Chemoselective coupling of peptide fragments using the Staudinger ligation

Here we report the first Staudinger ligations which yield tetra- and pentapeptides starting from N-terminal α-azido peptides and C-terminal peptideo-(diphenylphosphine)phenyl esters. Mass spectrometric analysis of the reaction mixture provided a better insight into the mechanism of the Staudinger ligation and has been used to explain the observed intermediates and to optimize the ligation reaction. As a result, the optimized reaction enables the chemoselective coupling of peptides containing amino acids other than glycine at the ligation site.     

从生物有机化学到化学生物学

生物体系中的发现一直是与小分子连系在一起的.生物有机化学是生物学和有机化学相互交叉发展起来的新领域,特别是小分子与蛋白结合后引起蛋白功能变化的研究如抑制作用和活化.化学生物学和结构多样性有机合成使系统研究生物学成为可能,人工转录因子可以用作探针来发现生命过程中新的奥秘.     

Staudinger ligation as a method for bioconjugation

In 1919 the German chemist Hermann Staudinger was the first to describe the reaction between an azide and a phosphine. It was not until recently, however, that Bertozzi and co-workers recognized the potential of this reaction as a method for bioconjugation and transformed it into the so-called Staudinger ligation. The bio-orthogonal character of both the azide and the phosphine functions has resulted in the Staudinger ligation finding numerous applications in various complex biological systems. For example, the Staudinger ligation has been utilized to label glycans, lipids, DNA, and proteins. Moreover, the Staudinger ligation has been used as a synthetic method to construct glycopeptides, microarrays, and functional biopolymers. In the emerging field of bio-orthogonal ligation strategies, the Staudinger ligation has set a high standard to which most of the new techniques are often compared. This Review summarizes recent developments and new applications of the Staudinger ligation.     

无痕施陶丁格连接反应机理的理论研究

叠氮化合物和膦硫酯的无痕施陶丁格连接反应是一种有效生成酰胺键的方法. 通过密度泛函方法研究了无痕施陶丁格连接的反应机理. 计算结果表明反应的决速步为反应的第一步, 即膦进攻叠氮的端基氮, 形成膦基叠氮化物的过程. 膦亚胺中间体形成之后, 向不同方向转化(酰基迁移后水解或者直接水解)的难易程度决定了最终产物的组成. 对几种不同偶联试剂介导的无痕施陶丁格连接反应的计算结果, 都与实验数据相吻合.     

The traceless Staudinger ligation with fluorine-18: a novel and versatile labeling technique for the synthesis of PET-radiotracers

The development of rapid radiolabeling techniques under mild reaction conditions involving the short-lived positron emitter fluorine-18 remains a special challenge in organic PET chemistry. This work describes a novel and facile application of the traceless Staudinger ligation as a mild and versatile labeling method for preparation of various radiotracers labeled with fluorine-18.     

Molecular scaffolds using multiple orthogonal conjugations: applications in chemical biology and drug discovery

Heteromultifunctional scaffolds that harness sequential "click" reactions will find significant utility in the areas of chemical biology and chemically enabled/enhanced biotherapeutics ("chemologics"). Here we review the existing synthetic technologies that illustrate the considerable potential of the field.     

Direct Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acids: A Chemoselective O‐ to N‐Acyl Migration in the Traceless Staudinger Ligation

A chlorophosphite‐modified, Staudinger‐like acylation of azides involving a highly chemoselective, direct nucleophilic acyl substitution of carboxylic acids is described. The reaction provides the corresponding amides with analytical purity in 32–97 % yield after a simple aqueous workup without the need for a pre‐activation step. The use of chlorophosphites as dual carboxylic acid–azide activating agents enables the formation of acyl C? N bonds in the presence of a wide range of nucleophilic and electrophilic functional groups, including amines, alcohols, amides, aldehydes, and ketones. The coupling of carboxylic acids and azides for the formation of alkyl amides, sulfonyl amides, lactams, and dipeptides is described.     

Total syntheses of nobilamides B and D: application of traceless Staudinger ligation

Nobilamide B is a long-acting antagonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), and is expected to show therapeutic potential for treatment of pain. This linear heptapeptide possesses a Z-didehydroaminobutanoic acid moiety at the C-terminus. Stereoselective construction of the didehydroamino acid moiety was successfully achieved by application of the traceless Staudinger ligation. The combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and the Staudinger ligation allowed rapid access to not only nobilamide B, but also its macrocyclic analogue nobilamide D.     

One‐Pot/Sequential Native Chemical Ligation Using N‐Sulfanylethylanilide Peptide

N‐Sulfanylethylanilide (SEAlide) peptides were developed with the aim of achieving facile synthesis of peptide thioesters by 9‐fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)‐based solid‐phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc SPPS). Initially, SEAlide peptides were found to be converted to the corresponding peptide thioesters under acidic conditions. However, the SEAlide moiety was proved to function as a thioester in the presence of phosphate salts and to participate in native chemical ligation (NCL) with N‐terminal cysteinyl peptides, and this has served as a powerful protein synthesis methodology. The reactivity of a SEAlide peptide (anilide vs. thioester) can be easily tuned with or without the use of phosphate salts. This interesting property of SEAlide peptides allows sequential three‐fragment or unprecedented four‐fragment ligation for efficient one‐pot peptide/protein synthesis. Furthermore, dual‐kinetically controlled ligation, which enables three peptide fragments simultaneously present in the reaction to be ligated in the correct order, was first achieved using a SEAlide peptide. Beyond our initial expectations, SEAlide peptides have served in protein chemistry fields as very useful crypto‐peptide thioesters. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201200007