Testing of holographic optical elements for holographic gun-sight

Conventional methods of measuring the various parameters of holographic optical elements are tedious for mass production. A novel approach is described for the holographic elements used in the holographic sight, in which the parameters are defined and measured as per their intended final application. Since the holographic sight is used for accurate target acquisition along with the other features, parallax in the sight becomes a critical parameter. Besides, the maximum brightness of the reticle is another parameter of the device, which is important for the use of sight in the strong sunlight in summers. There are two holographic elements, namely holographic reticle and holographic lens in the sight. Both can be tested in a simple set-up in terms of the parallax of the sight and the brightness of the reticle. The masters for both elements are required to be benchmarked once and rest of the elements in a mass production can be tested with the reference of masters.     

Compact photonic delay line constructed by holographic optical elements

To fully support phased-array antenna and other applications, a 3-range (long time, moderate time, and short time) delay line structures with holographic optical elements is proposed. Flexibility, light-weight, on-axis coupling, easy alignment, easy fabrication, and compactness are their advantages. When use holographic optical elements to build the photonic delay line system, all of the delay and non-delay paths in these three photonic delay lines are setting in a compact structure. They do not need any extra components, such as mirrors and optical paths in free space, and can bear stronger vibration. Therefore, the holographic optical elements are more suitable to design the photonic delay lines. In these three structures, their losses and crosstalk s are balanced. All of delay and non-delay cases in these three delay line structures, their crosstalk, signal-to-noise ratio, and loss are 1/81,000, 59.1 dB, and 3.2 dB, respectively. Finally, to support complete applications, a polarization independent photonic delay line system with holographic optical elements is proposed, too.     

用全息光学元件实现对眼睛的激光防护

反射式全息滤光片具有很好的滤光特性,可作为一种激光防护元件.本文对这种元件的波长选择性,角度选择性,所能承受的功率密度进行分析,并讨论了实际应用的可能性.     

Modified phase contrast for recording of holographic optical elements

A modified phase contrast method is described for the fabrication of holographic optical elements with in-line diffraction patterns. In this method, a liquid crystal phase modulator is addressed by computer-generated holograms to achieve variable phase gratings. The phase gratings are imaged onto photosensitive material by a phase contrast method without a Fourier filter. We show the analytical treatment of the modified phase contrast method and demonstrate the application in holographic recording.     

Experimental evaluation of entropy for transmission holographic optical elements

An experimental study of transmission holographic optical elements is presented. Several important aspects related to the diffractional analysis of these elements have been considered. The case of the spherical object wave is analyzed in detail. The emphasis is on obtaining the entropy from the intensity distribution on an image plane. We use the calculated entropy to locate experimentally the position of the best image plane in the sense of minimal aberrations for a holographic lens. The comparison of experimental and theoretical results is presented and good agreement between theory and experimentation has been obtained.Part of this paper was presented at the IS & T/SPIE symposium in Electronic Imaging, Science and Technology (Practical Holography IX) February 4–10, 1995, San José, CA, USA     

Focused image holograms in high-resolution holographic projection photolithography

Features of the imaging properties of focused image holograms (FIHs) obtained by means of total internal reflectance holography using optical systems of the hologram-low-quality objective (LQO) type are considered. Two schemes for hologram recording and reconstruction that can be used in combination with such projection objectives are considered. The results of investigation of the quality of images obtained using FIHs of two-dimensional transparencies are presented and analyzed. It is concluded that FIH-LQO systems have good prospects for use in high-resolution projection photolithography.     

Interferometry for measuring large aspherical surfaces with holographic optical elements

Interferometry for measuring the shape of large aspherical surfaces is reported. The interference fringe pattern between the parallel reference beam and the reconstructed wavefront from the master zone plate which is drawn by an electron-beam drawing machine is recorded on a hologram plate with off-axis optical arrangement. The hologram plate used as the standard element is reconstructed by the conjugate beam in a modified Twyman-Green interferometer. Insufficient parallelism of commercial hologram plates can be compensated by this method. It is also easy to make replicas. Some experimental results are also presented.     

Electronic speckle-pattern interferometer using holographic optical elements for vibration measurements

We report a simple, compact electronic speckle-pattern interferometer (ESPI) incorporating holographic optical elements (HOEs) for the study of out-of-plane vibration. Reflection and transmission HOEs provide reference and object beams in the interferometer. The alignment difficulties with conventional ESPI systems are minimized using HOEs. The time-average ESPI subtraction method is used to generate the fringe pattern and remove background speckle noise by introducing a phase shift between consecutive images. The amplitude and phase maps are obtained using path-difference modulation.     

基于全息光学元件的光纤光谱仪的光路设计

基于全息光学理论分析了全息光学元件的高斯成像性质,包括光焦度、成像位置、衍射效率以及作为光纤光谱仪光栅元件的可行性,并以全息光栅的成像理论以及光谱仪工作原理为基础,设计了光谱仪器光学系统的各个参数,通过Zemax软件的仿真、像质评价及优化,得出最终的参数和模拟结果。所使用的全息光栅记录波长为575 nm,记录光束之间的夹角为10,一束为平面波,一束为球面波,焦距40 mm,使用+1级衍射光,光栅孔径为10 mm。光谱仪的工作波长范围为400 nm～800 nm,体积140 mm*30 mm*40 mm,谱面展宽29.1 mm。通过在光学平台上搭建光路,利用已研发完成的电路系统及光谱仪软件,针对汞灯光谱进行了试验,光谱分辨率优于8 nm,测量得到的汞灯光谱与标准汞灯光谱一致,表明了所设计的基于全息元件的光纤光谱仪光学系统是可行的。     

Improving longitudinal shifting selectivity of volume holographic optical elements by introducing a light pipe

We propose a new scheme to enhance the longitudinal Bragg selectivity of a volume hologram with use of a light pipe. Longitudinal shifting selectivity of the system is shown to be obviously enhanced in both experimental measurement and theoretical calculation. Such a technique is not only useful in the volume holographic 3-D imaging but also useful in the shift multiplexing holographic optical storage system.     

Volume holographic optical elements for point-to-point imaging with local cross talk

A novel volume holographic optical element serving as an atypical mirror with a lateral magnification of 1 in both the horizontal and the vertical directions is proposed. Optical imaging is performed by point-to-point imaging with local cross talk, which prevents ghost diffraction spots from the holographic element of multiple gratings.     

Fast electrically switchable holographic optical elements in LiNbO3

We present here the realization of fast electrically switchable holographic optical elements based on electric field multiplexing of volume holograms in lithium niobate crystals. We demonstrate the electrical control of holographic lenses and holographic mirrors for fast switching of the focal length and the direction of the reconstructed light beam, respectively. The switching time in the range of few hundred microseconds has been demonstrated using this technique.     

Computer-generated space-variant polarization elements with subwavelength metal stripes

A novel method of performing two-dimensional space-variant polarization operations is presented. The method is based on determining the local direction and period of subwavelength metal-stripe gratings by use of vectorial optics to obtain any desired continuous polarization change. We demonstrate our approach with specific computer-generated space-variant polarization elements for laser radiation at 10.6mum. The polarization properties are verified with complete space-variant polarization analysis and measurement.     

Design procedure using coupled multiwave efficiency analysis for wavelength shifted holographic optical elements

A design procedure uses coupled multiwave efficiency analysis in wavelength shifted holographic optical elements. The procedure is adapted for producing 488 nm holographic lenses for use at 628 nm.     

Multipoint laser Doppler vibrometry using holographic optical elements and a CMOS digital camera

A laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is described in which holographic optical elements are used to provide the interferometer reference and object illumination beams. A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor camera, incorporating a digital signal processor, is used to carry out real-time signal processing of the interferometer output to allow multipoint LDV to be implemented.     

Polymeric optical waveguides using direct ultraviolet photolithography process

Single-mode polymeric channel waveguides were fabricated using simple direct ultraviolet photolithography process. A cross-linkable negative tone epoxy NANO^TM SU-8 2000 polymer was used. Once exposed to ultraviolet light through a photomask, the waveguide stripes were obtained upon development. The polymer has many desirable properties, such as high refractive index, good adhesion to substrate, optical transparency in the infrared wavelength region, and high glass transition and high thermal decomposition temperatures. Properties of the optical waveguides were characterized, and there is an excellent agreement between measured data and theory. The values of dn/dT and waveguide birefringence are -1.87×10^-4 /°C and 10^-4, respectively, and are comparable to those of halogenated acrylate polymers. With an overcladding layer, the propagation losses measured are 0.25 and 0.28 dB/cm at 0.8 m, 0.62 and 0.77 dB/cm at 1.31 m, and 1.25 and 1.71 dB/cm at 1.55 m for TE and TM polarizations, respectively. PACS 42.70.Jk; 42.79.Gn; 42.82.Et; 42.82.-m     

Astigmatism free holographic lens elements

By applying the s and t formula for a hologram lens on a curved surface the conditions which must be satisfied for astigmatism free imagery are derived. It is shown that for hologram lenses formed on surfaces which are conic sections or on a plane surface, astigmatism free imagery can be obtained for extended objects.     

体全息光学元件布拉格偏移特性的研究及其应用

本文研究了体全息光学元件的布拉格(Bragg)偏移及补偿特性,得出了在某些调制度下,在偏移布拉格条件下仍可以得到较高的衍射效率的结论.文中也讨论了体全息光学元件布拉格偏移的容忍性并分别讨论了体全息元件布拉格偏移所允许的角度偏移和再现波波长偏移的性质,得出了在大调制度下体全息光学元件的布拉格偏移容忍性大的结论.同时指出实现体全息光学元件高衍射效率的变波长再现的途径,并给出相应的实验结果.     

Multilayer volume holographic optical memory

We demonstrate a scheme for volume holographic storage based on the features of shift selectivity of a speckle reference-wave hologram. The proposed recording method permits more-efficient use of the recording medium and yields greater storage density than spherical or plane-wave reference beams. Experimental results of multiple hologram storage and replay in a photorefractive crystal of iron-doped lithium niobate are presented. The mechanisms of lateral and longitudinal shift selectivity are described theoretically and shown to agree with experimental measurements.     

Planar holographic optical processing devices

Time-domain optical processing implemented through linear spectral filtering offers unique potential for future high-bandwidth communications systems. One key to realization of this potential is the development of robust, cost-effective, fully integrated filtering devices. A new spectral filtering device concept, derived from the unique properties of index holograms stamped or otherwise written in thin planar waveguide slabs, is described. The holograms that are described provide for high-resolution spectral filtering while at the same time mapping general input spatial waveforms to desired output waveforms.