Parton densities and dipole cross-sections at small x in large nuclei

Unintegrated gluon densities in nuclei, dipole-nucleus cross-sections and quark densities are numerically investigated in the high-color limit, with the scattering on a heavy nucleus exactly described by the sum of fan diagrams of BFKL pomerons. The initial condition for the evolution in rapidity is quickly forgotten, and the gluon density presents a “supersaturation” pattern, as previous studies indicated. Both dipole-nucleus cross-sections and quark densities present the expected saturation features. Identifying the position in transverse momentum l of the maximum of the gluon distribution with the saturation momentum , at large rapidities all distributions depend on only one variable, or . Received: 4 April 2001 / Revised version: 24 April 2001 / Published online: 8 June 2001     

Investigating the high-energy QCD approaches for prompt-photon production at the LHC

We investigate the rapidity and transverse-momentum distributions of the prompt photon production at the CERN LHC energies considering the current perturbative QCD approaches for this scattering process. Namely, we compare the predictions from the usual NLO pQCD calculations to the color-dipole formalism, using distinct dipole cross sections. Special attention is paid to parton-saturation models at high energies, which are expected to be important at the forward rapidities in pp collisions (  TeV) at the LHC.     

Diffractive jet production in deep-inelastic e^+p collisions at HERA

A measurement is presented of dijet and 3-jet cross sections in low- diffractive deep-inelastic scattering interactions of the type , where the system X is separated by a large rapidity gap from a low-mass baryonic system Y. Data taken with the H1 detector at HERA, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 18.0 pb, are used to measure hadron level single and double differential cross sections for and . The energy flow not attributed to jets is also investigated. The measurements are consistent with a factorising diffractive exchange with trajectory intercept close to 1.2 and tightly constrain the dominating diffractive gluon distribution. Viewed in terms of the diffractive scattering of partonic fluctuations of the photon, the data require the dominance of over states. Soft colour neutralisation models in their present form cannot simultaneously reproduce the shapes and the normalisations of the differential cross sections. Models based on 2-gluon exchange are able to reproduce the shapes of the cross sections at low values. Received: 21 December 2000 / Published online: 6 April 2001     

Elastic pp and \bar pp scattering in the modified additive quark model

The modified additive quark model, proposed recently, allows one to improve the agreement of the standard additive quark model with the data on the and total cross-sections, as well as on the ratios of real to imaginary part of the pp and amplitudes att=0. Here, we extend this model to non-forward elastic scattering of protons and antiprotons. A high quality reproduction of the angular distributions at 19.4 GeV GeV is obtained. A zero at small in the real part of the even amplitude in accordance with a recently proved general high energy theorem is found. Received: 26 April 2000 / Revised version: 21 September 2000 / Published online: 8 December 2000     

W\gamma and Z\gamma production at hadron colliders

We present a general purpose Monte Carlo program for the calculation of any infrared safe observable in and production at hadron colliders at next-to-leading order in . We treat the leptonic decays of the W and Z-boson in the narrow-width approximation, but retain all spin information via decay angle correlations. The effect of anomalous triple gauge boson couplings is investigated and we give the analytical expressions for the corresponding amplitudes. Furthermore, we propose a way to study the effect of anomalous couplings without introducing the ambiguity of form factors. Received: 14 February 2000 / Published online: 18 May 2000     

Systematic study of photon production at forward rapidity in STAR

We present the measurement of multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions of photons production at forward rapidity (−2.3 ≤ η ≤ −3.8) for Cu + Cu collisions at $ \sqrt {S_{NN} } $ \sqrt {S_{NN} } = 62.4 and 200 GeV. Photons are measured using the Photon Multiplicity Detector (PMD) in STAR experiment at RHIC. The distributions of (η−η _beam), where η _beam is beam rapidity is presented. Pseudorapidity distributions of photons at forward rapidities, when ob-served in the frame of one of the colliding particles show the signature of energy independent scaling at forward rapidities known as Limiting Fragmentation. Measurement of inclusive photons reflect the distribution for π ⁰ as most of the photons come from π ⁰ decay. Gluon saturation at initial conditions of the collisions is one of the possible explanations for this scaling. Study of system-size and incident energy dependence of this phenomenon help us understand the mechanisms better. The system-size and energy dependence of the widths of scaling in pseudorapidity and comparison with model predictions are presented.     

High-twist contribution to the longitudinal structure function F_\mathrm{L} at high x

We perform the NLO QCD fit to the combined deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data at high x from the SLAC, BCDMS, and NMC collaborations. The model-independent x shape of the high-twist contribution to structure function is extracted. The twist-4 contribution to is found to be in a qualitative agreement with the predictions of the infrared renormalon model. The twist-6 contribution exhibits a weak trend to negative values, although on the whole, it is compatible with zero within the errors. Received: 21 April 1999 / Revised version: 17 June 1999 / Published online: 27 January 2000     

Kinetic investigation on carbamate formation from the reaction of carbon dioxide with amino acids in homogeneous aqueous solution

The kinetics of carbamate formation from the reaction of carbon dioxide with α‐amino acids in D₂O was first investigated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Potassium carbonate was used as the CO₂ source. For each amino acid, the maximum carbamate yield, the apparent rate constant for the carbamate formation k_app, and the rate constants for the formation k₁ and the breakdown k_?1 of the carbamate were estimated. Plots of log k₁ or log k_?1 versus pK_a of amino acids indicated that the formation rate k₁ increased with the basicity (pK_a) of amino acid, while the decomposition rate k_?1 decreased. A Br?nsted β value of 0.39 was obtained from the former plot, being in good agreement with the previously reported ones (0.26–0.43). The observed negative pK_a dependence of log k_?1 (Br?nsted α = 0.34) is reasonable, because the carbamate decomposition is acid‐catalyzed and the steady‐state concentration of H⁺ should be higher for weaker basic amines. The charge (σ) and the lone‐pair energy (E_N) at the nitrogen atom of the amino group were calculated. Although log k₁ correlated with σ and E_N, log k_?1 was unrelated with both of these parameters. Considering that the carbamate formation (k₁) is not only base‐catalyzed but should also be promoted by the nucleophilicity of the amino nitrogen, its correlation with σ and E_N in addition to pK_a is rational. The irrelevance of log k_?1 to σ and E_N is not surprising, because σ and E_N are not a direct measure of [H⁺] of the solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The small x gluon and $b\bar{b}$ production at the LHC

We study open b[`(b)]b\bar{b} production at large rapidity at the LHC in an attempt to pin down the gluon distribution at very low x. For the LHC energy of 7 TeV, at next-to-leading order (NLO), there is a large factorization scale uncertainty. We show that the uncertainty can be greatly reduced if events are selected in which the transverse momenta of the two B-mesons balance each other to some accuracy, that is |p _1T +p _2T |<k ₀. This will fix the scale μ _F ≃k ₀, and will allow the LHCb experiment, in particular, to study the x-behaviour of gluon distribution down to x∼10⁻⁵, at rather low scales, μ∼2 GeV. We evaluate the expected cross sections using, for illustrative purposes, various recent sets of Parton Distribution Functions.     

Exclusive leptoproduction of \rho^0 mesons from hydrogen at intermediate virtual photon energies

Measurements of the cross section for exclusive virtual-photoproduction of mesons from hydrogen are reported. The data were collected by the HERMES experiment using 27.5 GeV positrons incident on a hydrogen gas target in the HERA storage ring. The invariant mass W of the photon-nucleon system ranges from 4.0 to 6.0 GeV, while the negative squared four-momentum of the virtual photon varies from 0.7 to 5.0 GeV. The present data together with most of the previous data in the intermediate W-domain are well described by a model that infers the W-dependence of the cross section from the dependence on the Bjorken scaling variable x of the unpolarized structure function for deep-inelastic scattering. In addition, a model calculation based on Off-Forward Parton Distributions gives a fairly good account of the longitudinal component of the production cross section for GeV. Received: 25 April 2000 / Revised version: 3 July 2000 / Published online: 25 September 2000     

\Lambda, \bar{\Lambda} polarization and spin transfer in lepton deep-inelastic scattering

The flavor and helicity distributions of the and hyperons for both valence and sea quarks are calculated in a perturbative QCD (pQCD) based model. We relate these quark distributions to the fragmentation functions of and , and calculate the z-dependence of the longitudinal spin transfer to and in lepton deep-inelastic scattering (DIS). It is shown that the spin transfer to the is compatible with the first HERMES results at DESY, and further tests are suggested. We also make predictions for the z-dependence of the and longitudinal polarizations in neutrino (antineutrino) DIS processes. We investigate the sea contribution to the fragmentation functions, and we test a possible scenario where the sea quarks in (or the sea antiquarks in ) are negatively polarized, whereas the sea antiquarks in the (or the sea quarks in ) are positively polarized. The asymmetry of the polarized fragmentation functions of the sea quarks and antiquarks to and provides a way to understand the different behavior between the and spin transfers observed in the recent E665 experiment at FNAL. Received: 5 April 2000 / Published online: 26 July 2000     

Temperature and field dependence of the magnetic properties of Nd \mathsf{_{2-x}}Ce\mathsf{_{x}}CuO\mathsf{_4}

We have investigated the magnetic ordering of Nd_2-x Ce _x CuO₄ for x = 0, 0.09, 0.13, 0.15 and 0.18 by neutron diffraction at low temperatures down to 33 mK and under magnetic field up to 5 tesla applied along [1,-1,0] crystallographic direction. At zero applied magnetic field Cu magnetic sublattice orders at , 210, 130 and 105 K for x = 0, 0.09, 0.13, 0.15, respectively. No long range magnetic order of the Cu could be detected for x = 0.18. The magnetic order of Nd was found in all samples, with a gradual increase of the polarized magnetic moment with decreasing temperature, saturating around 1 K. Hyperfine induced nuclear polarization of the Nd nuclear spin has been observed below about 400 mK for samples with x = 0, 0.13, 0.15 and 0.18. Field variation of the intensities of the principal and superstructure reflections of Nd_2-x Ce _x CuO₄ at millikelvin temperatures shows a field-induced second-order double-k to single-k phase transition at H _c = 0.75 and 0.56 tesla for samples with x = 0 and 0.15, respectively at T = 50 mK. We have also investigated the polarization of the Nd electronic sublattice due to the field of the Cu sublattice by the element specific X-ray resonant magnetic scattering investigation with synchrotron radiation.Received: 9 April 2004, Published online: 14 December 2004PACS: 75.25. + z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source X-ray scattering, etc.)T. Chatterji: Has changed his surname from Chattopadhyay to Chatterji.     

Forward elastic scattering of light on light, \gamma+\gamma\rightarrow\gamma+\gamma

The forward elastic scattering of light on light, i.e., the reaction in the forward direction, is analyzed utilizing real analytic amplitudes. We calculate , the ratio of the real to the imaginary portion of the forward scattering amplitude, by fitting the total cross section data in the high energy region 5 GeV GeV, assuming a cross section that rises asymptotically as ln² s. We then compare , the ratio of the even portions of the pp and forward scattering amplitudes, as well as to [1], the value for Compton scattering. Within errors, we find that the three -values in the c.m.s. energy region 5 GeV 130 GeV are the same, as predicted by a factorization theorem of Block and Kaidalov [2]. Received: 18 June 2002 / Published online: 9 August 2002     

On the d<Subscript>T</Subscript>=0 toy model in reggeon field theory

Reggeon field theory with zero transverse dimensions is critically reanalyzed in the Hamiltonian formulation for both a sub- and a supercritical pomeron. Different mathematical aspects of the model, starting from the scalar products in the space of quantum states, are discussed. The probabilistic picture is addressed in the absence of pomeron merging. The issue of the large loop approximation is discussed in terms of the Hamiltonian evolution and its relation to the probabilistic picture recalled. A perturbative treatment, based on the PT symmetry of the model, is proposed that may be useful for more realistic models. Finally, we present numerical calculations for the various parameters of the models, α(0)-1=μ and the triple-pomeron coupling constant λ, which help one to understand some mathematical aspects and the different approximation regimes. They show that the triple-pomeron interaction always makes amplitudes fall with rapidity, irrespective of the value of the intercept. The smaller the values of the ratio λ/μ, the higher are the rapidities y at which this fall starts, so that at small values of λ it begins at asymptotically high rapidities (for λ/μ<1/4 the fall is noticeable only at μy>100). No visible singularity is seen for the critical pomeron.     

Forward gluon production in hadron–hadron scattering with pomeron loops

We discuss new physical phenomena expected in particle production in hadron–hadron collisions at high energy, as a consequence of pomeron loop effects in the evolution equations for the color glass condensate. We focus on gluon production in asymmetric, ‘dilute–dense’, collisions: a dilute projectile scatters off a dense hadronic target, whose gluon distribution is highly evolved. This situation is representative for particle production in proton–proton collisions at forward rapidities (say, at LHC) and admits a dipole factorization similar to that of deep inelastic scattering (DIS). We show that at sufficiently large forward rapidities, where the pomeron loop effects become important in the evolution of the target wavefunction, gluon production is dominated by ‘black spots’ (saturated gluon configurations) up to very large values of the transverse momentum, well above the average saturation momentum in the target. In this regime, the produced gluon spectrum exhibits diffusive scaling, so like DIS at sufficiently high energy.     

BFKL ansatz for BK equation in conformal basis

The BK equation in the conformal basis is considered and analyzed. It is shown that at high energy a factorization of the coordinate and rapidity dependence should hold. This allows to simplify significantly the form of the equation under discussion. An analytical ansatz for the solution to the BK equation at high energies is proposed and analyzed. This analytical ansatz satisfies the initial condition at low energy and does not depend on both rapidity and the initial condition in the high energy limit. The case of the final rapidity being not too large is discussed and the properties of the transition region between small and large final rapidities have been studied.     

Molecular motion in supercooled glycerol

Quasi-elastic Rayleigh scattering of 14·4 keV photons has been measured on supercooled liquid glycerol at -30°C and 0°C by employing the Mössbauer effect. Total scattered intensity, quasi-elastically scattered intensity I _q and energy width of I _q(k, ω) have been determined for k=0·6 to 4·2 Å^-1. The molecular motion is modelled as: random-walk diffusional motions for the centre-of-mass translation and for the orientation of independent rigid molecules, plus fast-bounded translational jitter (vibration). The model parameters are evaluated. The temperature dependence of the translational diffusion constant corresponds to an activation energy of 12 kcal/mol. Comparison is made especially with N.M.R. results for rotational motion. The effect of orientational jitter (libration) is considered and its possible influence on nuclear magnetic relaxation is pointed out.     

Effects of gauge boson compositeness ine\bar v_e \to W^ - Z^0

Here, we treat the high-energy production process , allowing for gauge boson compositeness, using two approaches: (a) through an anomalousW boson weak magnetic moment parameterk _z , and (b) through a modification of theW propagator andWWZ vertex by a form factor depending on a compositeness scale parameter . We give the angular differential and total cross-section for different values ofk _z (approach (a)), and different values of (approach (b)). A clear deviation from the standard model result is observed in both cases.     

Nucleus-nucleus interaction in the perturbative QCD

The nucleus-nucleus interaction is studied in the framework of the perturbative QCD with and a fixed coupling constant. The pomeron tree diagrams are summed by an effective field theory. The classical field equations are solved by an iteration procedure, which is found to be convergent in a restricted domain of not too high energies and atomic numbers. The found gluon distributions do not scale, have their maxima close to 2 GeV independent of rapidity and fall towards the central rapidity region. The cross-sections slowly grow with energy due to the contribution from peripheral collisions, where evolution remains linear. Simple variational estimates at higher rapidities confirm this tendency.Received: 25 September 2003, Revised: 27 November 2003, Published online: 22 January 2007     

Kinetics and mechanism of the anilinolysis of aryl 4‐nitrophenyl thionocarbonates in aqueous ethanol

The reactions of bis(4‐nitrophenyl), 3‐chlorophenyl 4‐nitrophenyl, and 3‐methoxyphenyl 4‐nitrophenyl thionocarbonates ( 1 , 2 , and 3 , respectively) with a series of anilines are subjected to a kinetic investigation in 44 wt.% ethanol–water, at 25.0 °C and an ionic strength of 0.2 M. Under aniline excess, pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients (k_obs) are found. Plots of k_obs versus aniline concentration are linear, with the slopes (k_N) pH independent, k_N being the rate coefficient for the anilinolysis of the thionocarbonates. The Brønsted plot (log k_N vs. pK_a of anilinium ions) for thionocarbonate 1 is linear, with slope (β) 0.62, which is consistent with a concerted mechanism. The Brønsted plots for thionocarbonates 2 and 3 are curved, with slopes 0.1 at high pK_a for both reaction series and slopes 0.84 and 0.79 at low pK_a for the reactions of 2 and 3 , respectively. The latter plots are in accordance to stepwise mechanisms, through a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T^±) and its anionic analogue (T^?), the latter being formed by deprotonation of T^± by the basic form of the buffer (HPO). The Brønsted curves are explained by a change in the rate‐limiting step, from deprotonation of T^± at low pK_a, to its formation at high pK_a. The influence of the amine nature and the non‐leaving and electrophilic groups of the substrate on the kinetics and mechanism is also discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.