表界面调控电催化析氧反应

开发高效绿色清洁能源已引起研究者们的广泛关注。电解水是一种大规模且可持续生产高纯氢能源技术。然而,阳极析氧反应电催化剂的高过电位和不稳定性制约了电解水技术的大规模应用,合理设计电催化剂的结构可显著优化其反应热力学和动力学,提高电解水技术的能量转换效率。表界面是电催化反应发生的主要场所,通过调控电催化剂表面的本征结构或构筑异质界面等系列表界面化学工程对电催化剂进行改性,可以有效改善材料的催化活性和稳定性。本文概述了当前表界面调控策略在电催化析氧反应中的研究进展,重点介绍了表界面调控层状双金属氢氧化物、钙钛矿型氧化物、尖晶石型化合物及合金材料的研究现状,阐述了高效稳定析氧反应电催化剂的设计思路。讨论了表界面调控策对催化剂表界面微结构和电子态的影响以及设计新型析氧反应电催化剂中面临的问题。最后,展望了表界面调控应用于析氧反应电催化剂的前景。     

酸性环境下析氧反应Ir、Ru贵金属电催化剂的研究进展

水电解法是利用可再生能源生产氢气的最有效、最环保的方法之一。质子交换膜（PEM）水电解槽对可再生能源的储存和转化具有重要意义,与碱性电解水相比,具有设计紧凑、电压效率高和气体纯度高等优点。然而,阳极电催化剂的低效率、不稳定性和高成本阻碍了PEM水电解。许多析氧反应（OER）电催化剂在恶劣的酸性环境下,在OER电位作用下容易发生溶解或表面结构转变,最终导致催化性能急剧下降,因此酸性OER是阻碍PEM水电解槽实际应用的主要因素之一。高效、经济和耐用的电催化剂可降低OER的高动力学势垒,加速其反应动力学。迄今为止,Ir和Ru基纳米材料仍然代表着最先进的催化剂,已经设计和合成了多种先进的贵金属电催化剂,以增强酸性OER性能。本文综述了近5年性能优异的酸性OER新型电催化剂的研究进展。首先,讨论了对酸性OER的基本认识,包括其反应机理。在此基础上,对贵金属Ir、Ru单原子、合金和氧化物等方面综述了贵金属酸性OER电催化剂的设计和合成进展。最后,从反应机理研究和更高效的电催化剂设计等方面对酸性OER的未来发展提出了展望。     

铁镍合金催化剂的结构调控及对电化学析氧反应的催化性能

以碳纤维纸(CFP)为基底材料,通过水热生长铁镍前驱体、多巴胺包覆和焙烧转化的方法制备出FeNi合金纳米颗粒@氮掺杂碳(FeNi alloy@NC)复合催化剂.通过改变反应体系中Fe/Ni前驱体的摩尔比可改变合金组成为Fe_0.64Ni_0.36和FeNi)3,同时催化剂微观结构也由纳米管状变为花状团簇以及片层结构.在碱性介质中进行电化学析氧反应测试,发现FeNi₃@NC(1∶3)催化剂表现出了最优的催化活性和稳定性,合金颗粒与NC层的协同相互作用、NC保护层的构建以及催化剂的三维微观立体结构是催化剂性能优异的主要原因.     

钨掺杂的铁镍基层状氢氧化物用于电催化析氧和析氢反应

采用简便的一步水热合成法,在泡沫镍上原位生长微量W~(6+)掺入的Fe_(0.2)Ni(OH)_2双金属层状氢氧化物(LDH),以此来降低铁镍材料的过电势。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和拉曼光谱(Raman)等分析方法对材料形貌、组成、结构等进行表征,发现钨掺杂使催化剂材料的晶体结构和电子结构发生变化,W_(0.03)Fe_(0.2)Ni(OH)_2LDH表现出优异的电化学析氧(OER)和析氢(HER)性能。电化学测试表明该催化剂在25 mA·cm~(-2)电流密度下OER和HER过电势分别仅有271和208 mV,塔菲尔斜率分别为61和181 mV·dec~(-1)。此外,经过长达20 h计时电位稳定性测试后,材料的催化性能未见明显下降。     

铁基阳极析氧催化剂的研究进展与展望

利用电解水制氢来储存太阳能是未来能源发展的一大趋势。 水的阳极氧化是这一过程中最重要也是最复杂的一步。 因此,设计稳定而高效的水氧化催化剂是电解水制氢的关键。 目前,研究比较成熟的是基于贵金属钌的水氧化催化剂,但由于其价格昂贵、储量较少无法大规模利用。 铁作为钌的同族元素用于水氧化催化近年来受到了越来越多的关注。 本文从铁基阳极水氧化催化剂研究现状、制备方法、催化体系及机理3个方面对电解水铁基阳极催化剂进行了综述。 分析其当前存在的问题,为水氧化催化剂的进一步研究设计提供参考。     

生物质基碳材料作为氧还原反应催化剂的研究进展

燃料电池作为一种清洁能源有很大的发展前景,其阴极氧还原反应多采用铂基催化剂,但由于贵金属铂的储量稀少、价格昂贵等原因,严重阻碍了燃料电池的商业化进程。寻找高活性、高稳定性的新材料来替代阴极铂基催化剂成为燃料电池大规模商业化亟待解决的关键问题之一。研究表明,以生物质为原料的碳材料有望成为商业铂基氧还原催化剂的一种理想替代品。本文综述了这方面的研究进展,并且展望了未来的发展趋势。     

铱基催化剂在酸性析氧反应中的研究进展

降低对化石能源依赖,实现无碳能源需要构建以可再生能源(如太阳能、风能等)为主体的能源框架.氢气是无碳能源框架下的一种较为理想的能源载体,而电解水制氢技术能够有效制备环境友好的高纯氢气.其中,质子交换膜基(PEM)电解水技术相较碱性电解技术能够实现更高的质子导电性、电解效率、响应速度以及产物气体分离能力,展现出较高的应用...     

表面修饰型铂基氧还原电催化剂研究进展

氧气还原反应是燃料电池中的重要电极反应,但其动力学过程非常迟缓,需高度依赖资源稀缺、价格高昂的贵金属Pt.加之Pt基催化剂还面临着实际工况下耐久性不足的问题,这些都严重阻碍了燃料电池的产业化进程.对Pt基纳米催化剂进行表面功能化修饰可有效优化和提升其氧还原活性和稳定性.本文综述了最近几年表面修饰型Pt基氧还原催化剂的最...     

氧还原和析氧反应的双功能电催化剂--氮磷共掺碳负载四氧化三钴

金属-空气电池具备诸多优势,譬如绿色环保、能量转化率高、启动快速、能量密度高、使用寿命和干态存储时间长等.与燃料电池相比,金属-空气电池结构简单,放电电压平稳,成本低,但依然存在一些制约发展的问题,如阴极催化剂.阴极催化剂在金属-空气电池中发挥催化氧还原反应(oxygen reduction reaction, ORR)和析氧反应(oxygen evolution reac-tion, OER)的关键作用.铂及其合金常用作 ORR的单功能催化剂,而钌和铱等是目前 OER催化效率最高的,但 ORR活性很低,因此需要开发出一种廉价而又具备双功能催化作用的催化剂.单异原子掺杂的碳基催化剂的研究集中在 ORR催化性能上,而多异原子共掺碳最近有研究表明具有双催化氧的性质,如氮磷共掺碳.在这些氮磷共掺的碳架中,氮磷共掺物起着 OER催化作用,掺氮物为 ORR催化的活性位点,而掺磷物起着强化作用.异原子掺杂负载的钴基催化剂(如掺氮还原氧化石墨烯载 Co3O4)是近年来双功能催化剂研究的另一个热点.钴基催化剂有着催化 ORR和 OER的多价价态,然而其本身导电性能差,这一缺陷可通过杂化石墨化碳来弥补,石墨化碳有着优良的导电性能.据我们所知,目前仍没有关于氮磷共掺碳负载的 Co3O4双催化氧的研究.我们合成了氮磷共掺碳(NPC)负载的 Co3O4(Co3O4/NPC),并首次探索了其氧还原和析氧性能. Co3O4/NPC合成分两步进行.首先通过三聚氰胺与植酸之间的酯化或缩聚覆盖在导电炭黑颗粒表面,在保护气氛下焙烧得到 NPC,然后经溶剂热反应以及空气中氧化合成 Co3O4/NPC.催化剂的性能综合考虑了催化活性和稳定性两方面.采用线性扫描伏安法评估了 OER和 ORR的催化活性.对于 OER, Co3O4/NPC的起始电势是0.54 V (以饱和甘汞电极为参比电极),在0.80 V时电流密度达到21.95 mA/cm2,均优于 Co3O4/C和 NPC. Co3O4/NPC的高效 OER催化可归因于氮磷共掺物与 Co3O4之间的协同作用.对于 ORR, Co3O4/NPC的催化效率与商用 Pt/C相近,它们的扩散极限电流密度分别为–4.49和–4.76 mA/cm2(E =–0.80 V).在 ORR过程中, Co3O4起到主要的催化作用.采用计时电流(电流-时间)法评估了催化剂的稳定性.经6 h测定,对于 OER, Co3O4/NPC剩46%电流;而对于 ORR,剩95%电流.整体而言, Co3O4/NPC在 OER和 ORR中都表现出高的催化效率以及良好的稳定性.     

Bio-inspired Design of Bidirectional Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Molecular Electrocatalysts

The proper utilization of renewable energy sources has emerged as a major challenge in our pursuit of a sustainable and carbon-neutral energy landscape. Small molecule activation is a key component for proper utilization of renewable energy resources, where O₂/H₂O redox couple is reckoned to be a potential game changer. In this regard, electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have become the prime interest of catalyst designers. Typically, these ORR and OER electrocatalysts are developed distinctly; however, very soon, the requirement of a bidirectional ORR/OER electrocatalyst becomes obvious for practical applicability and rapid energy transduction purposes. A bidirectional catalyst is defined as a catalyst capable of driving a redox reaction in opposing directions. This review has portrayed the development of enzyme structure-inspired design of molecular bidirectional ORR/OER catalysts. The strategic incorporation of secondary and outer coordination sphere features has significantly enhanced the performance of these catalysts, which can be monitored via the key catalytic parameters. These bifunctional OER/ORR catalysts are vital for metal-air battery and fuel cell applications and appropriately poised to lay the foundation for an efficient, economical, and eco-friendly pathway for sustainable energy usage with the rational assembly of energy converting and storage devices.     

高性能析氧电催化剂的设计策略

电催化水分解反应是可以实现规模化制取氢气的一种重要绿色无污染的手段,但是其效率极大地受制于阳极析氧反应. 因此,发展廉价、高效的析氧反应催化剂是当下的研究热点. 通过分析决定析氧反应催化活性的因素,本综述总结了低成本、高效、稳定的析氧电催化剂的一些通用设计与制备策略,包括：1）通过电子结构调控、结晶度调控、相调控、缺陷位调控以及自旋态调控提升单个催化活性位点的本征催化活性;2）设计与构筑先进电极结构,以实现活性位点数量最大化,获得大电流下稳定的电极材料. 进而,选取了一些具有代表性的高效析氧催化剂作为例子来阐述这些策略的实用性. 最后,对高效、可在大电流密度下稳定工作的析氧催化剂的理性设计、可控制备和发展方向提出了展望,以期为新型高性能析氧催化剂的设计提供指导.     

Impact of Surface Defects on LaNiO3 Perovskite Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Perovskite oxides are regarded as promising electrocatalysts for water splitting due to their cost-effectiveness, high efficiency and durability in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Despite these advantages, a fundamental understanding of how critical structural parameters of perovskite electrocatalysts influence their activity and stability is lacking. Here, we investigate the impact of structural defects on OER performance for representative LaNiO₃ perovskite electrocatalysts. Hydrogen reduction of 700 °C calcined LaNiO₃ induces a high density of surface oxygen vacancies, and confers significantly enhanced OER activity and stability compared to unreduced LaNiO₃; the former exhibit a low onset overpotential of 380 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and a small Tafel slope of 70.8 mV dec⁻¹. Oxygen vacancy formation is accompanied by mixed Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ valence states, which quantum-chemical DFT calculations reveal modify the perovskite electronic structure. Further, it reveals that the formation of oxygen vacancies is thermodynamically more favourable on the surface than in the bulk; it increases the electronic conductivity of reduced LaNiO₃ in accordance with the enhanced OER activity that is observed.     

Recent Progress on Nickel-Based Oxide/(Oxy)Hydroxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Developing clean and sustainable energies as alternatives to fossil fuels is in strong demand within modern society. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency-limiting process in plenty of key renewable energy systems, such as electrochemical water splitting and rechargeable metal–air batteries. In this regard, ongoing efforts have been devoted to seeking high-performance electrocatalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency. Apart from traditional precious-metal-based catalysts, nickel-based compounds are the most promising earth-abundant OER catalysts, attracting ever-increasing interest due to high activity and stability. In this review, the recent progress on nickel-based oxide and (oxy)hydroxide composites for water oxidation catalysis in terms of materials design/synthesis and electrochemical performance is summarized. Some underlying mechanisms to profoundly understand the catalytic active sites are also highlighted. In addition, the future research trends and perspectives on the development of Ni-based OER electrocatalysts are discussed.     

Bifunctional Catalysts for Reversible Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Metal-air batteries (MABs) and reversible fuel cells (RFCs) rely on the bifunctional oxygen catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Finding efficient bifunctional oxygen catalysts is the ultimate goal and it has attracted a great deal of attention. The dilemma is that a good ORR catalyst is not necessarily efficient for OER, and vice versa. Thus, the development of a new type of bifunctional oxygen catalysts should ensure that the catalysts exhibit high activity for both OER and ORR. Composites with multicomponents for active centers supported on highly conductive matrices could be able to meet the challenges and offering new opportunities. In this Review, the evolution of bifunctional catalysts is summarized and discussed aiming to deliver high-performance bifunctional catalysts with low overpotentials.     

Principles of Water Electrolysis and Recent Progress in Cobalt-, Nickel-, and Iron-Based Oxides for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Water electrolysis that results in green hydrogen is the key process towards a circular economy. The supply of sustainable electricity and availability of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are the main bottlenecks of the process for large-scale production of green hydrogen. A broad range of OER electrocatalysts have been explored to decrease the overpotential and boost the kinetics of this sluggish half-reaction. Co-, Ni-, and Fe-based catalysts have been considered to be potential candidates to replace noble metals due to their tunable 3d electron configuration and spin state, versatility in terms of crystal and electronic structures, as well as abundance in nature. This Review provides some basic principles of water electrolysis, key aspects of OER, and significant criteria for the development of the catalysts. It provides also some insights on recent advances of Co-, Ni-, and Fe-based oxides and a brief perspective on green hydrogen production and the challenges of water electrolysis.     

A Bifunctional Perovskite Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution

La_0.3(Ba_0.5Sr_0.5)_0.7Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3?δ is a promising bifunctional perovskite catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction. This catalyst has circa 10 nm‐scale rhombohedral LaCoO₃ cobaltite particles distributed on the surface. The dynamic microstructure phenomena are attributed to the charge imbalance from the replacement of A‐site cations with La³⁺ and local stress on Co‐site sub‐lattice with the cubic perovskite structure.     

A Permselective CeOx Coating To Improve the Stability of Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts

Highly active NiFeO_x electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) suffer gradual deactivation with time owing to the loss of Fe species from the active sites into solution during catalysis. The anodic deposition of a CeO_x layer prevents the loss of such Fe species from the OER catalysts, achieving a highly stable performance. The CeO_x layer does not affect the OER activity of the catalyst underneath but exhibits unique permselectivity, allowing the permeation of OH^? and O₂ through while preventing the diffusion of redox ions through the layer to function as a selective O₂‐evolving electrode. The use of such a permselective protective layer provides a new strategy for improving the durability of electrocatalysts.