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1.
S. L. MaxwellIII B. K. Culligan 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2009,279(1):105-111
The Savannah River Site Environmental Bioassay Lab participated in the 2007 NRIP Emergency Response program administered by
the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) in May, 2007. A new rapid column separation method was applied
directly to the NRIP 2007 emergency urine samples, with only minimal sample preparation to reduce preparation time. Calcium
phosphate precipitation, used to preconcentrate actinides and 90Sr in NRIP 2006 urine and water samples, was not used for the NRIP 2007 urine samples. Instead, the raw urine was acidified
and passed directly through the stacked resin columns (TEVA+TRU+SR-Resins) to separate the actinides and 90Sr from the NRIP urine samples more quickly. This improvement reduced sample preparation time for the NRIP 2007 emergency
urine analyses significantly. This approach works well for small volume urine samples expected during an emergency response
event. Based on initial feedback from NIST, the SRS Environmental Bioassay Lab had the most rapid analysis times for actinides
and 90Sr analyses for NRIP 2007 emergency urine samples. 相似文献
2.
S. L. MaxwellIII 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2008,275(3):497-502
There is a need for fast, reliable methods for the determination of actinides and 89/90Sr analysis on environmental and bioassay samples in response to an emergency radiological incident. The Savannah River Site (SRS) Environmental Laboratory participated in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Radiochemistry Intercomparison Program (NRIP-06) and analyzed water and urine samples within 8 hours of receipt. The SRS Environmental Laboratory was the only lab that participated in the program that analyzed these samples for both actinides and 89/90Sr within an eight hour turnaround time. A rapid actinide and 89/90Sr separation method was used for both urine and water samples. This method uses stacked TEVA Resin®, TRU Resin® and Sr-Resin® cartridges from Eichrom Technologies (Darien, IL, USA) that allows the rapid separation of plutonium (Pu), neptunium (Np), uranium (U), and americium (Am), curium (Cm) and thorium (Th) using a single multi-stage column combined with alpha-spectrometry. Vacuum box cartridge technology with rapid flow rates was used to minimize sample preparation time. This paper discusses the technology and conditions employed for both water and urine samples and presents the SRS performance data on the NRIP-06 samples. 相似文献
3.
Sherrod L. Maxwell Brian K. Culligan Jay B. Hutchison Robin C. Utsey Daniel R. McAlister 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2013,298(3):1977-1989
A new rapid method for the determination of 210Po in water samples has been developed at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) that can be used for emergency response or routine water analyses. If a radiological dispersive device event or a radiological attack associated with drinking water supplies occurs, there will be an urgent need for rapid analyses of water samples, including drinking water, ground water and other water effluents. Current analytical methods for the assay of 210Po in water samples have typically involved spontaneous auto-deposition of 210Po onto silver or other metal disks followed by counting by alpha spectrometry. The auto-deposition times range from 90 min to 24 h or more, at times with yields that may be less than desirable. If sample interferences are present, decreased yields and degraded alpha spectrums can occur due to unpredictable thickening in the deposited layer. Separation methods have focused on the use of Sr Resin?, often in combination with 210Pb analysis. A new rapid method for 210Po in water samples has been developed at the SRNL that utilizes a rapid calcium phosphate co-precipitation method, separation using DGA Resin® (N,N,N′,N′ tetraoctyldiglycolamide extractant-coated resin, Eichrom Technologies or Triskem-International), followed by rapid microprecipitation of 210Po using bismuth phosphate for counting by alpha spectrometry. This new method can be performed quickly with excellent removal of interferences, high chemical yields and very good alpha peak resolution, eliminating any potential problems with the alpha source preparation for emergency or routine samples. A rapid sequential separation method to separate 210Po and actinide isotopes was also developed. This new approach, rapid separation with DGA resin plus microprecipitation for alpha source preparation, is a significant advance in radiochemistry for the rapid determination of 210Po. 相似文献
4.
Ranjeet Kumar J. R. Yadav D. D. Rao Lal Chand 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2010,283(3):785-788
Bioassay technique is used for the estimation of actinides present in the body based on their excretion rate through body
fluids. For occupational radiation workers urine assay is the preferred method for monitoring of chronic internal exposure.
Determination of low concentrations of actinides such as plutonium, americium and uranium at low level of mBq in urine by
alpha spectrometry requires pre-concentration of large volumes of urine. This paper deals with standardization of analytical
method for the determination of Pu-isotopes in urine samples using anion exchange resin and 236Pu tracer for radiochemical recovery. The method involves oxidation of urine followed by co-precipitation of plutonium along
with calcium phosphate. Separation of Pu was carried out by Amberlite, IRA-400, anion exchange resin. Pu-fraction was electrodeposited
and activity estimated using tracer recovery by alpha spectrometer. Twenty routine urine samples of radiation workers were
analyzed and consistent radiochemical tracer recovery was obtained in the range 74–96% with a mean and standard deviation
of 85 and 6% respectively. 相似文献
5.
Sherrod L. MaxwellIII Brian K. Culligan Gary W. Noyes 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2010,286(1):273-282
A new rapid method for the determination of actinides and radiostrontium in vegetation samples has been developed at the Savannah
River Site Environmental Lab (Aiken, SC, USA) that can be used in emergency response situations or for routine analysis. The
actinides in vegetation method utilizes a rapid sodium hydroxide fusion method, a lanthanum fluoride matrix removal step,
and a streamlined column separation process with stacked TEVA, TRU and DGA Resin cartridges. Lanthanum was separated rapidly
and effectively from Am and Cm on DGA Resin. Alpha emitters are prepared using rare earth microprecipitation for counting
by alpha spectrometry. The purified 90Sr fractions are mounted directly on planchets and counted by gas flow proportional counting. The method showed high chemical
recoveries and effective removal of interferences. The actinide and 90Sr in vegetation sample analysis can be performed in less than 8 h with excellent quality for emergency samples. The rapid
fusion technique is a rugged sample digestion method that ensures that any refractory actinide particles or vegetation residue
after furnace heating is effectively digested. 相似文献
6.
Ranjeet Kumar J. R. Yadav D. D. Rao Lal Chand 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2009,279(3):787-790
Bioassay technique is used for the estimation of actinides present in the body based on the excretion rate of body fluids.
For occupational radiation workers urine assay is the preferred method for monitoring of chronic internal exposure. Determination
of low concentrations of actinides such as plutonium, americium and uranium at low level of mBq in urine by alpha-spectrometry
requires pre-concentration of large volumes of urine. This paper deals with standardization of analytical method for the determination
of U-isotopes in urine samples using anion-exchange resin and 232U tracer for radiochemical recovery. The method involves oxidation of urine followed by co-precipitation of uranium along
with calcium phosphate. Separation of U was carried out by Amberlite, IRA-400, anion-exchange resin. U-fraction was electrodeposited
and activity estimated using tracer recovery by alpha-spectrometer. Eight routine urine samples of radiation workers were
analyzed and consistent radiochemical tracer recovery was obtained in the range of 51% to 67% with a mean and standard deviation
of 60% and 5.4%, respectively. 相似文献
7.
Ranjeet Kumar J. R. Yadav D. D. Rao 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2011,289(2):451-454
Bioassay technique is used for the estimation of actinides present in the body based on their excretion rate through body
fluids. For occupational radiation workers urine assay is the preferred method for monitoring of chronic internal exposure.
Determination of low concentrations of actinides such as plutonium, americium and uranium at low level of mBq in urine by
alpha spectrometry requires pre-concentration of large volumes of urine. This article deals with standardization of analytical
method for the determination of 241Am isotope in urine samples using Extraction Chromatography (EC) and 243Am tracer for radiochemical recovery. The method involves oxidation of urine followed by co-precipitation of americium along
with calcium phosphate. This precipitate after treatment is further subjected to calcium oxalate co-precipitation. Separation
of Am was carried out by EC column prepared by PC88-A (2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid 2-ethyl hexyl monoester) adsorbed on
microporous resin XAD-7 (PC88A-XAD7). Am-fraction was electro-deposited and activity estimated using tracer recovery by alpha
spectrometer. Ten routine urine samples of radiation workers were analyzed and consistent radiochemical recovery was obtained
in the range 44–60% with a mean and standard deviation of 51 and 4.7% respectively. 相似文献
8.
Bogdan Skwarzec Krzysztof Kabat Tomasz Puzyn Aleksander Astel 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2012,292(2):519-529
The study deals with the application of cluster analysis (CA) and non-parametric tests (Shapiro–Wilk, Kruskal–Wallis, Dunn,
U Mann–Whitney) to classify and interpret of a monitoring data set for Odra River water quality assessment based on concentration
values of radiochemical parameters. The data set represents results for 3 alpha emitters (210Po, 238U and 239+240Pu) measured in surface water samples collected at 13 different sampling locations (5 in major Odra stream while 8 in Odra
tributaries) within four seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn, in the framework of 1 year-term quality monitoring research.
The correlation analysis of polonium, uranium and plutonium data indicates that significant values of Spearman’s correlation
coefficient appears between 210Po and 239+240Pu (r = 0.55 in autumn and 0.77 in winter as well as 0.49 in all year), while statistical significant correlation between uranium
and plutonium as well as uranium and polonium were not found. In the Odra drainage basin, the biggest differences were observed
in the case of 238U. The hypothesis about possible geographic and seasonal differences between concentration of 210Po, 238U and 239+240Pu in the Odra River catchment area was verified by cluster analysis (CA). Finally, to asses if there are statistically significant
differences in mean concentration value of 210Po, 238U and 239+240Pu for Vistula and Odra Rivers drainage basins were obtained by used of the non-parametric tests. Comparing to Vistula catchment
area, statistically different concentration of 210Po and 239+240Pu in all year was observed for river samples collected on Odra drainage basin. 相似文献
9.
10.
The size distribution of210Po in the atmosphere around Mt. Sakurajima in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan
N. Ashikawa N. Syojo H. Imamura M. Fujisaki N. Matsuoka Y. Takashima 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1998,230(1-2):97-104
The concentration and size distribution of210Po in particulate matters in the atmosphere were measured around the active volcano, Mt. Sakurajima in Kagoshima prefecture,
Japan. The samples were collected eight times at four sampling points for the period from June 1994 to January 1996. The highest
concentration of210Po was 2940 μBq/m3 at Akamizu located 2 km away from the crater of Mt. Sakurajima. The210Po concentrations decreased with the increase of distance from Mt. Sakurajima. The size distribution curves of210Po in the particulate matters showed that210Po is usually condensed to fine particles smaller than 2 μm in diameter. In addition, it was suggested that the210Po concentration in particulate matters collected at Akamizu was affected by the wind direction over Mt. Sakurajima. 相似文献
11.
Xiongxin Dai Yuhang Cui Sheila Kramer-Tremblay 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2013,296(1):363-368
Rapid bioassay methods for 90Sr in urine samples are needed to provide an early estimation of possible internal dose resulting from exposure to radiostrontium in the event of a radiological and nuclear emergency. In this work, a fast column separation method followed by liquid scintillation counting for detection of 90Sr in urine was developed. Replicate spike and blank samples were analyzed for performance evaluation of the method. Using this method, a detection limit of ~10 Bq L?1 for 90Sr can be achieved with a sample analysis turn-around time of 4 h for a set of 12 samples. The method is adequate to meet the radiobioassay acceptance criteria and is suitable for quick dose assessment of 90Sr exposure following a radiation emergency. 相似文献
12.
Zack Varve Edward P. C. Lai Chunsheng Li Baki B. Sadi Gary H. Kramer 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2012,292(3):1411-1415
A rapid bioassay for 90Sr was developed involving preconcentration of 90Sr/90Y from human urine samples with a cation exchange polymer (poly–acrylamido–methyl–propanesulfonic acid) coated onto magnetic
nanoparticles, followed by selective elution of 90Sr (over 90Y) with phosphate for determination by liquid scintillation analysis. The minimum detectable activity for this method (4.9 ± 0.5 Bq/L)
is lower than the required sensitivity of 19 Bq/L for 90Sr in human urine samples, as defined in the requirements for radiation emergency bioassay techniques for the public and first
responders based on the dose threshold for possible medical attention recommended by the International Commission on Radiological
Protection. The relative bias was 9.2%, the relative precision was 3.2%, and the linear dynamic range covered 12–600 Bq/L.
This simple and rapid bioassay method is found to be in compliance with the HPS ANSI N13.30 performance criteria for radiobioassay. 相似文献
13.
A new rapid separation method that allows separation and preconcentration of actinides in urine samples was developed for the measurement of longer lived actinides by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and short-lived actinides by alpha spectrometry; a hybrid approach. This method uses stacked extraction chromatography cartridges and vacuum box technology to facilitate rapid separations. Preconcentration, if required, is performed using a streamlined calcium phosphate precipitation. Similar technology has been applied to separate actinides prior to measurement by alpha spectrometry, but this new method has been developed with elution reagents now compatible with ICP-MS as well. Purified solutions are split between ICP-MS and alpha spectrometry so that long- and short-lived actinide isotopes can be measured successfully. The method allows for simultaneous extraction of 24 samples (including QC samples) in less than 3 h. Simultaneous sample preparation can offer significant time savings over sequential sample preparation. For example, sequential sample preparation of 24 samples taking just 15 min each requires 6 h to complete. The simplicity and speed of this new method makes it attractive for radiological emergency response. If preconcentration is applied, the method is applicable to larger sample aliquots for occupational exposures as well. The chemical recoveries are typically greater than 90%, in contrast to other reported methods using flow injection separation techniques for urine samples where plutonium yields were 70-80%. This method allows measurement of both long-lived and short-lived actinide isotopes. 239Pu, 242Pu, 237Np, 243Am, 234U, 235U and 238U were measured by ICP-MS, while 236Pu, 238Pu, 239Pu, 241Am, 243Am and 244Cm were measured by alpha spectrometry. The method can also be adapted so that the separation of uranium isotopes for assay is not required, if uranium assay by direct dilution of the urine sample is preferred instead. Multiple vacuum box locations may be set-up to supply several ICP-MS units with purified sample fractions such that a high sample throughput may be achieved, while still allowing for rapid measurement of short-lived actinides by alpha spectrometry. 相似文献
14.
P. K. Kuroda P. Y. Daniel A. Nevissi J. N. Beck J. L. Meason 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1978,43(2):443-450
The concentrations of89Sr,90Sr,210Pb and210Po were measured in a series of rain samples collected at Fayetteville (36°N, 94°W), Arkansas, after the 14th Chinese test
of March 18, 1972, which occurred at Lop Nor (40°N, 90°E), China. Approximately concordant tropospheric residence times were
obtained from the89Sr/90Sr and210Po/210Pb ratios in rain. The89Sr/90Sr ratios were also measured for the rain samples collected at Tokyo (36°N, 140°E), Japan, and at Ankara (40°N, 33°E), Turkey. 相似文献
15.
Jia Guogang C. Testa D. Desideri F. Guerra C. Roselli 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1998,230(1-2):21-28
A sensitive and reliable metbod for the sequential separation and determination of plutonium,241Am and90Sr in soil samples was developed. Plutonium was separated by a Microthene-TNOA column. Then90Y (for90Sr determination) was separated from americium by a HDEHP column after elimination of large amounts of interfering stable
or radioactive nuclides (iron,210Bi and210Po etc.) by an oxalate precipitation and a Microthene-TNOA column. Finally americium was purified by another HDEHP column
and a PMBP-TOPO extraction. A special attention was paid to the decontamination of Pu and Am from210Po and of90Y from210Bi; the relevant decontamination factors resulted greater than 105, 106 and 104 respectively. The detection limits were 1.2 mBq/kg for Pu and 1.7 mBq/kg for241Am and 0.32 Bq/kg for90Sr. The procedure was checked by analyzing three certified samples supplied by IAEA. Some Italian soil samples were also analyzed
giving average yields of 84.9±7.2% for Pu, 57.8±3.2%for Am and 96.7±1.6% for Y; the239+240Pu,238Pu,241Am and90Sr contents (Bq/kg) ranged from 0.347 to 1.53, from 0.013 to 0.048, from 0.126 to 0.556 and from 2.89 to 11.6 respectively
and the average ratios were 0.037±0.017 for238Pu/239+240Pu, 0.357±0.040 for241Am/239+240Pu and 7.0±1.2 for90Sr/239+240Pu. 相似文献
16.
This paper deals with the distribution of 210Po in the river bank soil samples of three major rivers namely Bharathapuzha, Periyar and Kallada river of Kerala. The dependence
of 210Po activity on organic matter content in the samples was also studied. The soil samples were collected and analyzed for 210Po radionuclide using standard radiochemical analytical method. Activity of 210Po increases with increase in organic matter content in samples. Along the Bharathapuzha river bank the 210Po activity ranges from 2.96 to 12.48 Bq kg−1 with mean 5.62 Bq kg−1. The organic matter percentage in the samples ranges from 0.4 to 2.8 and a good correlation with correlation coefficient
0.9 was found between activity and organic matter percentage. In the Periyar river environs 210Po activity ranges from 3.47 to 13.39 Bq kg−1 with mean value 9.27 Bq kg−1. Organic matter percentage in these samples ranges from 1.20 to 4.10 and the correlation coefficient between 210Po activity and organic matter percentage was found to be 0.8 In the Kallada river bank soil samples 210Po activity ranges from 4.46 to 6.45 Bq kg−1. The organic matter percentage ranges from 1.4 to 3. The correlation coefficient between 210Po activity and organic matter percentage in the samples was found to be 0.9. 相似文献
17.
The deliberate poisoning of A. Litvinenko in London in late 2006 with 210Po, attracted attention to the difficulties in identifying internal contamination with alpha emitting radionuclides and to
the limited knowledge available on the cycling of many naturally occurring radioisotopes in the body and their baseline concentration
values in humans. To cope with the emergency caused by the spread of high 210Po activity, which contaminated several people and places in London, we were called upon to analyze urine samples in potentially
contaminated people. A reference group of adult humans was also selected for determination of baseline 210Po values to be used for comparative purposes. Concentrations of 210Po in urine samples from three Portuguese citizens that have been at contaminated places, in London, ranged from 2.3 to 4.1
mBq·L−1 while in the reference group 210Po concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4.8 mBq·L−1. Analytical quality of results was ensured through participation in an international inter laboratory comparison exercise
on 210Po determination in aqueous samples. Results indicated that people potentially exposed to 210Po in London were not internally contaminated with the radionuclide used as a poisoning agent, and the levels of this radionuclide
measured in the urine were similar to the naturally occurring levels in the reference group. Polonium levels in urine and
in man are discussed in the light of 210Po levels in the human diet. 相似文献
18.
Measurement uncertainties in the determination of 210Pb and 210Po in Reference Material IAEA-300 (Baltic Sea Sediment) were evaluated. 210Pb and 210Po were separated from the matrix using an Sr resin column. The chemical yield of 210Pb was determined gravimetrically in PbSO4 form. Precipitation was followed by beta proportional counting after 210Bi ingrowth. 210Po was determined by alpha spectrometry after its spontaneous deposition on a Cu planchet. The major source of uncertainty
was identified as the statistical counting uncertainty, which was also expected and is almost impossible to reduce without
extension of the time required for an analysis. The expanded uncertainties were determined as 7.4% and 12.2% for 210Pb and 210Po, respectively.
Received: 3 September 2002 Accepted: 3 December 2002
Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, Republic of Slovenia (Project group PO-0106–0532).
Presented at CERMM-3, Central European Reference Materials and Measurements Conference: The function of reference materials
in the measurement process, May 30–June 1, 2002, Rogaška Slatina, Slovenia
Correspondence to P. Vreˇcek 相似文献
19.
Primal D’Cunha P. Sathyanarayana Bhat Y. Narayana 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2011,290(1):171-174
The paper presents systematic studies on the vertical profiles of 210Po, an important decay product of 238U, in soils along coastal Kerala. Soil samples collected from different depth intervals 0–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm were analyzed
for 210Po activity concentration by radiochemical methods. The activity 210Po in soil samples were counted using a ZnS(Ag) alpha scintillation counting system. The mean values of activity concentrations
of 210Po in soil of various depths were found to be 8.66, 5.63 and 4.95 Bq kg−1 for depth intervals of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm, respectively. The overall activity concentration of 210Po in soil was found to vary from 2.26 ± 0.19 to 14.02 ± 0.12 Bq kg−1 with a mean value of 6.43 Bq kg−1. Maximum activity concentration was found in soil samples of Kollam region with the mean value of 10.08 ± 0.92 Bq kg−1. The activity of 210Po was found to be comparatively high in surface soil. The variation of 210Po activity concentration with organic matter contents was studied. 210Polonium activity concentration was found to increase with increasing organic matter content. 相似文献
20.
K. Južnič M. H. Koponen A. Južnič 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1989,135(4):293-298
Transfer of210Pb and210Po from an uranium mine and mill to the environment was studied by measuring their concentrations in different stages of uranium extraction technology, in waste products from the mill and in environmental waters. A slightly modified radiochemical method was used for210Po and210Pb determination. 相似文献