sulfides and oxidative coupling of thiols

Novel organic–inorganic hybrid heterogeneous catalysts containing cobalt(II) and iron(III) Schiff base complexes, grafted on the internal surface of MCM-41 pores were prepared by introducing a metal salt into a mesoporous silica functionalized with a Schiff base ligand. The chemical and physical properties of the catalysts were investigated by BET, TGA, XRD, FT-IR, and TEM techniques. These complexes were found to be efficient, selective catalysts for the oxidation of various sulfides to sulfoxides and oxidative coupling of thiols to their corresponding disulfides with urea hydrogen peroxide in excellent yield at room temperature. The designed catalytic system prevents effectively the overoxidation of sulfides and thiols to sulfoxides and sulfones, respectively. Also the heterogeneous catalysts can be recovered easily and reused many times without significant loss of activity and selectivity.     

手性自负载催化剂研究新进展

催化剂的负载和回收再利用是提高其使用效率、降低反应成本和减少金属离子对产物污染的一条有效途径。与传统的负载模式不同, 手性自负载催化剂通过含双或多官能团的手性配体与金属通过自组装形成一类有机-无机聚合物,因此无需使用任何载体,即能够有效地实现手性催化剂的回收和再利用。近年来,手性自负载催化剂作为一种新的负载模式,已经成功地应用于一些非均相催化的不对称反应中。本文概述了手性自负载催化剂的在一些不对称催化反应研究中取得的新进展。     

Highly efficient heterogeneous polymer-supported Sharpless alkene epoxidation catalysts

More widespread, and cost effective, use of soluble transition metal complex asymmetric catalysts would be achieved if highly efficient heterogeneous analogues could be developed. We now report the synthesis of branched/crosslinked poly(tartrate ester)s and their use as heterogeneous ligands for the complexation of Ti(OⁱPr)₄, and use of the resulting insoluble catalysts in the asymmetric epoxidation of a range of trans-allylic alcohols employing t-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) as the oxidant. Isolated yields of epoxides of up to 80%, with enantiomeric excesses up to 98% have been achieved. Removal and recovery of the polymer catalyst is by simple filtration at the end of reactions. The influence of the ratio of polymer-ligand–titanium, and the polymer backbone molecular architecture on the activity and enantioselectivity of the catalysts has been assessed. Typically polymer branching ratios of 3–11% and a polymer-ligand:titanium ratio of 2:1 yield the optimum results.     

A chemoenzymatic asymmetric synthesis of the hydroxy acid segment of schulzeines B and C

A chemoenzymatic asymmetric synthesis of the title compound was developed by a building-block approach. The key steps of the synthesis were (i) an enantioselective lipase-catalyzed acylation of a secondary alcohol, (ii) an efficient diastereoselective addition of an alkyl-lithium reagent to a glyceraldehyde derivative, (iii) conversion of an epoxide to a one-carbon homologated allylic alcohol via a sulphorane addition, and (iv) a cross metathesis between two chiral allylic alcohols and subsequent functionalization to obtain the ethyl ester of the hydroxy acid unit of the schulzeines.     

Asymmetric Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation under Continuous‐Flow Conditions with Chiral Heterogeneous Catalysts

Catalytic asymmetric carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions provide one of the most efficient ways to synthesize optically active compounds, and, accordingly, many chiral catalysts for these reactions have been developed in the past two decades. However, the efficiency of the catalysts in terms of turnover number (TON) is often lower than that of some other reactions, such as asymmetric hydrogenation, and this has been one of the obstacles for industrial applications. Although there are some difficulties in increasing the efficiency, the issues might be solved by using continuous flow in the presence of chiral heterogeneous catalysts. Indeed, continuous‐flow systems have several advantages over conventional batch systems. Here we summarize the recent progress in asymmetric C? C bond‐forming reactions under continuous‐flow conditions with chiral heterogeneous catalysts.     

New heterogeneous polyoxometalate based mesoporous catalysts for hydrogen peroxide mediated oxidation reactions

Inorganic-organic hybrid mesoporous materials were prepared by cocrystallization of a "sandwich" type polyoxometalate, [ZnWZn2(H2O)2(ZnW9O34)2]12-, and branched tripodal organic polyammonium salts, tris[2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl]-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate or 1,3,5-tris[4-(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumethylcarboxyl)phenyl]benzene trications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed formation of three-dimensional perforated coral-shaped amorphous materials with the organic cations surrounding polyoxometalate anions. N2 sorption analysis showed that the hybrid materials have a BET surface area of approximately 30-50 m2 g(-1) and an average pore diameter of 36 A leading to the classification of these materials as mesoporous materials with moderate surface areas. These hybrid materials behaved as very effective and selective heterogeneous catalysts for the epoxidation of allylic alcohols and oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The activity and selectivity of the heterogeneous catalysts based on the hybrid materials was similar to those of homogeneous catalysts based on the same [ZnWZn1(H2O)2(ZnW9O34)2]12- polyoxometalate.     

手性salen(Mn)催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应的研究进展

烯烃的不对称环氧化物通过选择性开环或者官能团的转化,可以生成一系列有价值的手性化合物,被广泛用作医药、农药、香料等精细化学品的合成中间体.手性Mn(salen)金属配合物被证明是烯烃不对称环氧化最有效的催化剂之一.本文综述了近年来均相手性Mn(salen)催化剂、有机聚合物固载的手性Mn(salen)、无机载体固载手性...     

Copper(II) complexes of 2-(pyridine-2-yl)imidazolidine-4-thione derivatives for asymmetric Henry reactions

The preparation of a new series of 2-(pyridine-2-yl)imidazolidine-4-thione derivatives is described. Their corresponding copper(II) complexes were found to be highly enantioselective catalysts for asymmetric Henry reactions (up to 98% ee). Immobilization of these complexes by anchoring onto Merrifield? resin with respect to their use as recyclable catalysts was subsequently performed. The heterogeneous catalysts prepared in this way were tested in the asymmetric Henry reactions and showed high catalytic activity; they can be easily recycled, although their enantioselectivities were only moderate (～50% ee).