Elimination kinetics of tertiary alcohols catalyzed by HBr in the gas phase

The homogeneous, molecular, gas phase elimination kinetics of several tertiary alcohols in seasoned, static reaction vessels, catalyzed by hydrogen bromide at temperatures of 320–392 °C and pressures of 40–174 torr are described. The steric factor appears to be responsible for rate enhancement in the dehydration process. A six-membered cyclic transition state appears to be a reasonable explanation for the mechanism of these reactions.

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, 320–392°C 40–174 . . .

     

The maximally catalyzed pyrolysis kinetics of methyl 3-bromopropionate in the gas phase

The kinetics of the gas phase pyrolysis of methyl 3-bromopropionate, under maximum catalysis of HBr, were found to be of order 1.0. The reaction appears to undergo a molecular elimination of HBr, which follows first-order kinetics. The products are methyl acrylate and HBr. The pyrolysis, in s static system and seasoned vessel, was examined over the temperature range of 330.5–378.5°C and pressure range of 64–145 Torr. The rate coefficients, under maximum catalysis, are given by the Arrhenius equation log k₁(s^–1)=(11.19±0.64)–(171.6±7.7) kJ/mol/2.303 RT. The mechanism of the catalyzed pyrolysis of the bromoester appears to proceed through a six-membered cyclic transition state.

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3- HBr- , 1,0. HBr . HBr. 330,55–378, 5°C 64–145 . : log k₁ (cek^–1)=(11,9±0,64)–(171,6±7,7) //2,303 RT.

     

Elimination reactions of ions in the gas phase

The loss of water from the molecular ion of 2-adamantanol was investigated using specifically labelled deuterium derivatives, and, in particular that stereospecifically labelled in position 4. Water is lost predominantly in a stereospecific 1, 3 fashion by two clearly distinguishable mechanisms. Determination of metastable ion characteristics proved to be essential for drawing this distinction.     

Acid catalyzed aldol condensation in the gas phase

The gas phase reaction of acetaldehyde with a Brønsted acid in a chemical ionization source yields protonated crotonaldehyde, as shown by its collisional activation mass spectrum. This is thus analogous to the well known aldol condensation in solution, in which the initial aldol adduct loses water to yield crotonaldehyde. The possibility of a common mechanism for the gas phase and solution reactions is discussed.     

Acetylene cyclotrimerization catalyzed by TiO2 and VO2 in the gas phase: a DFT study

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to investigate acetylene cyclotrimerization catalyzed by titanium and vanadium dioxides. The calculated results illustrate that the overall process is highly favorable at room temperature from both thermodynamic and kinetic points of view. The mechanism of C2H2 cyclotrimerization over MO2 (M = Ti, V) can be understood as four steps: (1) a four-membered ring (-O-M-C=C-) formation that coordinates and activates the first C2H2 molecule; (2) the second C2H2 insertion into the M-C bond to form a six-membered ring (-O-M-C=C-C=C-); (3) the third C2H2 insertion into the M-C bond to form an eight-membered ring (-O-M-C=C-C=C-C=C-); and (4) contraction of the eight-membered ring and benzene formation and desorption. All of the reaction steps are overall barrierless with respect to the separated reactants (MO2C2xH2x + C2H2, x = 0, 1, 2). This theoretical study predicts that the M=O double bond in MO2 is very catalytic toward the C2H2 cyclotrimerization. The metal center in this study can be considered always in the same +4 oxidation state (Ti4+ and V4+). In contrast, two-electron cycling of the metal center is present in the documented mechanism for the C2H2 cyclotrimerization. The C2H2 cyclotrimerization over the Ti atom and TiO molecule is also studied, and the documented mechanism applies in this case. The new mechanism is suggested to apply to reactions using titanium and vanadium oxides as catalysts.     

The pyrolysis kinetics of 4-chloro-2-butanone in the gas phase

The rates of pyrolysis of 4-chloro-2-butanone in the gas phase have been determined in a static system seasoned with the products of decomposition of allyl bromide. The reaction is catalyzed by hydrogen chloride. Under maximum catalysis of HCl, the kinetics were found to be of order 1.5 in the substrate suggesting that a complex elimination is involved. The reaction, when maximally inhibited with propene, appears to undergo a unimolecular elimination and follows a first-order law kinetics. The products are methylvinyl ketone and hydrogen chloride. The kinetics have been measured over the temperature range of 402.0–424.4°C.The rate coefficients are given by the Arrhenius equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \log k_1 (\sec ^{ - 1}) = (13.67 \pm 0.69) - (225.2 \pm 8.6)\,{\rm kj}/{\rm mol}/2.303RT\angle $\end{document}. Thepyrolysis of 4-chloro-2-butanone is 31 times greater in rate than that of ethyl chloride at 440°C. This large difference in rate may be attributed to the -M effect of the acetyl substituent in the pyrolysis of the former halo compound.     

The mechanism of the elimination kinetics of 2-bromo-2-butene in the gas phase

The kinetics of the gas phase elimination of 2-bromo-2-butene were determined in a static system over the temperature range of 340–380°C and pressure range of 37–134 torr. The reaction in seasoned vessels, even in the presence of a free radical inhibitor, is catalyzed by hydrogen bromide. Under maximum catalysis of HBr, the kinetics were found to be of order 1.0. The reaction, when maximally catalyzed with HBr, appears to undergo a molecular elimination of HBr which follows first-order kinetics. The products are 1,2-butadiene and hydrogen bromide. The rate coefficients. under maximum catalysis, are given by the Arrhenius equation log ??₁(s^?1) = (13.57 ± 0.56) ? (200.4 ± 6.8) kJ mol^?1 (2.303RT)^?1. The catalyzed pyrolysis of 2-bromo-2-butene appears to proceed through a six-membered cyclic transition-state type of mechanism.     

Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of 2-methyl-1-pentanol with hexane isomers

Kimura, F. and Benson, G.C., 1982. Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of 2-methyl-1-pentanol with hexane isomers. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 8:107-112.Molar excess enthalpies, measured in a flow microcalorimeter, are reported for binary mixtures of 2-methyl-1-pentanol with n-hexane and its four isomers. There is a roughly linear correlation between the results for equimolar mixtures and the mean number of gauche conformations of the isomer.     

Chlorine K shell photoabsorption spectra of gas phase HCl and Cl2 molecules

High resolution photoabsorption spectra of HCl and Cl₂ have been measured near the chlorineK edge in the 2810–2850 eV photon energy range. Below the ClK edge, the strongest resonance is interpreted as a simple core excitation into the unoccupied σ* valence orbital for both molecules, leading to a markedly repulsive state. Higher resonances due to low lying Rydberg states, are observed in both systems, but with a larger oscillator strength for HCl as compared to Cl₂. In Cl₂, the σ* orbital is deep enough to avoid any mixing with Rydberg orbitals. In HCl, we observe the dipole forbidden Cl 1s → 4s transition which denotes a strong 4s–4p hybridization. Above the ClK edge, the multiplet features seen for HCl are analysed in terms of double-core-valence excited vacancy states. In Cl₂, their counterpart are found very close to the ionization threshold because of the deep σ* orbital and possibly because the excited core and valence electrons originates either from the same atomic site or from different ones.     

The mechanism in the elimination kinetics of 2-chloropropionic acid in the gas phase

The elimination kinetics of 2-chloropropionic acid have been studied over the temperature range of 320–370.2°C and pressure range of 79–218.5 torr. The reaction in seasoned vessel and in the presence of the free radical suppressor cyclohexene, is homogeneous, unimolecular, and obeys a first-order rate law. The dehydrochlorination products are acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide. The rate coefficient is expressed by the following Arrhenius equation: log k₁(s^?1) = (12.53 ± 0.43) – (186.9 ± 5.1) kJ mol^?1 (2.303RT)^?1. The hydrogen atom of the carboxylic COOH appears to assist readily the leaving chloride ion in the transition state, suggesting an intimate ion pair mechanism operating in this reaction.     

The elimination kinetics of 2-bromo-3-methylbutyric acid in the gas phase

The kinetics of 2-bromo-3-methylbutyric acid in the gas phase was studied over the temperature range of 309.3–357.0°C and pressure range of 15.5–100.0 torr. This process, in seasoned static reaction vessels and in the presence of the free radical inhibitor cyclohexene, is homogeneous, unimolecular, and follows first-order rate law. The observed rate coefficients are represented by the following Arrhenius equations: log k₁(s^?1) = (12.72 ± 0.25) ? (181.8 ± 2.9) kJ mol^?1 (2.303RT)^?1. The primary products are isobutyraldehyde, CO, and HBr. The polar five-membered cyclic transition state type of mechanism appears to be preferred in the dehydrohalogenation process of α-haloacids in the gas phase. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Pyrolysis kinetics of ethyl fluoroacetate in the gas phase

The kinetics of the gas phase pyrolysis of ethyl fluoroacetate have been measured over the temperature range of 340–365 °C and pressure range of 66–187 Torr. The reaction, in a static system seasoned with allyl bromide, and in the presence or absence of propene inhibitor, is homogeneous, unimolecular, and obeys a first-order rate law. The temperature dependence of the rate coefficients is given by the following Arrhenius equation: log k₁ (sec^–1)=(12.57±0.26)–(194.0±3.1 kJ/mol)/2.303 RT. The result of this work confirms that the sequence of the -halo substituent effects follows the order of their electronegativity differences.

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340–365 °C 66–187 . , , , , . ; log k₁ (cek^–1)=(12,57±0,26) –(194,0±3,1) //2,303RT. - .

     

The unimolecular elimination kinetics of benzaldoxime in the gas phase

The kinetics of the gas‐phase elimination of benzaldoxime was determined in a static reaction system over the temperature and pressure range 350°C–400°C and 56–140 Torr, respectively. The products obtained were benzonitrile and water. The reaction was found to be homogeneous, unimolecular, and tend to obey a first‐order rate law. The observed rate coefficient is represented by the following Arrhenius equation: According to kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, the reaction proceeds through a concerted, semi‐polar, four‐membered cyclic transition state type of mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 145–147, 2007     

Master equation methods in gas phase chemical kinetics

In this article, we discuss the application of master equation methods to problems in gas phase chemical kinetics. The focus is on reactions that take place over multiple, interconnected potential wells and on the dissociation of weakly bound free radicals. These problems are of paramount importance in combustion chemistry. To illustrate specific points, we draw on our experience with reactions we have studied previously.     

A simple and efficient synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles catalyzed by H_2O_2/HCl

A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of substituted benzothiazoles through condensation of 2-aminothiophenol with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of H_2O_2/HCl system in ethanol at room temperature is described.The target compounds have been characterized by ~1H NMR,~(13)C NMR,IR and MS.Short reaction time,easy and quick isolation of the products,and excellent yields are the main advantages of this procedure.     

Oxygenation of 3-pentanol to 3-pentanone catalyzed by polymer–platinum complex

A new inorganic polymer–platinum complex, silicasupported polysilazane–platinum complex, has been prepared and found to be capable of catalyzing the oxygenation of 3-pentanol to 3-pentanone in 100% yield at moderate temperature and under atmospheric oxygen pressure. Water is the best solvent for this reaction. This inorganic polymer complex is very stable in the reaction and can be reused several times without any appreciable change in catalytic activity.     

气相中Co+催化CO与N2O反应机理的理论计算研究

采用密度泛函UB3LYP/6-311+G(2d)方法计算研究了Co+在基态和激发态下与N2O的反应机理,全参数优化了反应势能面上各驻点的几何构型,用频率分析方法和内禀反应坐标(IRC)方法对过渡态进行了验证,并用UB3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)、单点垂直激发、Harvey等人的方法分别进行各驻点单点能校正,三重态和五重态反应势能面两个交叉点CP确定,最低能量交叉点(MECP)的优化及MECP处相应的自旋-轨道耦合常数(SOC)计算,计算结果表明,该反应为两步反应,较大的SOC值说明了在势能面上的翻转能够有效发生,且反应机理都为插入—消去反应,交叉点能够有效的降低反应的活化能,这在动力学和热力学上都是有利的。     

Henry’s law constants and infinite dilution activity coefficients of cis-2-butene,dimethylether, chloroethane,and 1,1-difluoroethane in methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol,isobutanol, tert-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol,and 2-methyl-2-butanol

Henry’s law constants and infinite dilution activity coefficients of cis-2-butene, dimethylether, chloroethane, and 1,1-difluoroethane in methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-methyl-2-butanol in the temperature range of 250 K to 330 K were measured by a gas stripping method and partial molar excess enthalpies were calculated from the activity coefficients. A rigorous formula for evaluating the Henry’s law constants from the gas stripping measurements was used for the data reduction of these highly volatile mixtures. The uncertainty is about 2% for the Henry’s law constants and 3% for the estimated infinite dilution activity coefficients. In the evaluation of the infinite dilution activity coefficients, the nonideality of the solute such as the fugacity coefficient and Poynting correction factor cannot be neglected, especially at higher temperatures. The estimated uncertainty of the infinite dilution activity coefficients includes 1% for nonideality.     

Selective Extraction of Tungsten(VI) with 4-methyl-2-pentanol from Hydrochloric Acid Media

Abstract

A new and rapid method has been developed for the extractive separation of tungsten from hydrochloric acid media. Various relevant factors such as effects of acid concentration, solvent concentration, salting-out agent and diverse ions have been critically studied and discussed. The method has also been successfully applied to analysis of steel alloy.