An addition scheme of heat capacities of linear macromolecules

The prior developed addition scheme of heat capacities is expanded to macromolecules that contain non-C-bonds in the backbone. Tables for 31 groups are given. 713 data points which have been averaged for group contributions for which more than one measurement was available showed a deviation of 0.1±1.5% (internal consistency). Calculated heat capacities of homopolymers and copolymers for which independent measurements have been made showed average errors of 0.60% and a standard deviation of ±2.35% (177 data points).

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Zusammenfassung Das früher entwickelte Additionsschema für Wärmekapazitäten wird auf Makromoleküle erweitert, die Nicht-C-Bindungen im Stützgerüst enthalten. Tabellen für 31 Gruppen sind angegeben. Von 713 Meßdaten wurden für Gruppenbeiträge, für die mehr als ein Meßwert zur Verfügung stand, Mittelwerte berechnet, wobei sich eine Abweichung von 0.1±1.5% (interne Konsistenz) ergab. Berechnete Wärmekapazitäten von Homopolymeren und Kopolymeren, für die unabhängige Messungen ausgeführt wurden, weisen einen mittleren Fehler von 0.60% bei einer Standardabweichung von 2.35% auf (177 Meßwerte).

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, . 31 . 713 , , 0.1±1.58% ( ). , , 0,60% ±2,35% (177 ).

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This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of the US, Polymers Program, Grant # DMR 8317097.     

Kinetics of homogeneous hydrogenation of cyclohexene catalyzed by complexes of rhodium and iridium with a terdentate ligand

Complexes of the composition MC1HN (CH₂CH₂AsPh₂)₂ (M= =Rh(I), Ir(I) were used as catalysts for the homogeneous hydrogenation of cyclohexene over the temperature range 20–50 °C and 0.4 to 1 atm hydrogen partial pressure. The dependence of rate of hydrogenation on temperature, hydrogen concentration, catalyst concentration and substrate concentration is reported. The activation parameters of the reaction, H* and S* have been evaluated.

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MC1HN (CH₂CH₂AsPh₂)₂ (M=Rh(I) Ir(I) 20–50°C 0,4 1 atm. , , . H^* S^*.

     

Gas-phase measurements of the surface basicity of AlPO4?TiO2 and AlPO4?ZrO2 catalysts

The amount and strength of basic sites of AlPO₄–TiO₂ and AlPO₄–ZrO₂ catalysts over a different range of AlPO₄/metal oxide weight ratios were measured by studying the adsorption of acid molecules (acrylic acid and phenol) in the gas phase (473–673 K) by using the gas-chromatographic pulse method. The results obtained show that the basicity of AlPO₄–TiO₂ and AlPO₄–ZrO₂ catalysts is far lower than that of pure AlPO₄, and with an increase in the metal oxide (TiO₂ or ZrO₂) weight ratio, the basicity decreases. Besides, the basicity of AlPO₄–ZrO₂ is fairly low compared with that AlPO₄–TiO₂. In both cases, the total basicity (measured at 473 K vs. acrylic acid) gradually decreases with the calcination temperature while the stronger basic sites (measured at 573 K vs. phenol) remained unchanged up to calcination temperatures of 1073 K. Some weak surface basic sites remained in catalysts pretreated at 1273 K.

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- AlPO₄–TiO₂ AlPO₄–ZrO₂ AlPO₄/ , ( ) (473–673 K). , AlPO₄–TiO₂ AlPO₄–ZrO₂ AlPO₄ TiO₂ ZrO₂. , AlPO₄–ZrO₂ AlPO₄–TiO₂. — 473 K — , , 573 K , 1073 K. , 1273 K, .

     

Hydrogenation of carbon monoxide catalysts prepared by pyrolysis of Co2(CO)8 on various oxide supports

Catalysts prepared by pyrolysis of Co₂(CO)₈ on oxide supports have been studied in the hydrogenation of CO. It is shown that MgO and -Al₂O₃-based catalysts are less active than those supported on SiO₂, TiO₂ and ZrO₂. The application of -Al₂O₃ as a support increases the relative yield of light hydrocarbons.

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, Co₂(CO)₈ , CO. , MgO -Al₂O₃ SiO₂, TiO₂ ZrO₂. -Al₂O₃ .

     

A study of thermal preparation OF c-Mn2P4O12

With the application of thermogravimetry under quasi-isothermal-isobaric conditions, the reaction course of the calcination of Mn(H₂PO₄ · H₂O to give dimanganese cyclotetraphosphate has been studied. Isothermal calcination was also carried out in an electric furnace at various temperatures (200 min). The reaction products were analyzed by chromatography, IR and NMR spectrocopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The compositions of the calcinates were determined through extraction with various inorganic and organic solvents.

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Zusammenfassung Der Verlauf der Dimangan-cyclotetraphosphat ergebenden Kalzinierung von Mn(H₂PO₄)₂ · H₂O wurde thermogravimetrisch unter quasi-isothermen-isobaren Bedingungen untersucht. Isotherme Kalzinierung wurde auch im elektrischen Ofen (200 min) bei verschiedenen Temperaturen ausgeführt. Die Reaktionsprodukte wurden chromatographisch, IR- und NMR-spektroskopisch sowie röntgendiffraktometrisch analysiert. Die Zusammensetzung der kalzinierten Produkte wurde via Extraktion mit verschiedenen anorganischen und organischen Lösungsmitteln bestimmt.

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Mn(H₂PO₄ · H₂O. . . - , - - . .

     

Formation of N-butane in the pyrolysis of ethylene [1]

Yields of n-C₄H₁₀ have been measured from the flow pyrolysis of C₂H₄ at 897 (±7) K. From 77 to 720 Torr the order of n-C₄H₁₀ formation was found to be 2.0±0.3 The rate constant for the reaction, was estimated to be 2.4(±0.6)×10^–4l mol^–1s^–1.

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-C₄H₁₀ C₂H₄ 897 (±7) . -C₄H₁₀ 77 720 2.0±0.3. 2C₂H₄C₂H₃+C₂H₅ 2,4 (±0,6)×10^{–4 –1–1}.

     

The structures and thermal decomposition of cupric mono,di and trichloracetates

Magnetic moment measurements and ultra-violet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy have been used to investigate the structure of the chloroacetates of copper(II). These studies indicate that cupric monochloroacetate dihydrate is dimeric and cupric trichloracetate tetrahydrate is monomeric. Cupric dichloracetate tetrahydrate forms an intermediate case. The thermal decomposition of these compounds under nitrogen has been studied using thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, together with analysis of the products of the decomposition. The major organic product formed in the thermal decomposition of the mono- and dichloracetates is the corresponding chlorinated acetic acid; the solid inorganic product is cuprous chloride. Thermal decomposition of the trichloracetate yields cupric chloride and a mixture of trichloracetic acid and trichloracetyl chloride.

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Zusammenfassung Messungen des magnetischen Momentes sowie diffuse UV-Remissionspektroskopie wurden zur Untersuchung der Struktur der Kupfer(II)-chloracetate eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß Kupfermonochloracetat-Dihydrat dimer und Kupfertrichloracetat-Tetrahydrat monomer ist. Das Kupferdichloracetat-Tetrahydrat bildet hierbei eine Zwischenstufe. Die thermische Zersetzung dieser Verbindungen wurde in Stickstoffatmosphäre unter Anwendung der Thermogravimetrie und Differentialthermoanalyse untersucht, bei gleichzeitiger Analyse der Zersetzungsprodukte. Das bei der thermischen Zersetzung des Mono- und Dichloracetats gebildete organische Hauptprodukt ist die entsprechende chlorierte Essigsäure; der feste anorganische Rückstands das Kupfer(I)-chlorid. Die thermische Zersetzung des Trichloracetats ergibt Kupfer(II)-chlorid sowie eine Mischung von Trichloressigsäure und Trichloracetylchlorid.

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Résumé La mesure du moment magnétique et la spectroscopie de réflexion diffuse dans l'U. V. sont utilisées pour étudier la structure des chloroacétates de cuivre (II). Les résultats indiquent que le monochloroacétate de cuivre (II) dihydraté est dimère et que le trichloroacétate de cuivre (II) tétrahydraté est monomère. Le dichloroacétate de cuivre (II) tétrahydraté représente un cas intermédiaire. La décomposition de ces composés dans l'azote a été suivie par thermogravimétrie et analyse thermique différentielle, en analysant simultanément les produits de décomposition. Le principal produit organique formé lors de la décomposition thermique des mono et dichloroacétates est l'acide chloroacétique correspondant; le produit solide inorganique est le chlorure de cuivre (I). La décomposition thermique du trichloroacétate fournit le chlorure de cuivre (II) et un mélange d'acide trichloracétique et de chlorure trichloroacétylique.

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(II). , (II) , (II) - . (II) . , , . , - , , (I). (II) (II) .

     

A variational formulation of the rate equations for closed chemical systems

This paper presents a variational formulation of the kinetic equations corresponding to a closed chemical system.

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, .

     

Reactions of butane and isobutane to CO and CO2 catalyzed by iron oxide treated with sulfate ion

Catalysts which were obtained by exposing Fe(OH)₃ and Fe₂O₃ prior to the crystallization to 0.5 N H₂SO₄ and then calcining in air at 500 °C were highly active for oxidations of butane and isobutane to CO and CO₂ below 300 °C, while iron oxides prepared without the sulfate treatment were completely inactive.

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, Fe(OH)₃ Fe₂O₃ 0,5 H₂SO₄ 500 °C CO CO₂, 300 °C, , , .

     

Electronic spectrum and thermal decomposition of nickel(II) complex with bis(N-γ-pyridyl-4-phenylbenzamide-hydrazone)

The unit cell parameters and the space group of the investigated compound were determined by means of X-ray diffraction.Analysis of the diffusion-reflection spectra of the crystalline powder and the absorption spectra of its alcoholic solutions permitted identification and quantitative characterization of the absorption bands of the crystalline complex of NiL₂(ClO₄)₂·3H₂O.Application of differential-thermal analysis allowed determination of the mechanism of thermal decomposition of the compound. From these measurements, the expected configuration of the basic molecule was verified, involving determination of the number of non-coordinated water molecules.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels Röntgendiffraktionsmethoden wurden Gitterzellenkonstanten sowie die Raumgruppe der untersuchten Verbindung bestimmt. Durch Analyse der erhaltenen Diffusions-Reflexionsspektren von kristallinem Pulver und des Absorptionsspektrums einer alkoholischen Lösung der Verbindung war es möglich, die Absorptionsbanden des Kristallkomplexes NiL₂(ClO₄)₂·3H₂O zu identifizieren und quantitativ zu charakterisieren. Anwendung von Differentialthermoanalyse ermöglicht die Bestimmung des Mechanismus der Zersetzungsreaktion der Verbindung. Durch diese Messungen, einschliesslich der Bestimmung der Anzahl nichtkoordinierter Wassermoleküle, wurde die erwartete Konfiguration des Grundmoleküles überprüft.

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NiL₂(ClO₄)₂·₂, L-N-- -4- . L-N---4- . , , . . , .

     

Properties of highly dispersed supported catalysts in hydrogenation reactions

Pt/sol and Pt/support catalysts with 6–15 Å Pt particles have been established to be low active in the hydrogenation of propargyl alcohol, butyn-l-ol-3 and dimethylethynylcarbinol. The specific catalytic activity significantly rises with increasing d_Pt above 15 Å and after the thermal treatment of highly dispersed catalysts in a hydrogen flow.

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, -30 -- 6–15 Å , -1, -3 . d_Pt>15 Å .

     

Transient analysis of a batch reactor with temperature fluctuations

Temperature fluctuations for two consecutive reactions in a batch reactor have been modeled as Gaussian white noise. Analytical solutions of the Fokker-Plank equations show that noise significantly changes the concentration profiles, lowers the yield and destroys the error distribution.

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. - , , .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of the permanganate oxidation of trans-crotonic acid

The kinetics and intermediates of the permanganate oxidation of trans-crotonic acid have been investigated in the pH range of 0.5–5.0 using the stoppedflow technique. The formation of manganese(III) as a short-lived intermediate has been established. The reaction is first order with respect to both MnO ₄ ^– and crotonic acid (crotonate). The resolved rate constants at 25°C are 730 and 410 M^–1 sec^–1 for the acid and the anion, respectively. The reaction mechanism is discussed.

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pH=0,5–5,0, . (III) . MnO ₄ ^– , (). 25°C 730 410 M^{–1 –1} , . .

     

Tunnel recombination of surface and bulk radiation defects in finely dispersed CaO at 4.2 and 77 K

Recombination of radiation defects in CaO is shown to occur through electron tunneling from surface F_s ⁺ to V^–-center stabilized in the bulk.

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, CaO F_s ⁺- V^–-, .

     

[Fe(phen)3]2+ aquation in aqueous polyacrylamide solution

The aquation of tris(1, 10-phenanthroline) iron(II) has been studied in aqueous polyacrylamide solutions. The rate increases up to 2.8 times at low polymer concentrations, and subsequently decreases. These effects are attributed to changes in the local water activity in the region of the complex.

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(1, 10-) (II) . 2,8 , . .

     

Strong H2 chemisorption on Al2O3 or SiO2 supported group VIII metals

Following hydrogen treatments at high temperature a decrease in hydrogen chemisorption at room temperature is observed in almost all group VIII elements supported on SiO₂ or Al₂O₃. The effect is attributed to self inhibition by strongly chemisorbed hydrogen on the metals.

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VIII , SiO₂ Al₂O₃. .

     

On the complex influence of the experimental parameters and the properties of the substances on the representation of solid-liquid transitions studied with a differential scanning calorimeter

Due to the increasing importance of quantified results of dynamic calorimetric measurements, the influence of single experimental parameters has been studied by some authors. We found that these results can be represented correctly only in a complex form. According to this experience, the experimental parameters were changed on the basis of statistically planned experiments. The numerous measurements were carried out with samples of indium, 1,3-dinitrobenze and polyethylene prepared in different ways. The results were evaluated in a complex form. The evaluation of the experimental data revealed a significant influence of the substance properties and the experimental parameters.

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Zusammenfassung Die zunehmende Bedeutung quantifizierbarer Ergebnisse von dynamischen kalorimetrischen Messungen veranlasste die Autoren [1–9] zur Untersuchung des Einflusses einzelner experimenteller Parameter. Nach unseren Erfahrungen können diese Ergebnisse nur in komplexer Form dargestellt werden. Entsprechend wurden die Versuchsbedingungen nach einem statistischen Plan variiert. Zahlreiche Messungen wurden mit unterschiedlich präparierten Indium-, 1,3-Dinitrobenzen- und Polyethylen-Proben durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse in komplexer Form ausgewertet. Dabei zeigte sich ein signifikanter Einfluss der Probeneigenschaften und der Versuchsbedingungen.

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, . , . , . , 1,3- , . , , .

     

Investigation of surface phenomena on solid catalysts by thermogravimetry

Thermogravimetry was applied to the investigation of the phenomena of adsorption, chemisorption, desorption and surface reactions on solid catalysts. The measurements were carried out with 13 NaX and NaY type zeolites and with silica gels treated with sodium hydroxide, in the presence of cumene and methanol. On the basis of the quantitative results it is possible to give an interpretation of surface phenomena and to establish the existence of various active centres on the surface of the catalysts.

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Zusammenfassung Adsorptions-, Chemisorptions- und Desorptionserscheinungen, sowie Oberflächenreaktionen an festen Katalysatoren wurden thermogravimetrisch untersucht. Die Messungen wurden an Zeoliten der Typen 13 NaX und NaY und an mit Natriumhydroxid behandelten Silikagelen in Gegenwart von Cumol und Methanol durchgeführt. Aufgrund der quantitativen Ergebnisse war es möglich, die Oberflächenerscheinungen zu deuten und das Vorhandensein von verschiedenen aktiven Zentren an der Katalysatoroberfläche nachzuweisen.

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Résumé On a appliqué la méthode thermogravimétrique à l'étude des phénomènes d'adsorption, de chemisorption et de désorption ainsi qu'aux réactions de surface sur des catalyseurs solides. Les mesures ont été effectuées sur zéolites de type 13 NaX et NaY et sur des silicagels traités par la soude en présence de cumène et de méthanol. Des résultats quantitatifs permettent de donner une interprétation des phénomènes de surface et d'établir l'existence de divers centres actifs à la surface des catalyseurs.

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, , , . , , , , . 13 NaX NaY , . .

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The authors express their gratitude to Prof. S. Malinowski for help and discussion and to Mr. W. Dziklinski for his technical help.