植物细胞质雄性不育的分子机理研究进展

对细胞质雄性不育(CMS)的研究不仅在杂种优势利用上具有重要的实践意义,而且在研究核质互作方面具有重要理论意义,文中主要从CMS的胞质基因载体和核基因组对CMS的影响两个方面综述了近年来植物CMS分子机理的研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了讨论.     

水稻雄性不育的分子机理

从细胞质雄性不育和细胞核雄性不育2个方面概述水稻雄性不育相关基因及导致不育的分子机理.     

马协细胞质雄性不育水稻线粒体能量释放特征

测定了马协细胞质雄性不育系马其保持系水稻线粒体能量释放热谱和ＤＳＣ曲线,探讨了它们在恒温和变温条件下能量释放规律和特性。结果表明马协细胞质雄性不育水稻线粒体在其能量释放过程中放热量较大,能垒较高且机制较为复杂,故其能量释放速率则较其可育系小。     

植物细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复机理研究进展

植物细胞质雄性不育(Cytoplasmic Male Sterility,CMS)是一种母性遗传现象,表现为不能产生正常功能的花粉.大量研究表明线粒体基因发生分子内或分子间的重组形成嵌合基因,这些嵌合基因的表达产物对线粒体产生毒性,导致了线粒体功能异常,从而导致雄性不育.恢复基因(Restorer of fertility,Rf)对CMS育性的恢复表现为多重效应,即同一物种中存在多个同源的Rf基因,而且对CMS育性恢复的效应和作用方式不同.绝大多数Rf包含不同数目的PPR(Pentatricopeptide Repeat)基序,这些基序形成亲水性的超螺旋结构.Rf对CMS育性恢复的调控是多样的,有的改变CMS相关的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的结构;有的对线粒体RNA转录本进行加工和编辑;有的影响线粒体蛋白质的丰度.     

水稻马协细胞质雄性不育及其保持系线粒体体外热分析

以新选育出的水稻细胞质雄性不育系马协Ａ及其相应保持系协青早为材料,分别从它们黄化苗中提取线粒体。一方面于体外测定线粒体能量代谢谱,进行热化学分析,得到一系列热力学参数和动力学参数,建立起反映线粒体体外能量代谢模式的热动力学方程,通过对不育系和保持系的比较发现,不育系线粒体在能量释放大小,代谢时间,能量代谢阶段的复杂性上明显低于保持系,从而得出不育系线粒本能量代谢水平低,造成供能匮乏从而导致不育;同     

水稻马协细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体体外热分析

以新选育出的水稻细胞质雄性不育系马协Ａ及其相应保持系协青早（简称马协Ｂ）为材料,分别从它们黄化苗中提取线粒体．一方面于体外测定线粒体能量代谢谱,进行热化学分析,得到一系列热力学参数和动力学参数,建立起反映线粒体体外能量代谢模式的热动力学方程．通过对不育系和保持系的比较发现,不育系线粒体在能量释放大小、代谢时间、能量代谢阶段的复杂性上明显低于保持系,从而得出不育系线粒体能量代谢水平低,造成供能匮乏从而导致不育;同时进行线粒体ＤＳＣ（差示扫描量热法）分析,发现不育系能量代谢的释活能（Ｅ）、释活指数（ｎ）明显比相应保持系高,从而可得出,不育系能量代谢水平低,形成原因可能是不育系线粒体中参与能量代谢的酶系统活性较低．     

正常和细胞质雄性不育水稻线粒体DNA限制性内切酶的酶切图谱分析

从N,cms-WA,cms-BT和cms-RL四种不同细胞质源的水稻中制备线粒体DNA。用限制性内切酶Pst Ⅰ,Hind Ⅲ和Xho Ⅰ等酶切线粒体DNA经琼脂糖凝胶电泳,发现水稻N,cms-WA,cms-BT和cms-RL细胞质确有不同的线粒体DNA,不同的保持系之间也存着一定的差异。水稻线粒体DNA最小分子的大小在195～245kb之间。     

光周期敏感细胞质雄性不育小麦的初步研究

选用属Ｄ＾２型细胞质粗厚山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｃｒａｓｓａ）、牡山羊草（Ａｅ．ｊｕｖｅｎａｌｉｓ）和瓦维洛夫山羊草（Ａｅ．ｖａｖｉｌｏｖｉｉ）分别与普通小麦（Ｔｒ．ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）品种鄂恩１号、ＮＰＦＰ和白皮２２４连续回交进行核转换组配的９个异质系（即核质杂种）和核供体品种鄂恩１号、ＮＰＦＰ和白皮２２４，于分蘖始期（叶原基期）和拔节始期（小花分化期）分别置于１５．５－１６ｈ和２４ｈ长光照下，以     

分子标记鉴定红莲型细胞质雄性不育杂交水稻组合及其亲本

利用RAPD分子标记对红莲型细胞质雄性不育(HL—CMS)杂交水稻组合及其亲本进行了DNA多态性分析。从124个随机引物中筛选出具有非常明显的多态性，且只能扩增出1～5个片段的4个引物能有效地区分和鉴定红莲型(HL)2个杂交水稻组合(粤泰系列，从广系列)的杂种及其亲本。     

K型小麦雄性不育系的细胞质效应

Ｋ质对杂种ＦＱ开花期旗叶的净光合速率和呼吸速率无不良影响,在与一定核作用下,能够提高净光合速率。     

The genetic and molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration in rice

Cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） is a maternally inherited characteristic found in many （〉150） plant species. CMS/restoration systems are useful tools for hybrid seed production, and are ideal models for study of the interactions between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. CMS/restoration systems in rice have been widely used for hybrid seed production, greatly contributing to the food supply. This article reviews the progress of the studies on the genetic and molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration in rice.     

Discovery of mitochondrial chimeric-gene associated with cytoplasmic male sterility of HL-rice

The mitochondrial genome libraries of HL-type sterile line (A) and maintainer line (B) have been constructed. Mitochondrial gene, atp6 , was used to screen libraries, due to the different Southern and Northern blot results between sterile and maintainer line. Sequencing analysis of positive clones proved that there were two copies of atp6 gene in sterile line and only one in maintainer line. One copy of atp6in sterile line was same to that in maintainer line; the other showed different flanking sequence from the 49th nucleotide downstream of the termination codon of atp6 gene. A new chimeric gene, orfH79 , was found in the region. orfH79 had homology to mitochondrial gene coxⅡ and orfH79, and was special to HL-sterile cytoplasm.     

Sequence analysis of the gene correlated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in rape-seed (Brassica napus) Polima and Shaan 2A

orf224 is a CMS-related mitochondrial gene discovered in Polima cytoplasm. Shaan 2A CMS line is the parent of the first rapeseed hybrid cultivar Qinyou No. 2that has been grown in many regions of China. In this work,genomic DNA of Polima CMS line and Shaan 2A CMS line were used as templates, two primers of specific oligonucleoamplification fragments were cloned into pGEM-T Easy vectors and DNA sequences were determined. The CMSassociated gene, orf224-1 present in Shaan 2A CMS line, has a sequence highly homologous to the orf224 of the Polima CMS line, except for one nucleotide at position +398. There were only one base (AAC→AGC) and one amino acid (Asn →Ser) differences between the two. The homologies of the two sequences in nucleotide and. amino acid were 99.9 % and 99.6%, respectively. It is concluded that orf224 in Polima CMS line and orf224-1 of Shaan 2A CMS line are the allele at the same locus in mitochondria.``     

Sequence analysis of the gene correlated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in rape-seed (Brassica napus) Polima and Shaan 2A

orf224 is a CMS-related mitochondrial gene discovered in Polima cytoplasm. Shaan 2A CMS line is the parent of the first rapeseed hybrid cultivar Qinyou No. 2 that has been grown in many regions of China. In this work, genomic DNA of Polima CMS line and Shaan 2A CMS line were used as templates, two primers of specific oligonucleotides at 5′ and 3′ ends were used, PCR was performed, the amplification fragments were cloned into pGEM-T Easy vectors and DNA sequences were determined. The CMS-associated gene, orf224-1 present in Shaan 2A CMS line, has a sequence highly homologous to the orf224 of the Polima CMS line, except for one nucleotide at position +398. There were only one base (AAC→AGC) and one amino acid (Asn →Ser) differences between the two. The homologies of the two sequences in nucleotide and amino acid were 99.9% and 99.6%, respectively. It is concluded that orf224 in Polima CMS line and orf224-1 of Shaan 2A CMS line are the allele at the same locus in mitochondria.     

Mapping of the nuclear fertility restorer gene for HL cytoplasmic male sterility in rice using microsatellite markers

Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) of a BC, population derived from Congguang 41A//Miyang 23/Congguang 41B was used to map the nuclear fertility restorer gene for Honglian (HL) cytoplasmic male sterility. One hundred and fifty-nine microsatellite primer pairs were screened for polymorphisms between the parents and between two bulks representing fertile and sterile plants. One microsatellite marker RM258 produced polymorphic products. The nuclear fertility restorer gene for HL cytoplasmic male sterility was mapped on chromosome 10, 7.8cM from RM258. The restorer gene may be clustered on chromosome.     

Studies of the energy release of mitochondria from sporophyte cytoplasmic male sterile rice by differential scanning calorimetry

The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) curves of the mitochondria isolated from two varieties of sporophyte cytoplasmic male sterile and their fertile lines of Yie Bai and Ma Xie type rice have been determined. The curves show that the energy is released continuously as temperature rise to 70°C. Some thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the energy release of the mitochondria have been obtained. The presented results showed that the mitochondria from cytoplasmic male sterile rice released more heat and they had higher energy barrier, less rate, and more complicated mechanism than that of their fertile lines in the energy release process. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Biography: Zhou Pei-jiang (1956-), male, PhD, Associate professor. Current resarch interest is in biophysical chemistry and environmental ecological chemistry     

栽培高粱叶绿体DNA的酶切片段分析

实验选取了具优良性状的高粱（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ）４品种、两细胞雄性不育系,采用改进的高盐低ＰＨ值法对其叶绿体ＤＮＡ进行提取,纯化、限制性内切酶酶切分析。结果表明,改进的高盐低ＰＨ值法无论在ＤＮＡ的得主及质量上都有一定的提高,足以满足ＲＦＬＰ或其他酶切方法的需要;高粱栽培品种间的叶绿体ＤＮＡ变异很少,反映了各族间极其相近的亲缘关系,在可育胞质品种与胞雄性不育系的叶绿体ＤＮＡ之间明显存在两类