Determination of Oleanolic, Betulinic and Ursolic Acid in Lamiaceae and Mass Spectral Fragmentation of Their Trimethylsilylated Derivatives

Phytochemical investigations of different species of Lamiaceae family (rosemary-Rosmarinus officinalis L., sage-Salvia officinalis L., winter savory-Satureja montana L., clary sage-Salvia sclarea L. and sticky sage-Salvia glutinosa L.), using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed. The studies were focused on oleanolic, betulinic and ursolic acid. Since oleanolic and ursolic acid are position isomers with very similar structures, the difficulties in their separation and identification have been reported by several authors. However, both compounds can be well distinguished by order of elution during gas chromatography and by intensities of the fragment ion signals in their mass spectra, where the retro-Diels-Alder reaction was primarily observed. A combination of ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, size exclusion chromatography, trimethylsilylation, and GC-MS resulted in simultaneous separation, identification and quantification of the mentioned compounds. The compounds have been identified by retention time and comparison of mass spectra with those of pure standards. The mass spectral fragmentation behavior of all three derivatised acids was investigated. The obtained characteristic fragment patterns are discussed in the presented work. Good linearity over the concentration range 1–50 mg L⁻¹ for all three compounds was confirmed. The correlation coefficients (r ² ) were in the range of 0.9980–0.9983. Quantitative analyses of different Lamiaceae extracts showed that the oleanolic acid content ranged from 0.09 to 0.9% dry weight, content of betulinic acid ranged from traces to 0.6%, and that of ursolic acid varied from 0.09 to 1.6% dry weight.     

Rapid Determination of Aristolochic Acids I and II in Some Medicinal Plants by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Aristolochic acids (AA) are toxic components of Aristolochia plants which result in diseases of the kidney such as urothelial cancer. It is, therefore, essential to monitor the amount of aristolochic acid in herbal medicines. In this study a reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for rapid determination of aristolochic acids I and II. Baseline separation was achieved within five minutes by use of an ODS C₁₈ column with methanol–water, 60:40, as mobile phase. Two kinds of aristolochic acid were successfully determined in 31 herbal samples of Aristolochia fangchi Wu and Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis. The results indicated that in most samples the aristolochic acid I content is much higher than that of aristolochic acid II. The two kinds of aristolochic acid were not detected in Aristolochia fangchi from the Guangdong region, so Aristolochia fangchi from this region is recommended for use in herbal remedies.     

GC-MS同时测定番石榴叶中的齐墩果酸和熊果酸

建立了测定番石榴叶中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）方法.以双（三甲硅烷）三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）为衍生化试剂,将齐墩果酸和熊果酸制成三甲基硅烷衍生物后,在DB-5 MS毛细管柱上进行分离.柱升温程序为：柱初温100 ℃,恒温保持2 min, 以10 ℃/min的速度升温至300 ℃,保持14 min.通过与标准样品对照比较保留时间和质谱确认样品中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的色谱峰.以峰面积进行定量测定,齐墩果酸和熊果酸的线性范围分别为4.1～102 μg/mL和4.7～114 μg/mL,回收率分别为77.1%和89.4%,6次平行测定的相对标准偏差分别为3.7%和3.5%.     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定中药材中齐墩果酸与熊果酸的含量

建立了一种同时检测中药材中齐墩果酸(OA)和熊果酸(UA)含量的超高效液相色谱串联质谱方法。采用超高效液相色谱-三级四极杆质谱(UPLC-TQMS)法对样品进行测定,Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C_(18)色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)进行分离,以乙腈-5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液(氨水调至pH 9.24)为流动相,梯度洗脱;负离子模式下检测。结果表明,齐墩果酸和熊果酸在0.5~50.0 ng/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r~2)分别为0.999 8和0.999 7;检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.006 6,0.012 8 ng/mL,定量下限(S/N=10)分别为0.002 0,0.003 8 ng/mL;对OA和UA进行加标回收实验,平均回收率分别为101.1%和100.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)分别为1.8%和0.04%。对10种不同中药材中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量进行检测,结果表明该方法快速简便、准确度高、重现性好,可用于含有齐墩果酸和熊果酸的中药材含量测定。     

土壤中绿黄隆残留量分析方法的研究

本文确立了土壤中绿黄隆残留量的间接气相色谱分析方法，用０．１５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＨＣＯ３提取土样，二氯甲烷洗涤初步纯化后，在水浴上加热水解，再用二氯甲烷萃取，弗罗里硅土柱净化，最后用气相色谱－电子捕获检测器检测水解产物邻氯苯磺酰胺。土壤中添加回收率７８．５％－９０．８％，检测极限０．３ｎｇ／ｇ。     

界面衍生化气相色谱法测定葡萄酒中总有机酸

利用离子交换树脂分离、富集葡萄酒中总有机酸并直接在树脂界面上乙酯化,结合气相色谱／质谱法,鉴定并分析了葡萄酒中２１种有机酸。     

气相色谱法测定水生植物中的阿特拉津残留

确立了一套检测水生植物中阿特拉津残留量的方法.样品经石油醚-二氯甲烷混合液振荡萃取,经硅镁吸附剂层析柱净化后,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测水生植物中阿特拉津的残留量.该方法在0.062～1.0mg/L范围内峰面积与阿特拉津浓度的线性关系良好(r~2=0.9993).在0.5mg/L、1.0mg/L、1.5mg/L ...     

气相色谱/质谱法测定空气中痕量偏二甲肼

建立了气相色谱/质谱法测定空气中痕量偏二甲肼的分析方法。以2-硝基苯甲醛为衍生化试剂,以含有衍生化试剂的甲醇溶液为吸收液,气体发生装置发生的偏二甲肼气样用吸收液直接吸收后,与衍生化试剂在甲醇中发生反应,对气体采样和衍生化反应条件进行了优化,考察了气相色谱/质谱法测定空气中痕量偏二甲肼的加标回收率为75%～92%;检出限(S/N=3)为0.019mg/L。采样2L时,最低检测浓度为9.5ng/m3。当采样流量为0.2L/min时,平均采样效率为99%。本方法灵敏快速,简便易行,可实现对空气中痕量偏二甲肼的检测。     

Determination of Oleanolic Acid In Ligustrum Lucidum and its Medicinal Preparation by Capillary Electrophoresis

ABSTRACT

A simple, rapid, accurate, selective and reproducible capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the assay of oleanolic acid in traditional Chinese herb Ligustrum lucidum and its medicinal preparation. The buffer solution used in this method was 10% acetonitrile and 0.010 M borax solution adjusted to pH 7.50 with 0.10M hydrochloric acid. The Effects of pH value and modifier on the migration behavior of oleanolic acid was investigated and a simulated equation as well as the apparent dissociation constant were obtained. The linear calibration range was 0.040-1.50 mg/ml(r=0.9979). The relative standard deviation of the migration time of oleanolic acid was 0.46% under the optimized conditions. The content of it in Ligustrum lucidum and a kind of Ligustrum lucidum-containing Chinese medicinal preparation was succesfully determined within 4 min.     

齐墩果酸与熊果酸结构修饰物的药理活性和构效关系研究进展

齐墩果酸(OA)和熊果酸(UA)均属于五环三萜类化合物,广泛存在于自然界中,具有多种显著的生物活性。本文综述了近年来齐墩果酸及熊果酸结构修饰物的药理活性和构效关系的研究进展。     

超声辅助HPLC法测定毛泡桐中乌索酸和齐墩果酸含量

采用超声辅助提取,建立了毛泡桐中乌索酸和齐墩果酸的反相高效液相色谱分析方法。色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为V(乙腈) V(甲醇) V(水) V(磷酸)=168 682 150 1.68,流量0.8 mL·min-1,检测波长210 nm,柱温25℃。乌索酸进样量在0.92~16.56μg时,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为97.8%,RSD为1.2%(n=6);齐墩果酸在0.50~9.00μg时,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 4),平均回收率为99.2%,RSD为1.5%(n=6)。该法操作简便、快速、准确,可用于毛泡桐中乌索酸和齐墩果酸含量的测定。     

快速气相色谱法测定蔬菜中菊酯类农药残留量

采用一种较快速，简单的方法测定蔬菜中菊酯类农药残留物。样本中农残经乙酸酯萃取，凝胶渗透色谱及固相提取净化后，用气相色谱－电子捕获检测器测定，色谱柱为ＨＰ－５小口长石英毛细管柱。本法对６种常用菊酯类农药的回收率范围为８９．６％－９９．７％，检测限为０．０４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。对同一批普施用菊酯类农药的白菜样本进行化验，本法跟美国食物及药品管理局农药残留标准测定方法所得结果非常吻合。     

High-Speed Separation of Oleanolic acid and Ursolic acid from the Fruit of Ligustrum Lucidum ait and Crataegus by Cyclodextrin-Modified Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography

ABSTRACT

A cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEKC) technique for determining oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait and Crataegus was developed. The two bio-active components were successfully separated within 4 minutes using a pH 8.5 sodium borate buffer containing 60mM SDS and 2mM γ-CD. The correlation coefficients of the linear calibration graphs for the analyses exceeded 0.9980. The effects of pH, SDS, γ-CD, sodium borate and temperature on separation were also investigated.     

Validation of HPLC Method for Analysis of Gamma-Aminobutyric and Glutamic Acids in Plant Foods and Medicinal Plants

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals and plays an important role in the suppression of neurons’ excitability. GABA is formed from the decarboxylation of glutamic acid (Glu), and both GABA and Glu could be considered as important biologically active food components. In the current study, we validated a HPLC method for concomitant detection of GABA and Glu in plant samples after derivatization with dansyl chloride. The validated method had high precision and a high recovery rate and was successfully used for GABA and Glu quantification in 55 plant foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals, pseudocereals, and nuts) and 19 medicinal plants. Vegetables were the most important dietary source of these amino acids, with the highest quantity of GABA found in potatoes—44.86 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) and yellow cherry tomatoes—36.82 mg/100 g FW. The highest amount of Glu (53.58 mg/100 g FW) was found in red cherry tomatoes. Analyzed fruits were relatively poor in GABA and Glu, and European gooseberry was the richest fruit with 13.18 mg/100 g FW GABA and 10.95 mg/100 g FW Glu. Cereals, pseudocereals, nuts, and legumes contain much higher amounts of Glu than GABA. The obtained results enrich the available information on the content of gamma-aminobutyric and glutamic acids in plant foods and could be used for the development of GABA-enriched functional foods.     

A Capillary GC Method Using Nitrogen Phosphorus Detection for Determination of Topiramate in Patients with Epilepsy

A new capillary gas chromatographic assay with nitrogen phosphorus detection for the determination of topiramate in the serum was developed and validated. The sample procedure included a liquid–liquid extraction of 0.1 mL of alkalized sample with ethyl acetate. The organic solvent was evaporated, and flash methylation of topiramate and internal standard 5-(p-methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin with trimethylanilinium hydroxide (0.07 mol L⁻¹ in methanol) was performed. The structure of derivatization product was confirmed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Validation experiments certified suitability of bioanalytical method in the monitoring of serum concentrations in epileptic patients. The limit of detection was found to be 1.69 μmol L⁻¹. The range of applicability and linearity was established from 4.35 to 69.62 μmol L⁻¹. The accuracy and precision reached acceptable values from 86.15 to 109.5% (recovery) respectively, values were from 2.19 to 11.03% (RSD). No interference was found from endogenous substances or studied antiepileptic drugs.     

Stepwise Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Flavonoids in Medicinal Plants

A simple, rapid, and automated method for the spectrophotometric determination of flavonoids in medicinal plants was developed using a stepwise injection manifold. The determination was based on formation of colored complexes of flavonoids with Al(III) in micellar media. Analytical characteristics of the determination were significantly improved when cetylpyridinium chloride was used as a micellar catalyst. It was found that the rate of colored complex formation of rutin with Al(III) increased (k = (1.8 ± 0.1) · 10⁴ min^?1mol^?2 L²) in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride. Under the optimum conditions, a linear response was found from 0.004 to 0.2% (volume of weight %). The detection limit (3s) was determined as 0.001% rutin versus the weight of the sample. The developed method was used for the analysis of different medicinal plants for flavonoids.     

Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography for Determination of Some Organophosphorus Pesticides

A simple and rapid solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method is presented based on activated charcoal–PVC fiber for determination of some organophosphorus pesticides from aqueous samples in direct mode SPME. After optimization of the experimental variables affecting SPME of the target compounds from aqueous solutions, the proposed method was applied to determine pesticides in fruit juice. The analytes in this procedure were preconcentrated for 15 min on the SPME fiber and subsequently desorbed by heating the fiber at 200 °C for 5 min in the GC injection port. Separation was on a capillary column GC followed by flame ionization detection. Recoveries of the pesticides studied in aqueous samples ranged 42%–63% and repeatability for all analytes was < 9% for a single fiber. Fiber-to-fiber reproducibility was < 18%.     

中药中有机磷农药残留量的毛细管气相色谱测定方法

建立了同时测定中药中8种有机磷农药残留量的前处理及其毛细管气相色谱测定法 ,选用氮磷检测器和SPB -1701毛细管柱,以丙酮 -石油醚混合溶剂提取残留农药。结果表明 :敌百虫、敌敌畏、甲胺磷、二嗪农、乐果、马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷和对硫磷8种农药在25min内有良好的分离 ;3个不同浓度的标准添加 ,其回收率范围为74.96 %～116.8 % ,相对标准偏差范围为0.71 %～16.91 % ;检出限范围为1.1×10-2～3.36×10-1 pg。该法具有灵敏度高、选择性强、操作简便、重现性好、适用性广等特点 ,有着良好的应用前景。     

Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Using Sep-Pak Cartridges and Gas Chromatography

Methods are described for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons at levels of parts per billion in water and nonaqueous environmental samples by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. C₁₈, Florisil, alumina N and silica Sep-Pak cartridges were compared to evaluate their cleanup ability. The accuracy of the results of this analytical technique was proved by the analysis of a certified reference material (lake sediment EC-2).