氧离子导体La1.9Ba0.1Mo2O9-α的合成及其电性能研究

通过固相法合成了La_1.9Ba_0.1Mo₂O_9-α氧离子导体,对样品进行了XRD、SEM表征,采用交流阻抗谱、氧浓差电池、氧泵等电化学方法研究了该陶瓷样品在600～1 000 ℃下的离子导电特性。结果表明,该陶瓷样品在氧化性气氛中是纯的氧离子导体,1 000 ℃时的氧离子电导率达到0.09 S·cm^-1,高于母体La₂Mo₂O₉的氧离子电导率。本文还研究了样品的燃料电池性能,在1 000 ℃时氢气/氧气燃料电池的最大输出电流密度为280 mA·cm^-2,最大输出功率密度为112 mW·cm^-2。     

新型氧离子导体La2Mo1.8Ga0.2O9陶瓷的合成及其电性能

通过高温固相合成法首次合成了La₂Mo_1.8Ga_0.2O₉陶瓷样品. 粉末XRD结果表明, 该样品为单一立方相La₂Mo₂O₉结构. 以陶瓷样品为固体电解质、多孔性铂为电极, 采用交流阻抗谱、气体浓差电池、氧泵等方法研究了样品在600～1000 ℃下各种气氛中的离子导电特性. 结果表明, 氧浓差电池电动势的实测值与理论值吻合得很好, 氧离子迁移数为1, 表明该陶瓷样品在该温度下氧气气氛中为一纯氧离子导体; 氧泵(氧的电化学透过)实验结果进一步证实了该样品在氧气气氛中为一纯氧离子导体; 在氧分压p(O₂)＝10^－5～10⁵ Pa的高氧分压气氛中, 电导率与氧分压变化基本无关, 表明在该氧分压范围内样品为纯离子导体, 这与氧浓差电池电动势测定结果相吻合; 在低氧分压为10^－5～10^－15 Pa范围内, 总电导率随氧分压降低而稍有升高, 表明在该氧分压范围样品为氧离子与电子的混合导体; 在600～1000 ℃下氧离子电导率＞10^－2 S•cm^－1, 显著高于母体La₂Mo₂O₉的氧离子电导率, 1000 ℃时的氧离子电导率为0.07 S•cm^－1.     

新型氧离子导体La2Mo1.8Ga0.2O9陶瓷的合成及其电性能

通过高温固相合成法首次合成了La₂Mo_1.8Ga_0.2O₉陶瓷样品. 粉末XRD结果表明, 该样品为单一立方相La₂Mo₂O₉结构. 以陶瓷样品为固体电解质、多孔性铂为电极, 采用交流阻抗谱、气体浓差电池、氧泵等方法研究了样品在600～1000 ℃下各种气氛中的离子导电特性. 结果表明, 氧浓差电池电动势的实测值与理论值吻合得很好, 氧离子迁移数为1, 表明该陶瓷样品在该温度下氧气气氛中为一纯氧离子导体; 氧泵(氧的电化学透过)实验结果进一步证实了该样品在氧气气氛中为一纯氧离子导体; 在氧分压p(O₂)＝10^－5～10⁵ Pa的高氧分压气氛中, 电导率与氧分压变化基本无关, 表明在该氧分压范围内样品为纯离子导体, 这与氧浓差电池电动势测定结果相吻合; 在低氧分压为10^－5～10^－15 Pa范围内, 总电导率随氧分压降低而稍有升高, 表明在该氧分压范围样品为氧离子与电子的混合导体; 在600～1000 ℃下氧离子电导率＞10^－2 S•cm^－1, 显著高于母体La₂Mo₂O₉的氧离子电导率, 1000 ℃时的氧离子电导率为0.07 S•cm^－1.     

新型氧离子导体La2Mo1．9Al0．1O9-α陶瓷的合成及电性能

通过高温固相法合成了La2Mo1.9Al0.1O9-a陶瓷样品.XRD测试结果表明,该样品为一立方相结构,Al3 离子在Mo6 位置的固溶摩尔浓度为5%时能完全抑制La2Mo2O9的相变.采用交流阻抗谱、氧浓差电池、氧泵等电化学方法系统地研究了该陶瓷样品在600～1000℃下的离了导电特性.结果表明,氧浓差电池电动势的实测值与理论值吻合得很好,离子迁移数为1,表明该陶瓷样品在该温度下氧气气氛中为一纯离子导体;氧浓差电池放电及氧的电化学透过(氧泵)实验结果进一步证实了该样品在氧气气氛中为一纯氧离子导体;1000℃时其氧离子电导率达到了0.12 S·cm-1,明显高于相同条件下母体及La2Mo1.9Ga0.1O9-a的氧离子电导率.     

新型氧离子导体La2Mo1.9Al0.1O9-α陶瓷的合成及电性能

通过高温固相法合成了La2Mo1.9Al0.1O9-α陶瓷样品. XRD测试结果表明, 该样品为一立方相结构, Al3＋离子在 Mo6＋位置的固溶摩尔浓度为5%时能完全抑制La2Mo2O9的相变. 采用交流阻抗谱、氧浓差电池、氧泵等电化学方法系统地研究了该陶瓷样品在600～1000 ℃下的离子导电特性. 结果表明, 氧浓差电池电动势的实测值与理论值吻合得很好, 离子迁移数为1, 表明该陶瓷样品在该温度下氧气气氛中为一纯离子导体; 氧浓差电池放电及氧的电化学透过(氧泵)实验结果进一步证实了该样品在氧气气氛中为一纯氧离子导体; 1000 ℃时其氧离子电导率达到了0.12 S•cm－1, 明显高于相同条件下母体及La2Mo1.9Ga0.1O9-α的氧离子电导率.     

La2-xSrxMo2O9-α仅的制备及氧离子导电性能

用固相反应法合成了立方相陶瓷样品La2-xSrxMo2O9-α(x=0.05,0.10,0.15).采用交流阻抗谱、气体浓差电池和氧泵(氧的电化学透过)等多种电化学方法研究了样品在550～1000℃下氧离子的导电性质.结果表明:La2-xSrxMo2O9-α陶瓷在氧化性气氛中几乎是纯的氧离子导体;在还原性气氛中为氧离子和电子的混合导体;掺杂量x对样品的电导率有着明显影响,其中x=0.10的样品La1.9Sr0.1Mo2O9具有最高的氧离子电导率,1000℃时的氧离子电导率约为0.17 S·cm-1.     

固体电解质La2-xCaxMo1.7W0.3O9-δ(0≤x≤0.2)的合成、表征及电性能

在氧离子导体La₂Mo_1.7W_0.3O₉的基础上，采用固相法合成了La位掺杂的Ca系列新型氧化物La_2-xCa_xMo_1.7W_0.3O_9-δ(0≤x≤0.2)。通过XRD、Raman和XPS等手段对化合物结构进行表征，交流阻抗谱测试其电性能。结果表明：掺杂离子Ca²⁺的半径小于基质离子La³⁺的半径导致晶格收缩；Ca的掺杂在La₂Mo_1.7W_0.3O₉自身内置氧空位的基础上增加了额外的氧空位，提高了氧离子导体的电导率，550 ℃电导率由0.79 × 10^-4 S·cm^-1 (x=0.0)增加到1.5 × 10^-4 S·cm^-1 (x=0.16，0.2)，电导率增加89.9%。     

La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8的电化学性质及其在SOFC中的应用

采用凝胶浇注法制备具有较高氧离子电导率的固体电解质La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8粉料.X射线衍射结果表明,于1400℃焙烧后即形成了钙钛矿结构,无杂相存在.探讨了粉料压制坯体的致密化和导电性能在1450℃下与烧结时间的关系,发现烧结时间为18h时其相对密度达98.3%,而在24h的情况下,样品具有最佳的氧离子导电性.采用Ni-Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9作为阳极,La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.6Ni0.4O2.7作为阴极,组装了平板型固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC).阳极和阴极分别通入含3%H2O的氢气和空气,750℃时的开路电压为1.04V,最大输出功率密度(P)达252mW/cm2(U=0.48V,J=525mA/cm2).     

(ZrO2)0.86(Sm2O3)0.14纳米粉体的水热法合成及其烧结体的电性能

以湿化学法制得Zr(OH)₄和Sm(OH)₃的共沉淀为前驱体, 在碱性介质中用水热法合成了(ZrO₂)_0.86(Sm₂O₃)_0.14及(ZrO₂)_0.88(Sm₂O₃)_0.12纳米粉体. 将纳米粉体在较低温度(1450 ℃)下烧结制得了致密的固体电解质陶瓷样品, 比通常高温固相反应法采用的烧结温度(＞1600 ℃)降低了150 ℃以上. XRD测定结果表明, (ZrO₂)_0.86(Sm₂O₃)_0.14纳米粉体及其烧结体均为立方相, 但(ZrO₂)_0.88(Sm₂O₃)_0.12纳米粉体为立方相, 它的烧结体为立方相和单斜相的混合相. 用交流阻抗谱法、氧浓差电池法及氧泵(氧的电化学透过)法研究了(ZrO₂)_0.86(Sm₂O₃)_0.14陶瓷样品在600～1000 ℃下的离子导电特性. 结果表明, 该陶瓷样品在600～1000 ℃下氧离子迁移数为1, 氧离子电导率的最大值为3.2×10^－2 S•cm^－1, 是一个优良的氧离子导体; 它的氧泵性能明显地优于YSZ.     

Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9的尿素燃烧法合成与性能

采用以尿素为燃料的燃烧合成法制备Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9(SDC)氧离子导体材料, 对燃烧合成粉体的物相和显微形态进行了表征, 并研究了燃烧法合成SDC的烧结性能以及烧结体的导电性能. 研究结果表明, 采用尿素燃烧法合成SDC具有简便高效和合成粉体烧结活性高的优点. 经过燃烧过程后即可得到立方萤石结构的纯相SDC粉体, 合成粉体的分散性良好, 为50~150 nm的球形颗粒, 具有高的烧结活性, 在1250 ℃的烧结温度下, 陶瓷样品的相对密度可达到95.1%. 在600和800 ℃的测试温度下, 烧结温度为1250 ℃的陶瓷样品的电导率分别达到5.4×10-2和1.0×10-1 Ω-1·cm-1.     

Phase stability and ionic conductivity in substituted La2W2O9

Different substitutions, i.e. Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, K⁺, Nb⁵⁺ and V⁵⁺, have been performed in the triclinic α-La₂W₂O₉ structure in order to stabilise the high temperature and better ionic conductor cubic β-phase. This approach has been used to try to obtain a new series of ionic conductors with LAMOX-type structure without molybdenum and presumably better redox stability compared to β-La₂Mo₂O₉. Nanocrystalline materials obtained by a freeze-drying precursor method at 600 °C exhibit mainly the β-La₂W₂O₉ structure, however, the triclinic α-form is stabilised as the firing temperature increases and the crystallite size grows. Only high levels of Ba²⁺ and V⁵⁺ substitutions retained the cubic form at room temperature after firing above 1100 °C. However, these phases are metastable above 700 °C, exhibiting an irreversible transformation to the low temperature triclinic α-phase. The synthesis, structure, phase stability, kinetic of phase transformation and electrical conductivity of these materials have been studied in the present report.     

Structural studies on W and Nd substituted La2Mo2O9 materials

The structure of a series of new ionic conductors based in lanthanum molybdate (La₂Mo₂O₉) has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The superstructure 2a_c×3a_c×4a_c of the low temperature α-polymorph relative to the β-polymorph was confirmed by HRTEM imaging and electron diffraction. Furthermore, the effects of partial cation substitution in the La_2−xNd_xMo₂O₉ and La₂Mo_2−yW_yO₉ series have been also evaluated in the search of new clues to understand the structure and stabilisation of the high temperature and better conductor β-polymorph. The thermal analysis studies show that Nd-substitution does not stabilise completely the β-polymorph at room temperature, although no superstructure ordering was observed by both XRD and HRTEM. On the other hand, W-substitution stabilises the cubic β-polymorph for y>0.25, although, electron diffraction indicates a slight distortion from the cubic symmetry for low W-content. This distortion disappears as the W content increases and the Rietveld refinements gradually render better results.     

Comprehensive survey of Nd substitution In La2Mo2O9 oxide-ion conductor

Differential thermal analysis coupled to temperature-controlled diffraction have given evidence of a topological metastability phenomenon in an extended compositional range of the La_2−xNd_xMo₂O₉ solid solution. A metastable-stable phase diagram is proposed for this series of LAMOX-type fast oxide-ion conductors. In the Nd range 0<x?0.35, a freezing of the oxygen/vacancy disorder of the β-phase at ambient temperature can be achieved through a splat-quenching to water-ice mixture or/and shaping/sintering into pellet. In the intermediate 0.4?x?1.2 range, the amount of β-metastable phase grows upon substitution for powders. The negative impact of β-metastable to α phase transition on conductivity tends to disappear through the partial stabilization of the β phase by shaping/sintering.     

Ion-beam irradiation of lanthanum compounds in the systems La2O3-Al2O3 and La2O3-TiO2

Thin crystals of La₂O₃, LaAlO₃, La_2/3TiO₃, La₂TiO₅, and La₂Ti₂O₇ have been irradiated in situ using 1 MeV Kr²⁺ ions at the Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope-Tandem User Facility (IVEM-Tandem), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). We observed that La₂O₃ remained crystalline to a fluence greater than 3.1×10¹⁶ ions cm⁻² at a temperature of 50 K. The four binary oxide compounds in the two systems were observed through the crystalline-amorphous transition as a function of ion fluence and temperature. Results from the ion irradiations give critical temperatures for amorphisation (T_c) of 647 K for LaAlO₃, 840 K for La₂Ti₂O₇, 865 K for La_2/3TiO₃, and 1027 K for La₂TiO₅. The T_c values observed in this study, together with previous data for Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, are discussed with reference to the melting points for the La₂O₃-Al₂O₃ and La₂O₃-TiO₂ systems and the different local environments within the four crystal structures. Results suggest that there is an observable inverse correlation between T_c and melting temperature (T_m) in the two systems. More complex relationships exist between T_c and crystal structure, with the stoichiometric perovskite LaAlO₃ being the most resistant to amorphisation.     

Following the crystallisation of Bi2Mo2O9 catalyst by combined XRD/QuEXAFS

The formation ofβ-phase Bi₂Mo₂O₉ catalyst from a precursor precipitate has been studied using thein situ combined XRD/QuEXAFS technique and DSC during calcination. Accordingly the precursor was observed to undergo a number of changes in both the molybdenum (VI) coordination and long-range ordering during this heating. Initially the two other forms of bismuth molybdate (α-andγ-phases) were observed to form from the poorly crystalline precursor at about 230°C, however, theβ-phase eventually crystallised after prolonged heating at 560°C. Dedicated to Professor C N R Rao on his 70th birthday     

Synthesis and properties of the double perovskites La2NiVO6, La2CoVO6, and La2CoTiO6

The double perovskites La₂CoVO₆, La₂CoTiO₆, and La₂NiVO₆, are described. Rietveld fitting of neutron and powder X-ray diffraction data show La₂NiVO₆ and La₂CoVO₆ to have a disordered arrangement of B-cations whereas La₂CoTiO₆ shows ordering of the B-cations (with ∼5% Co/Ti inversion). Curie-Weiss fits to the linear region of the 1/χ plots reveal Weiss temperatures of −107, −34.8, and 16.3 K for La₂CoVO₆, La₂CoTiO₆, and La₂NiVO₆, respectively, and magnetic transitions are observed. La₂CoTiO₆ prepared by our method differs from material prepared by lower-temperature routes. A simple antiferromagnetic spin model is consistent with the data for La₂CoTiO₆. These compounds are semiconductors with bandgaps of 0.41 (La₂CoVO₆), 1.02 (La₂CoTiO₆) and 0.45 eV (La₂NiVO₆).     

Synthesis and characterization of La2Mo2O9 obtained from freeze-dried precursors

La₂Mo₂O₉ ceramics have been prepared from freeze-dried precursors and their properties compared to those of lantanum molybdate obtained by conventional solid state (SS) reaction. All materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis (TGA/DTA/DSC and dilatometry) to characterize the phase formation and phase transition. When the freeze-dried method was applied, the synthesis temperature required to obtain dense samples was much lower than that for powders obtained by SS reaction. The morphology and structure of the oxide particle are significantly dependent on the synthesis method. The grain size is smaller, whereas the density of sintered pellets is higher for the freeze-dried precursor powder when compared with the SS reaction method. Impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the electrical conductivity of La₂Mo₂O₉ from 548 to 1123 K, in air, and to characterize the blocking effects of grain boundaries.     

Phase relations, crystal chemistry, and dielectric properties in sections of the La2O3-CaO-MgO-TiO2 system

Subsolidus phase equilibria and crystal chemistry were studied for the La₂O₃-MgO-TiO₂ system and for the ternary sections LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃-CaTiO₃-La₂O₃ and LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃-CaTiO₃-La_0.833Mg_0.25Ti_0.75O₃ in the quaternary La₂O₃-CaO-MgO-TiO₂ system. Dielectric properties (relative permittivity and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, τ_f) were measured at 5-10 GHz and mapped onto the phase equilibria relations to reveal the compositions of temperature-stable (τ_f=0) compounds and mixtures. Phase equilibria relations were obtained by X-ray powder diffraction analysis of approximately 80 specimens prepared by solid-state reactions in air at ∼1450°C. Six ternary phases were found to form in the La₂O₃-MgO-TiO₂ system, including the three previously reported compounds LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃, La₅Mg_0.5Ti_3.5O₁₅, and “La₆MgTi₄O₁₈”; and the new phases La₁₀MgTi₉O₃₄, La₉Mg_0.5Ti_8.5O₃₁, and a perovskite-type solid solution (1−x)LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃-xLa_2/3TiO₃ (0?x?0.5). The phase previously reported as “La₆MgTi₄O₁₈” was found to form off-composition, apparently as a point compound, at La₆Mg_0.913Ti_4.04O₁₈. Indexed experimental X-ray powder diffraction patterns are given for LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃, La₅Mg_0.5Ti_3.5O₁₅, La₆Mg_0.913Ti_4.04O₁₈, La₁₀MgTi₉O₃₄, and La₉Mg_0.5Ti_8.5O₃₁. LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃ exhibits a slightly distorted perovskite structure with ordered B-cations (P2₁/n; a=5.5608(2) Å, b=5.5749(3) Å, c=7.8610(5) Å, β=90.034(4)°). La₅Mg_0.5Ti_3.5O₁₅ (Pm1; a=5.5639(1), c=10.9928(5) Å) and La₆Mg_0.913Ti_4.04O₁₈ (R3m; a=5.5665(1), c=39.7354(9) Å) are n=5 and n=6 members, respectively, of the (111) perovskite-slab series A_nB_n−1O_3n. The new phases La₁₀MgTi₉O₃₄ (a=5.5411(2), b=31.3039(9), c=3.9167(1) Å) and La₉Mg_0.5Ti_8.5O₃₁ (a=5.5431(2), b=57.055(1), c=3.9123(1) Å) are n=5 and n=4.5 members, respectively, of the (110) perovskite-slab series A_nB_nO_3n+2, which exhibit orthorhombic subcells; electron diffraction revealed monoclinic superlattices with doubled c-parameters for both compounds. Extensive perovskite-type solid solutions form in the ternary sections LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃-CaTiO₃-La₂O₃ and LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃-CaTiO₃-La_0.833Mg_0.25Ti_0.75O₃. The La₂O₃-MgO-TiO₂ system contains two regions of temperature-stable (τ_f=0) compositions. The quaternary La₂O₃-CaO-MgO-TiO₂ system contains an extensive single-phase perovskite-type volume through which passes a surface of temperature-stable compositions with permittivities projected to be in the 40-50 range. Traces of this surface occur as lines of τ_f=0 perovskite-type phases in the ternary sections LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃-CaTiO₃-La₂O₃ and LaMg_1/2Ti_1/2O₃-CaTiO₃-La_0.833Mg_0.25Ti_0.75O₃.     

Structural change of layered perovskite La2Ti2O7 at high pressures

The perovskite-related layered structure of La₂Ti₂O₇ has been studied at pressures up to 30 GPa using synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering. The XRD results indicate a pronounced anisotropy for the compressibility of the monoclinic unit cell. The ratio of the relative compressibilities along the [100], [010] and [001] directions is ∼1:3:5. The greatest compressibility is along the [001] direction, perpendicular to the interlayer. A pressure-induced phase transition occurs at 16.7 GPa. Both Raman and XRD measurements reveal that the pressure-induced phase transition is reversible. The high-pressure phase has a close structural relation to the low-pressure monoclinic phase and the phase transition may be due to the tilting of TiO₆ octahedra at high pressures.     

Structural and dielectric/ferroelectric properties of (La1−xNdx)2Ti2O7 synthesized by sol-gel route

A series of compounds with the general formula (La_1−xNd_x)₂Ti₂O₇ (0.0≤x≤1.0) has been prepared by the sol-gel method. The decomposition of the gel was characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis coupled to mass spectrometry, indicating the reaction is achieved above 850 °C. The lattice parameters versus x show an expected decrease in the a and b parameters while c and the β angle remain almost unchanged with respect to the monoclinic symmetry conserved for the full solid solution. Dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties were measured on the entire series.