Surface‐Polarity‐Induced Spatial Charge Separation Boosts Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting on GaN Nanorod Arrays

Photocatalytic overall water splitting has been recognized as a promising approach to convert solar energy into hydrogen. However, most of the photocatalysts suffer from low efficiencies mainly because of poor charge separation. Herein, taking a model semiconductor gallium nitride (GaN) as an example, we uncovered that photogenerated electrons and holes can be spatially separated to the nonpolar and polar surfaces of GaN nanorod arrays, which is presumably ascribed to the different surface band bending induced by the surface polarity. The photogenerated charge separation efficiency of GaN can be enhanced significantly from about 8 % to more than 80 % via co‐exposing polar and nonpolar surfaces. Furthermore, spatially assembling reduction and oxidation cocatalysts on the nonpolar and polar surfaces remarkably boosts photocatalytic overall water splitting, with the quantum efficiency increased from 0.9 % for the film photocatalyst to 6.9 % for the nanorod arrays photocatalyst.     

Surface-Polarity-Induced Spatial Charge Separation Boosts Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting on GaN Nanorod Arrays

Photocatalytic overall water splitting has been recognized as a promising approach to convert solar energy into hydrogen. However, most of the photocatalysts suffer from low efficiencies mainly because of poor charge separation. Herein, taking a model semiconductor gallium nitride (GaN) as an example, we uncovered that photogenerated electrons and holes can be spatially separated to the nonpolar and polar surfaces of GaN nanorod arrays, which is presumably ascribed to the different surface band bending induced by the surface polarity. The photogenerated charge separation efficiency of GaN can be enhanced significantly from about 8 % to more than 80 % via co-exposing polar and nonpolar surfaces. Furthermore, spatially assembling reduction and oxidation cocatalysts on the nonpolar and polar surfaces remarkably boosts photocatalytic overall water splitting, with the quantum efficiency increased from 0.9 % for the film photocatalyst to 6.9 % for the nanorod arrays photocatalyst.     

Heterogenization of Salen Metal Molecular Catalysts in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Integrating a molecular catalyst with a light harvester into a photocatalyst is an effective strategy for solar light conversion. However, it is challenging to establish a crystallized framework with well-organized connections that favour charge separation and transfer. Herein, we report the heterogenization of a Salen metal complex molecular catalyst into a rigid covalent organic framework (COF) through covalent linkage with the light-harvesting unit of pyrene for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The chemically conjugated bonds between the two units contribute to fast photogenerated electron transfer and thereby promote the proton reduction reaction. The Salen cobalt-based COF showed the best hydrogen evolution activity (1378 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹), which is superior to the previously reported nonnoble metal based COF photocatalysts. This work provides a strategy to construct atom-efficient photocatalysts by the heterogenization of molecular catalysts into covalent organic frameworks.     

光催化制氢研究进展

The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (PHER) has gained much attention as a promising strategy for the generation of clean energy. As opposed to conventional hydrogen evolution strategies (steam methane reforming, electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, etc.), the PHER is an environmentally friendly and sustainable method for converting solar energy into H₂ energy. However, the PHER remains unsuitable for industrial applications because of efficiency losses in three critical steps: light absorption, carrier separation, and surface reaction. In the past four decades, the processes responsible for these efficiency losses have been extensively studied. First, light absorption is the principal factor deciding the performance of most photocatalysts, and it is closely related to band-gap structure of photocatalysts. However, most of the existing photocatalysts have a wide bandgap, indicating a narrow light absorption range, which restricts the photocatalytic efficiency. Therefore, searching for novel semiconductors with a narrow bandgap and broadening the light absorption range of known photocatalysts is an important research direction. Second, only the photogenerated electrons and holes that migrate to the photocatalyst surface can participate in the reaction with H₂O, whereas most of the photogenerated electrons and holes readily recombine with one another in the bulk phase of the photocatalysts. Hence, tremendous effort has been undertaken to shorten the charge transfer distance and enhance the electric conductivity of photocatalysts for improving the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Third, the surface redox reaction is also an important process. Because water oxidation is a four-electron process, sluggish O₂ evolution is the bottleneck in photocatalytic water splitting. The unreacted holes can easily recombine with electrons. Sacrificial agents are widely used in most catalytic systems to suppress charge carrier recombination by scavenging the photogenerated holes. Moreover, the low H₂ evolution efficiency of most photocatalysts has encouraged researchers to introduce highly active sites on the photocatalyst surface. Based on the abovementioned three steps, multifarious strategies have been applied to modulate the physicochemical properties of semiconductor photocatalysts with the aim of improving the light absorption efficiency, suppressing carrier recombination, and accelerating the kinetics of surface reactions. The strategies include defect generation, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), element doping, heterojunction fabrication, and cocatalyst loading. An in-depth study of these strategies provides guidance for the design of efficient photocatalysts. In this review, we focus on the mechanism and application of these strategies for optimizing light absorption, carrier separation and transport, and surface reactions. Furthermore, we provide a critical view on the promising trends toward the construction of advanced catalysts for H₂ evolution.     

Covalent Triazine Framework Nanoparticles via Size-Controllable Confinement Synthesis for Enhanced Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis

For metal-free, organic conjugated polymer-based photocatalysts, synthesis of defined nanostructures is still highly challenging. Here, we report the formation of covalent triazine framework (CTF) nanoparticles via a size-controllable confined polymerization strategy. The uniform CTF nanoparticles exhibited significantly enhanced activity in the photocatalytic formation of dibenzofurans compared to the irregular bulk material. The optoelectronic properties of the nanometer-sized CTFs could be easily tuned by copolymerizing small amounts of benzothiadiazole into the conjugated molecular network. This optimization of electronic properties led to a further increase in observed photocatalytic efficiency, resulting in total an 18-fold enhancement compared to the bulk material. Full recyclability of the heterogeneous photocatalysts as well as catalytic activity in dehalogenation, hydroxylation and benzoimidazole formation reactions demonstrated the utility of the designed materials.     

Design of Advanced Functional Materials Using Nanoporous Single‐Site Photocatalysts

Nanoporous silica solids can offer opportunities for hosting photocatalytic components such as various tetra‐coordinated transition metal ions to form systems referred to as “single‐site photocatalysts”. Under UV/visible‐light irradiation, they form charge transfer excited states, which exhibit a localized charge separation and thus behave differently from those of bulk semiconductor photocatalysts exemplified by TiO₂. This account presents an overview of the design of advanced functional materials based on the unique photo‐excited mechanisms of single‐site photocatalysts. Firstly, the incorporation of single‐site photocatalysts within transparent porous silica films will be introduced, which exhibit not only unique photocatalytic properties, but also high surface hydrophilicity with self‐cleaning and antifogging applications. Secondary, photo‐assisted deposition (PAD) of metal precursors on single‐site photocatalysts opens up a new route to prepare nanoparticles. Thirdly, visible light sensitive photocatalysts with single and/or binary oxides moieties can be prepared so as to use solar light, the ideal energy source.     

Homogenous Boron‐doping in Self‐sensitized Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Visible‐light Photocatalytic Activity

We report a solvothermal approach for the preparation of homogeneously B‐doped self‐sensitized carbon nitride (B‐SSCN) composed of a core of B‐doped carbon nitride microspheres and a covalently linked shell of s‐triazine oligomers. Compared to the undoped structure, the obtained B‐SSCN photocatalyst exhibits an enhanced visible‐light activity, excellent stability for photocatalytic hydrogen generation due to a reduced band‐gap, enhanced charge‐separation efficiency, and better surface reactivity of B‐SSCN. This work provides a new strategy to uniformly insert heteroatoms into the polymeric carbon nitride framework for the development of metal‐free photocatalysts towards efficient production of solar fuels.     

A Bismuth‐Based Metal–Organic Framework as an Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalyst

A visible‐light‐responsive bismuth‐based metal–organic framework (Bi‐mna) is demonstrated to show good photoelectric and photocatalytic properties. Combining experimental and theoretical results, a ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfer (LLCT) process is found to be responsible for the high performance, which gives rise to a longer lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers. Our results suggest that bismuth‐based MOFs could be promising candidates for the development of efficient visible‐light photocatalysts.     

设计和制备能量转换和环境净化的高效异质结光催化剂

在过去的几十年中,光催化由于具有将太阳能转化为清洁氢化学能和降解各种污染物的广泛应用前景,因而引起了人们广泛关注.近期,很多研究表明,两个具有相匹配电子能级结构的半导体形成接触良好的异质结,可以有效地促进电荷转移和抑制光生电子(e–)和空穴(h+)的复合,从而显著提高光催化剂的活性和稳定性.本文主要讨论了异质结对半导体光催化剂的促进作用;分析了异质结对一些典型光催化剂如TiO2,ZnO和Ag基半导体等光催化性能的影响;讨论了异质结光催化剂的制备方法和对光催化过程影响的基本机理;最后,提出了设计和理解异质结促进光催化反应机理所面临的挑战.     

The Polarization Effect in Surface‐Plasmon‐Induced Photocatalysis on Au/TiO2 Nanoparticles

Controlling the interaction of polarization light with an asymmetric nanostructure such as a metal/semiconductor heterostructure provides opportunities for tuning surface plasmon excitation and near‐field spatial distribution. However, light polarization effects on interfacial charge transport and the photocatalysis of plasmonic metal/semiconductor photocatalysts are unclear. Herein, we reveal the polarization dependence of plasmonic charge separation and spatial distribution in Au/TiO₂ nanoparticles under 45° incident light illumination at the single‐particle level using a combination of photon‐irradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and electromagnetic field simulation. We quantitatively uncover the relationship between the local charge density and polarization angle by investigating the polarization‐dependent surface photovoltage (SPV). The plasmon‐induced photocatalytic activity is enhanced when the polarization direction is perpendicular to the Au/TiO₂ interface.     

表面组装钴物种同时促进Cd0.9Zn0.1S光催化剂的界面电荷分离和表面反应

利用人工光合成将太阳能转化为化学燃料是太阳能利用的重要途径,具有广阔的应用前景,其中,太阳能光催化分解水制氢是最为关键的反应之一.但是,大多数半导体光催化材料面临着光生电荷分离困难和表面催化反应速率慢等挑战.本文以具有可见光响应的半导体光催化剂Cd_0.9Zn_0.1S(CZS)纳米棒为研究模型,利用水热法成功在其表面上均匀地组装氧化钴物种(CoO_x),构建了多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x.扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜显示,表面组装的CoO_x物种均匀地覆盖在CZS纳米棒的整个表面上,形成了有序的CZS@CoO_x核壳多级异质结构.高分辨率透射电子显微镜进一步确认了氧化钴晶格间距与六方CZS的(002)晶面高度匹配,利于光生电荷在界面的分离和转移.稳态荧光光谱测试表明,与物理混合的样本相比,CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构表现出明显降低的荧光强度,说明多级异质结构能有效促进光生电子-空穴对的分离.时间分辨荧光光谱结果显示,CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构的平均光生电荷寿命明显增长,进一步确认了多级异质结构对光生电荷分离的作用.此外,电化学开路电位测量显示,增强的开路电压响应归因于多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x中致密的界面接触.电化学阻抗谱进一步确认,与没有形成致密界面结构的CZS-CoO_x和CZS/CoO_x相比,多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x的电荷转移电阻大幅度降低,从而确保了更快的界面电荷分离和转移.最后对CZS@CoO_x多级异质结构的光催化产氢活性进行了评价,发现其光催化产氢的性能远高于贵金属Pt/CZS光催化剂;进一步测量了CZS@CoO_x的表观量子效率,在420 nm处光催化产氢的表观量子效率为20%.此外,在多级异质结构CZS@CoO_x上进一步引入Pt助催化剂,可将表观量子效率进一步提升至37%.本文报道的这一简易可行的表面组装构建多级异质结构的策略有望在太阳能光催化领域发挥重要作用.     

BiOI@La(OH)3纳米棒异质结制备及其增强可见光催化去除NO性能

一维La(OH)3纳米棒具有特殊的电子结构和多功能特性,特别是作为半导体光催化剂引起了人们极大的兴趣.但La(OH)3禁带宽度较大,且只能吸收紫外光,所以光催化效率较低,可见光利用能力较差,限制了La(OH)3的实际应用.因此,需要开发一种高效的改进方法来提高La(OH)3的可见光催化性能.本课题组发展了一种有效的改进La(OH)3方法,通过简易的方法将BiOI纳米颗粒沉积在La(OH)3纳米棒上,有效增强了对可见光的吸收能力和光生载流子的分离能力.本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱(PL)、光电子能谱(XPS)、电子自旋共振(ESR)、N2吸附和元素分析等手段研究了BiOI@La(OH)3纳米棒异质结的构建原理及增强可见光催化性能的原因.XRD和XPS结果表明,通过简易化学沉积法原位构建了BiOI@La(OH)3异质结,并且在异质结中没有杂相生成.由SEM图像可见,原始La(OH)3由分散的一维纳米棒组成,平均直径为30–50 nm.通过BiOI与La(OH)3表面的紧密接触成功构建异质结,但BiOI纳米颗粒未改变La(OH)3纳米棒的形貌.由TEM和HRTEM图像可见,La(OH)3纳米棒的平均长度为30–50 nm,并且在BiOI@La(OH)3异质结中可以清晰看出BiOI和La(OH)3之间紧密接触的界面和晶格间距.N2物理吸附结果显示,随着BiOI量的增加,BiOI@La(OH)3异质结的比表面积增加,但孔体积未现明显变化.UV-Vis DRS结果显示,引入BiOI后明显促进了La(OH)3对可见光的吸收能力和利用效率,从而有利于增强可见光催化活性.通过理论计算分别得到BiOI和La(OH)3的价带和导带位置,表明具有非常匹配的能带结构可以促进BiOI光生电子的有效转移.可见光催化去除NO测试结果表明,BiOI@La(OH)3异质结的光催化活性高达50.5%,明显优于BiOI和La(OH)3.ESR测试结果显示,BiOI@La(OH)3异质结可见光催化活性中起主要作用的活性物种是?OH.结合表征结果,BiOI@La(OH)3纳米棒异质结可见光催化性能增强的原因主要有三个:(1)BiOI@La(OH)3异质结增大的比表面积有利于反应物和产物在催化剂表面扩散,同时可提供更多活性位点参与光催化反应;(2)禁带宽度影响光催化效率,当BiOI与La(OH)3达到合适比例时,既可以促进可见光吸收,也可以使光生电子具有较强还原能力;(3)BiOI@La(OH)3异质结有利于光生载流子的分离,从而显著提高其光催化活性.     

Aqueous Processable Two-Dimensional Triazine Polymers with Superior Photocatalytic Properties

Efficient and scalable production of high-quality and processable two-dimensional (2D) polymers are highly desired but have not yet been reported. Herein, we demonstrate a convenient noncovalent functionalization strategy for producing highly uniform, aqueous processable and semiconducting 2D triazine polymers. Experimental and theoretical analysis reveal that the aromatic amphiphilic 1-pyrenebutyrate can adsorb and intercalate into the interlayer of bulk crystalline covalent triazine framework (CTF) through noncovalent π-π stacking interaction between the pyrene moiety and the porous basal plane of 2D triazine polymer layer, which greatly facilitate the exfoliation of CTF in water in large scale. The as-prepared highly water-dispersible single-layer/few-layer 2D triazine polymer nanosheets can be easily processed into ultralight aerogels with a density of 5–15 mg cm⁻³, which can be further shaped into mechanically strong films upon simple compression. This noncovalent functionalization not only improve the dispersibility and processability of 2D triazine polymer, but also optimize its band structure and promote the photogenerated carrier separation via an interesting surface molecule doping effect, thus resulting in a remarkable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 1249 μmol h⁻¹ (24980 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and apparent quantum efficiency up to 27.2 % at 420 nm for the 2D triazine polymer, outperforming most metal-free photocatalysts ever reported.     

具有三维光催化活性表面的Cu掺杂ZnS纳米框架材料用于太阳能光催化产氢

太阳能转化为化学能被认为是当前能源和环境危机最具潜力的解决方案之一,但在设计和制备高效的、可持续的半导体光催化剂方面仍需研究者不懈努力.对半导体的组成、形貌进行重塑改性以提高光催化效率依然具有挑战性.本文通过结合替位掺杂、酸性环境化学刻蚀和硫化三步策略制备了Cu掺杂的ZnS纳米框架材料,旨在提高太阳能光催化产氢反应中的...     

Direct Solar‐to‐Electrochemical Energy Storage in a Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework

A covalent organic framework integrating naphthalenediimide and triphenylamine units (NT‐COF) is presented. Two‐dimensional porous nanosheets are packed with a high specific surface area of 1276 m² g^?1. Photo/electrochemical measurements reveal the ultrahigh efficient intramolecular charge transfer from the TPA to the NDI and the highly reversible electrochemical reaction in NT‐COF. There is a synergetic effect in NT‐COF between the reversible electrochemical reaction and intramolecular charge transfer with enhanced solar energy efficiency and an accelerated electrochemical reaction. This synergetic mechanism provides the key basis for direct solar‐to‐electrochemical energy conversion/storage. With the NT‐COF as the cathode materials, a solar Li‐ion battery is realized with decreased charge voltage (by 0.5 V), increased discharge voltage (by 0.5 V), and extra 38.7 % battery efficiency.     

CdS/聚合物梯形产氢光催化剂及其原位光照电子转移机制

氢气是公认的洁净、高效、可再生的能源载体,有望替代目前广泛使用的化石燃料.太阳能光催化产氢是实现高效、低成本、可持续生产氢能的一种途径.然而,单一组分光催化剂的性能受限于光生电子-空穴的快速复合,并且不能同时满足宽的太阳光吸收范围和强的氧化还原能力的要求,因此需要构建异质结来增强光生载流子的分离并保持高效光吸收和强氧化...     

Molecular Heterostructures of Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

Conjugated polymers have emerged as promising candidates for photocatalytic H₂ production owing to their structural designability and functional diversity. However, the fast recombination of photoexcited electrons and holes limits their H₂ production rates. We have now designed molecular heterostructures of covalent triazine frameworks to facilitate charge‐carrier separation and promote photocatalytic H₂ production. Benzothiadiazole and thiophene moieties were selectively incorporated into the covalent triazine frameworks as electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating units, respectively, by a sequential polymerization strategy. The resulting hybrids exhibited much improved charge‐carrier‐separation efficiency as evidenced by photophysical and electrochemical characterization. An H₂ evolution rate of 6.6 mmol g^?1 h^?1 was measured for the optimal sample under visible‐light irradiation (λ>420 nm), which is far superior to that of most reported conjugated‐polymer photocatalysts.     

Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase TiO2 by Improving the Specific Facet‐Induced Spontaneous Separation of Photogenerated Electrons and Holes

Recently, it has been proven that directional flow of photogenerated charge carriers occurs on specific facets of TiO₂ nanocrystals. Herein, we demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals in both photoreduction and photooxidation processes can be enhanced by selectively depositing Pt nanoparticles on the {101} facets, which strengthens spontaneously surface‐induced separation between photogenerated electrons and holes in the photocatalysis process. An optimal ratio of the oxidative {001} facets to the reductive {101} facets exists with regard to the photocatalysis of the faceted TiO₂ nanocrystals, and this is crucial for balancing the recombination and redox reaction rates of photogenerated electrons and holes. The present work might help us gain deeper insight into the relation between the specific surface of semiconductor photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activities and provides us with a new route to design photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity.     

共价三嗪框架复合Co单活性位点光催化制合成气

合成气是费托合成的关键原料,目前其主要是通过天然气重整或煤气化来制备,但是该制备过程需要苛刻的合成条件.光催化技术利用太阳能将CO2还原制备合成气是未来能源开发的重要研究方向.到目前为止,已经开发了许多用于生产合成气的光催化系统.然而,大多数催化体系使用昂贵的金属如Re和Ru作为光敏剂和或催化剂,利用非贵金属催化剂光催化还原CO2制合成气是实现环境可持续发展的一种有效方法.共价三嗪框架(CTF)由于具有可调节的光吸收性质、在分子水平上可调节的电子结构、高表面积和富氮结构,因而在光催化体系中具有明显优势.在此,我们设计了一种基于分子内异质结的CTF光催化CO2还原生成合成气体系,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振波谱(NMR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征证明了CTF内的分子内异质结,采用X射线多晶衍射(XRD)、比表面积及孔隙度分析(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等表征手段充分研究了CTF的组成、结构与光学性质.将所制备的CTF光催化剂应用于可见光催化还原CO2反应中,实验结果表明,基于分子内异质结的CTF在10 h内达到3303μmol g^-1(CO:H2=1.4:1)的合成气产率,相对于不具有分子内异质结的CTF催化体系,产率提高了3倍.时间分辨荧光发射衰减光谱、荧光光谱和瞬时光电流图谱等测试结果表明,分子内异质结极大提高了CTF内光生载流子的空间分离和转移效率.反应体系中自组装形成的吡啶Co配合物作为Co单活性位点可有效吸附和配位活化CO2分子.理论计算进一步证明含有分子内异质结结构的CTF能极大地促进电荷分离效率,从而实现催化性能的增强.这项工作不仅显示了CTF在光催化等领域潜在的应用前景,而且为合理设计基于CTF的光催化体系提供了新的见解.     

铋改性TiO2单晶光催化剂的制备及其完全去除酚类污染物

伴随着人类社会生产生活需要,工业污水中酚类物质的存在极易污染表面水、地下水甚至饮用水.然而,传统污水处理工艺无法对其实现完全去除,更因其稳定的化学结构和难降解特性,对生态系统和人类健康构成了巨大威胁.因此,寻求完全去除水体中酚类污染物是目前环境领域中重要的研究课题之一.二氧化钛因具有优越的物理、化学和光学性能,而被广泛应用于污染物降解研究,然而,传统TiO2光催化剂由于可见光吸收弱和光生电荷高复合率,导致污染物降解效率低,尤其是针对难降解有机污染物如酚类难以实现高效的去除.为此,本文通过引入铋纳米粒子作为TiO2单晶的改性剂,通过充分发挥铋纳米粒子的LSPR效应和TiO2单晶结构的高传导率,不仅有效地拓宽了TiO2的光响应范围(~2.8 eV),而且提高了光生电荷的分离效率,导致其优越的光催化行为.酚类污染物的降解实验表明,所合成的Bi-SCTiO2光催化剂在模拟太阳光照射下,能完全去除水体中的苯酚和对硝基酚,克服了现有以TiO2为基础的光催化剂无法实现酚类污染物完全去除的缺点.更重要的是,当使用环境水如自来水或矿泉水配制苯酚溶液,所制备的Bi-SCTiO2光催化剂仍能实现苯酚的高效降解(>98%);即使采用含有大量有机物质和微生物的长江水所配制的苯酚溶液,在模拟太阳光照射下,Bi-SCTiO2光催化剂对苯酚的降解率仍然高达96%.进一步研究发现,在各种无机离子如Na^+,K^+,Ca^2+,Cl^?,HCO3^?或SO4^2?(0.1 mM)的干扰下,制备的Bi-SCTiO2对苯酚降解率仍然高达98%以上.光催化循环实验表明,所制备的Bi-SCTiO2循环四次后,其对苯酚的降解率几乎保持不变,说明Bi-SCTiO2具有极好的循环稳定性.运用ESR和MS等分析手段,确定了酚类污染物降解的中间体结构、形态和降解路径,再结合Bi-SCTiO2催化剂的光电性能和自由基诱捕实验,提出了酚类污染物完全降解的机理.