A highly water-soluble disulfonated tetrazolium salt as a chromogenic indicator for NADH as well as cell viability

A highly water soluble disulfonated tetrazolium salt, 4-[3-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate sodium salt, was synthesized. The compound is reduced by NADH in good yields at neutral pHs in the presence of 1-methoxy PMS to produce the corresponding formazan dye that absorbs at 460 nm. The formazan is soluble to water at concentrations higher than 0.1 M. The tetrazolium salt thus proved to be useful as a sensitive chromogenic indicator for NADH. It is also applicable to cell proliferation assays as a cell viability indicator.     

Studies on the oxygen atom transfer reactions of peroxomonosulfate: Catalytic effect of hemiacetal

The reaction of peroxomonosulfate (PMS) with glycolic acid (GLYCA), an alpha hydroxy acid, in the presence of Ni(II) ions and formaldehyde was studied in the pH range 4.05–5.89 and at 31°C and 38°C. When formaldehyde and Ni(II) ions concentrations are ～5.0 × 10^?4 M to 10.0 × 10^?4 M, the reaction is second order in PMS concentration. The rate is catalyzed by formaldehyde, and the observed rate equation is (?d[PMS])/dt = (k′₂[HCHO][Ni(II)][PMS]²)/{[H⁺](1+K₂[GLYCA])}. The number of PMS decomposed for each mole of formaldehyde (turnover number) is 5–10, and the major reaction product is oxygen gas. The first step of the reaction mechanism is the formation of hemiacetal by the interaction of HCHO with the hydroxyl group of nickel glycolate. The peroxomonosulfate intermediate of the Ni‐hemiacetal reacts with another molecule of PMS in the rate‐limiting step to give the product. This reaction is similar to the thermal decomposition of PMS catalyzed by Ni(II) ions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 642–649, 2009     

Superoxide anion scavenging properties of fluvastatin and its metabolites.

We investigated the in vitro superoxide anion scavenging activities of fluvastatin and its metabolites. Fluvastatin showed dose-dependent superoxide anion scavenging activity in the NADH/phenazine methosulphate (PMS)/nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) system, and the effect was as potent as the reference antioxidant, trolox, which is a water-soluble alpha-tocopherol derivative. The superoxide anion scavenging activities of the major metabolites of fluvastatin (M2, M3, M4, M7) were also determined in this system. All of these metabolites showed the activity. In particular, M2 and M3, which possess a phenolic hydroxyl group at the 5 or 6-position of the indole moiety, respectively, showed 3 times stronger activities than that of fluvastatin. Further, we also determined the effects of fluvastatin, M2 and M3 on phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced superoxide anion generation in human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The compounds tested also showed a depressing effect on the amount of superoxide anion in this system. We suggest that fluvastatin and its metabolites have the potential to protect cells or lipids from oxidative modification mediated by superoxide anion.     

Kinetic evidence for the copper peroxide intermediate with two copper ions in proximity

The decomposition of caroate (peroxomonosulfate, PMS) is catalyzed by Cu(II) ions even at 5 × 10^?5 M in aqueous alkaline solution. The rate is second order in copper(II) ions concentrations and first order in [PMS]. The rate constant values are found to decrease with increase in hydroxide ion concentrations. The turnover number for the reaction is estimated as >1000. The experimental results suggest that the formation of peroxide type intermediate with two copper(II) ions is the rate‐determining step. This peroxide intermediate reacts with another molecule of PMS to give the products oxygen, SO and copper ions. The overall entropy of activation is positive with a value of ～20 cals/mol/K. The very high turnover number suggests that Cu(II) ion is one of the best catalysts for the decomposition of caroate ions in alkaline medium. The reaction also represents a system in which metal ion catalyzed decomposition of caroate does not involve radical intermediates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 439–443, 2006     

亚微米级Cu0/Fe3O4复合物多相催化过一硫酸盐降解有机污染物

过一硫酸盐催化活化技术因其可产生强氧化性活性氧化物种,可快速氧化降解并矿化有机污染物的优异性能而备受关注.本文成功制备了亚微米级Cu0/Fe3O4复合物,发现其能多相催化过一硫酸盐产生单线态氧降解有机污染物.首先,以CuCl2·2H2O,FeCl2·4H2O和FeCl3·6H2O为铜源和铁源,水合肼为还原剂,采用水热法在180oC反应24 h制备了亚微米级磁性Cu0/Fe3O4复合物.表征结果显示,所制材料为Cu0和Fe3O4的复合物,颗粒大小约为220 nm;单一相Cu0和Fe3O4晶体粒径分别为33.8和106.2 nm,而Cu0/Fe3O4复合物中Cu0和Fe3O4晶体粒径分别减为20.8和31.9 nm.这表明Cu0和Fe3O4复合降低了Cu0和Fe3O4晶体粒径,有利于Cu0和Fe3O4的分散.BET测试结果表明,Cu0/Fe3O4复合物比表面积为4.6 m2/g,与Cu0颗粒的(4.2 m2/g)相当,但远小于Fe3O4的(15.6 m2/g).制备的Cu0/Fe3O4复合物可有效催化过一硫酸盐产生单线态氧降解罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝、金橙II、苯酚和对氯酚.当Cu0/Fe3O4复合物的用量为0.1 g/L,过一硫酸盐浓度为0.5 mmol/L和初始pH为7时,Cu0/Fe3O4复合物可在30 min内完全降解20μmol/L的罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝、金橙II以及0.1 mmol/L的苯酚和对氯酚.对比试验显示,在相同条件下,Cu0和Fe3O4颗粒分别可以降解28%和20%的罗丹明B.这表明Cu0/Fe3O4复合物中的Cu0和Fe3O4晶体在催化过一硫酸盐降解污染物的反应中具有协同作用,这主要来源于Cu0/Fe3O4复合物中Cu0和Fe3O4的晶体粒径变小和更好的分散.采用分光光度法测定了降解反应液中铜和铁离子的溶出量.当Cu0/Fe3O4复合物的用量为0.1 g/L,过一硫酸盐浓度为0.5 mmol/L和初始pH为7时,反应60 min后,降解液中铜和铁离子的浓度分别为0.22和0.1 mg/L,仅占复合物中总铜和总铁量的1.1%和0.2%,表明Cu0/Fe3O4复合物具有较强的化学稳定性.所制Cu0/Fe3O4复合物具有超顺磁性,借助磁场实现快速分离回收,可循环利用五次,表明其优越的催化稳定性.通过加入乙醇和叠氮化钠,考察了Cu0/Fe3O4复合物催化活化过一硫酸盐体系中的活性氧化物种.发现100 mmol/L乙醇的加入对污染物的降解无明显影响,而加入同等量的叠氮化钠可完全抑制污染物的降解,表明Cu0/Fe3O4复合物催化活化过一硫酸盐产生的主要活性氧物种为单线态氧.采用电子顺磁共振谱进一步证实了单线态氧的生成.基于以上研究,Cu0/Fe3O4复合物催化活化过一硫酸盐的机理为Cu0/Fe3O4作为一个电子媒介加速过一硫酸盐和污染物之间的电子转移,从而导致污染物被快速降解.该反应机理不同于常见的金属催化过一硫酸盐产生硫酸根和羟自由基的反应机理.我们推测,电导性优良的Cu0在此催化反应中起着关键性作用.本催化方法可作为一种绿色的氧化技术用于环境污染物的氧化降解处理.     

Nickel peroxide: A more probable intermediate in the Ni(II)‐catalyzed decomposition of peroxomonosulfate

The Ni(II) ion catalyzed thermal decomposition of peroxomonosulfate (PMS) was studied in the pH range 3.42–5.89. The rate is first order in [PMS] and Ni(II) ion concentrations. At pH greater than or equal to 5.23, the reaction becomes zero order in [PMS] and this changeover in the order of the reaction occurs at a higher concentration of nickel ions. The first‐order kinetics in PMS can be explained as a rate‐limiting step and is the transformation of nickel peroxomonosulfate into nickel peroxide. This peroxide intermediate reacts rapidly with another PMS to give oxygen and Ni(II). The formation of nickel peroxide is associated with a small negative or nearly zero entropy of activation. The zero‐order kinetics in [PMS] can be explained by the fact that the hydrolysis of aquated nickel(II) ions into hydroxocompounds is the rate‐limiting step. The turnover number is 2 at pH 3.42 and increases with pH. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 320–237, 2007     

Surface sulfur vacancies enhanced electron transfer over Co-ZnS quantum dots for efficient degradation of plasticizer micropollutants by peroxymonosulfate activation

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation in heterogeneous processes is a promising water treatment technology. Nevertheless, the high energy consumption and low efficiency during the reaction are ineluctable, due to electron cycling rate limitation. Herein, a new strategy is proposed based on a quantum dots (QDs)/PMS system. Co-ZnS QDs are synthesized by a water phase coprecipitation method. The inequivalent lattice-doping of Co for Zn leads to the generation of surface sulfur vacancies (SVs), which modulates the surface of the catalyst to form an electronic nonequilibrium surface. Astonishingly, the plasticizer micropollutants can be completely degraded within only tens of seconds in the Co-ZnS QDs/PMS system due to this type of surface modulation. The interfacial reaction mechanism is revealed that pollutants tend to be adsorbed on the cobalt metal sites as the electron donors, where the internal electrons of pollutants are captured by the metal species and transferred to the surface SVs. Meanwhile, PMS adsorbed on the SVs is reduced to radicals by capturing electrons, achieving effective electron recovery. Dissolved oxygen (DO) molecules are also easily attracted to catalyst defects and are reduced to O₂^??, further promoting the degradation of pollutants.     

Sustainable activation of peroxymonosulfate by the Mo(IV) in MoS2 for the remediation of aromatic organic pollutants

Although MoS₂ has been proved to be a very ideal cocatalyst in advanced oxidation process (AOPs), the activation process of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is still inseparable from metal ions which inevitably brings the risk of secondary pollution and it is not conducive to large-scale industrial application. In this study, the commercial MoS₂, as a durable and efficient catalyst, was used for directly activating PMS to degrade aromatic organic pollutant. The commercial MoS₂/PMS catalytic system demonstrated excellent removal efficiency of phenol and the total organic carbon (TOC) residual rate reach to 25%. The degradation rate was significantly reduced if the used MoS₂ was directly carried out the next cycle experiment without any post-treatment. Interestingly, the commercial MoS₂ after post-treated with H₂O₂ can exhibit good stability and recyclability for cyclic degradation of phenol. Furthermore, the mechanism for the activation of PMS had been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The renewable Mo⁴⁺ exposed on the surface of MoS₂ was deduced as the primary active site, which realized the direct activation of PMS and avoided secondary pollution. Taking into account the reaction cost and efficient activity, the development of commercial MoS₂ catalytic system is expected to be applied in industrial wastewater.     

A natural manganese ore as a heterogeneous catalyst to effectively activate peroxymonosulfate to oxidize organic pollutants

Heterogeneous transition metal catalysts are indispensable in improving environmental pollution. However, their fabrication is often costly and cumbersome, and they can easily pollute the environment. This study proposed using a natural Gabonese ore (GBO) containing Mn_xO_y and Fe_xO_y as catalysts to degrade orange II (OII) via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The GBO + PMS system exhibited extraordinarily high stability and catalytic activity towards OII elimination (92.2%, 0.0453 min^?1). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the system were identified using radical scavenging tests and electron spin-resonance (ESR) analysis. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) represented the dominant reactive species for OII degradation, while the system presented a lower reaction energy barrier and was effective in a broad pH range (2–10). This work also proposed the activation mechanism for the GBO + PMS system and OII degradation pathways. This study revealed a new approach for exploring inexpensive, eco-friendly, efficient, and stable heterogeneous transition metal catalysts.     

Enhanced removal of phosphonates from aqueous solution using PMS/UV/hydrated zirconium oxide process

Traditional treatment processes cannot completely remove phosphonates in circulating cooling water by one-step method. Herein, we designed peroxymonosulfate/UV irradiation/hydrated zirconium oxide (PMS/UV/HZO) coupling process to enhance the phosphonates removal. In particular, nitrilotris-methylenephosphonic acid (NTMP) removal efficiency by PMS/UV/HZO process was much higher than that of PMS/UV process, UV/HZO process and other processes in comparison experiments. Specifically, almost 97.2% NTMP in water was degraded, and the total phosphorous (TP) reduced from 9.3 mg/L to 0.26 mg/L at pH 7 within 180 min. TP removal efficiency still reached above 90% after 5 cycles adsorption-desorption of HZO. Moreover, Clˉ, NO₃ˉ and SO₄²ˉ ions all had negligible effect on NTMP removal. During the process, NTMP was first destroyed to form phosphates and other intermediates by the reactive oxygen species (ROS), then phosphates were in situ immobilized via HZO adsorption. Sulfate radical (SO₄^??) has been confirmed to be the major ROS in the reaction system by quenching experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterization. And the excellent selective adsorption capacity of HZO for phosphate produced was attributed to the strong inner-sphere coordination between H₂PO₄ˉ/HPO₄²ˉ and Zr-OH on the surface of HZO. These results suggest that PMS/UV/HZO process is a promising technique for enhanced phosphonates decontamination.     

钴催化过一硫酸氢盐降解水中有机污染物:机理及应用研究

钴/过一硫酸氢盐(Co/PMS)是为了克服Fenton技术的诸多缺陷而基于类Fenton思路(过氧化物+过渡金属)建立起来的一种高级氧化技术。该体系具有Co用量少(μg/L数量级),产生的SO₄^-·氧化还原电位高,能够在广泛的pH范围(2-9)降解有机污染物,反应后不产生污泥等优点,在环境污染治理领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文从自由基链式反应、溶液pH、阴离子效应、光照条件、反应气氛及固液两相交换六个方面分析了Co/PMS体系降解水中有机污染物的机理,并在此基础上综述了Co/PMS (黑暗条件)、UV/Co/PMS、Vis/Co/PMS三类均相Co/PMS体系以及Co氧化物催化、Co负载催化两类非均相Co/PMS体系降解水中有机污染物的国内外研究进展,并就存在的问题提出了展望。     

Active oxygen species generated from photoexcited fullerene (C60) as potential medicines: O2-* versus 1O2

To characterize fullerenes (C(60) and C(70)) as photosensitizers in biological systems, the generation of active oxygen species, through energy transfer (singlet oxygen (1)O(2)) and electron transfer (reduced active oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion radical O(2)(-)* and hydroxyl radical *OH), was studied by a combination of methods, including biochemical (DNA-cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of active oxygen species), physicochemical (EPR radical trapping and near-infrared spectrometry), and chemical methods (nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) method). Whereas (1)O(2) was generated effectively by photoexcited C(60) in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and benzonitrile, we found that O(2)(-)* and *OH were produced instead of (1)O(2) in polar solvents such as water, especially in the presence of a physiological concentration of reductants including NADH. The above results, together with those of a DNA cleavage assay in the presence of various scavengers of specific active oxygen species, indicate that the active oxygen species primarily responsible for photoinduced DNA cleavage by C(60) under physiological conditions are reduced species such as O(2)(-)* and *OH.     

Hartree–Fock and density functional theory calculations for the reaction mechanism of nitric oxide reductase cytochrome P450nor from Fusarium oxysporum

A reaction mechanism of a nitric oxide reductase, cytochrome P450nor (P450nor) from Fusarium oxysporum, was clarified by using Density functional theory and Hartree–Fock calculations. In this reaction mechanism, molecular orbital (MO) analysis revealed that the NO ligand dissociates from the heme iron immediately after one-electron reduction by NADH, and MO energy analysis revealed that NADH acts as a one-electron reducer, not as a two-electron reducer, and that NADH has a pivotal role different from other one-electron reducers. The role of NADH is to act as a double one-electron donor (i.e. one-electron transfer occurring twice) and to combine with the NO⁻ molecule by charge recombination reaction. Our quantum chemical calculations indicated that all reactions occurring in the heme pocket are too fast to become rate-limiting. Therefore, the rate-limiting steps in the proposed reaction mechanism are the process of capturing NO and NADH into the heme pocket and the process of expelling a product generated in the heme pocket. Kinetics of these processes was discussed based on large-amplitude vibration, which helps capturing and expelling processes in a widely opened heme pocket of P450nor. The reaction mechanism proposed here well explains published experimental data.     

Site Engineering of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Regulating Peroxymonosulfate Activation to Generate Singlet Oxygen with 100 % Selectivity

Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is an excellent reactive oxygen species (ROSs) for the selective conversion of organic matter, especially in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). However, due to the huge dilemma in synthesizing single-site type catalysts, the control and regulation of ¹O₂ generation in AOPs is still challenging and the underlying mechanism remains largely obscure. Here, taking advantage of the well-defined and flexibly tunable sites of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), we report the first achievement in precisely regulating ROSs generation in peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based AOPs by site engineering of COFs. Remarkably, COFs with bipyridine units (BPY-COFs) facilitate PMS activation via a nonradical pathway with 100 % ¹O₂, whereas biphenyl-based COFs (BPD-COFs) with almost identical structures activate PMS to produce radicals (⋅OH and SO₄^.−). The BPY-COFs/PMS system delivers boosted performance for selective degradation of target pollutants from water, which is ca. 9.4 times that of its BPD-COFs counterpart, surpassing most reported PMS-based AOPs systems. Mechanism analysis indicated that highly electronegative pyridine-N atoms on BPY-COFs provide extra sites to adsorb the terminal H atoms of PMS, resulting in simultaneous adsorption of O and H atoms of PMS on one pyridine ring, which facilitates the cleavage of its S−O bond to generate ¹O₂.     

A Review of Manganese(III) (Oxyhydr)Oxides Use in Advanced Oxidation Processes

The key role of trivalent manganese (Mn(III)) species in promoting sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) has recently attracted increasing attention. This review provides a comprehensive summary of Mn(III) (oxyhydr)oxide-based catalysts used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) in water. The crystal structures of different Mn(III) (oxyhydr)oxides (such as α-Mn₂O₃, γ-MnOOH, and Mn₃O₄) are first introduced. Then the impact of the catalyst structure and composition on the activation mechanisms are discussed, as well as the effects of solution pH and inorganic ions. In the Mn(III) (oxyhydr)oxide activated SR-AOPs systems, the activation mechanisms of PMS and PDS are different. For example, both radical (such as sulfate and hydroxyl radical) and non-radical (singlet oxygen) were generated by Mn(III) (oxyhydr)oxide activated PMS. In comparison, the activation of PDS by α-Mn₂O₃ and γ-MnOOH preferred to form the singlet oxygen and catalyst surface activated complex to remove the organic pollutants. Finally, research gaps are discussed to suggest future directions in context of applying radical-based advanced oxidation in wastewater treatment processes.     

Application of polymaleimidostyrene as a convenient immobilization reagent of enzyme in biosensor

Sulfhydryl groups of glucose oxidase (GOD) were reacted with maleimide groups of polymaleimidostyrene (PMS) which was coated onto the porous carbon sheet, and the carbon sheet immobilized by GOD was combined with an oxygen electrode to fabricate a glucose sensor. The activity of thiolated GOD immobilized to PMS is much larger than that of native GOD immobilized to PMS. The good linear relationship of glucose and oxygen current response was obtained in a concentration range from 0.1 to 2 mM and upper limit of linear range was found to be 3.0 mM. The immobilized GOD activity is highly dependent on pH at immobilization and the maximum activity was obtained at pH 5.5, probably because the SH groups of GOD that are indispensable for generation of enzyme activity is not exposed at this pH. It was found that PMS is very effective reagent to immobilize enzyme strongly via covalent bond, because high density of maleimide groups of PMS can catch not only exposed SH groups but also buried SH groups.     

可见光协同钴铈铁氧体高效活化过一硫酸盐降解噻虫胺

本实验采用溶胶-凝胶燃烧的方法,将Co掺入到CeFeO3（CFO）钙钛矿晶格中制备了具有晶格缺陷的CeFe0.8Co0.2O3（CFCO）纳米颗粒催化剂。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、Ｘ射线光电子能谱（XPS）等表征技术对CFCO催化剂进行表征分析,结果表明在CFCO上形成了表面氧空位（VO）。同时,还研究了过硫酸氢钾（PMS）用量、不同pH值对CFCO降解噻虫胺（CTD）的影响。结果表明,在CFCO投加量为0.6 g?L-1,PMS用量为0.8 mmol?L-1,pH为7时,20 mg?L-1的噻虫胺在30分钟内完全降解。并且经过4次循环使用后,噻虫胺降解率仍能达到91.2%。CFCO对于PMS的高效活化能力,主要归功于晶格缺陷所产生的电位差促使自由电子顺着氧空位快速定向传导到PMS上。为了模拟在天然水体环境中CFCO光催化活化PMS去除CTD,进行阴离子和有机酸的对比实验,分析了不同环境因素对CFCO降解噻虫胺的影响;此外,本文通过自由基淬灭实验与电子自旋共振（ESR）检测确定了CFCO光催化活化PMS降解噻虫胺实验中起主要作用的活性物种为单线态氧（1O2）与羟基自由基（?OH）,并分析推测了自由基的产生机理。最后采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪（LC-MS）检测分析了CTD降解过程中可能产生的代谢产物,并基于代谢产物的产生顺序归纳出了三条可能的降解路径。     

Near-IR emission of Nd(III) encaged in nanosized zeolites

The near-IR emission of Nd(III) with the highest quantum yield (9.5%) in organic media was successfully observed for the first time by using bis-(perfluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (PMS) as a low vibrational ligand of the ion and TMA⁺-containing FAU zeolite nanocrystallites (TMA-nanoFAU) as a host matrix. Treatments such as deuteration and thermal treatments at high temperatures were ineffective for the strong emission of Nd(III) within TMA-nano-FAU. Judd-Ofelt analysis revealed that the ligation of PMS with the Nd(III) ion occurred easily, because the ions remained in the super cages without migrating into inner cages due to the hindrance of TMA⁺ ions occupying in the sodalite cages. The emission intensity of TMA-nano-FAU treated with PMS increased with the Nd(III)-loading level. The emission decays did not follow simple first-order kinetics and the average lifetime became longer with increasing Nd(III)-loading level. The short lifetimes at low loading levels and the long lifetimes at high loading level were attributed to Nd(PMS)₃ complexes formed with coordinating water molecules and [Nd(PMS)]-zeolite complexes without coordinating water molecules, respectively.     

Studies on the oxygen atom transfer reactions of peroxomonosulfate: Oxidation of glycolic acid

The kinetics of oxidation of glycolic acid, an α‐hydroxy acid, by peroxomonosulfate (PMS) was studied in the presence of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions and in acidic pH range 4.05–5.89. The metal glycolate, not the glycolic acid (GLYCA), is oxidized by PMS. The rate is first order in [PMS] and metal ion concentrations. The oxidation of nickel glycolate is zero‐order in [GLYCA] and inverse first order in [H⁺]. The increase of [GLYCA] decreases the rate in copper glycolate, and the rate constants initially increase and then remain constant with pH. The results suggest that the metal glycolate ML⁺ reacts with PMS through a metal‐peroxide intermediate, which transforms slowly into a hydroperoxide intermediate by the oxygen atom transfer to hydroxyl group of the chelated GLYCA. The effect of hydrogen ion concentrations on k_obs suggests that the structure of the metal‐peroxide intermediates may be different in Ni(II) and Cu(II) glycolates. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 160–167, 2009     

Efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by hollow cobalt hydroxide for degradation of ibuprofen and theoretical study

Hollow structure cobalt hydroxide (h-Co(OH)₂) was synthesized via a solvothermal-hydrothermal method and presented high activation activity for peroxymonosulfate to degrade ibuprofen.