Stepped chutes: Pre-aeration and spray reduction

Stepped chutes are a standard element in hydraulic engineering. Among others, two basic problems have not yet been addressed so far. These include the direct spray reduction on stepped chutes for relatively small discharges by an improved step edge geometry, and the cavitation damage up to the point of self-aeration for relatively large discharges. This research adds to these two items by systematic observations on a stepped chute of definite slope and step size. The test data were analyzed resulting in preliminary recommendations for an improved performance of stepped chutes. It was concluded that the present knowledge applies also for stepped chutes extended with an aerator as proposed herein. The latter may be easily added to existing designs, of which the design discharge is increased.     

Investigation on Savonius turbine technology as harvesting instrument of non-fossil energy: Technical development and potential implementation

Environmental risk due to excessive residual emission is rising. Greenhouse effect, ice melting in the Arctic, reduction of air quality are several concerns which need immediate development and change. Energy harvesting equipment is one of the key solutions. Environment potential, e.g. water resource can be collaborated with mechanical equipment to harvest clean energy. Savonius turbine has been proposed and studied for this purpose and can be placed on several energy resources, i.e. water and wind. Still, real-world implementation of this technology is lacking,especially in tropical archipelago countries which have abundant water resources. In this work,assessment of Savonius turbine technology as instrument to harvest clean energy is conducted. A series of development on the turbine performance and technical modification is considered as reference to implement the technology in water and open air environments. It is noted that rotor design, operation depth and nozzle attachment are several key influencing factors.     

Experimental performance analysis of an annular diffuser with and without struts

In this paper, the performance analysis of an annular diffuser is presented. In a typical industrial gas turbine diffuser, a certain number of structural members, called struts, serve both as load bearings support and as passages for cooling air and lubricant oil.

Measurements were made in a 35% scaled down model of a PGT10 gas turbine exhaust diffuser with and without struts in order to determine the total and static pressure development and the effect of struts on both the local phenomena and the overall performance. More realistic flow conditions are made available by a ring of 24 axial guide vanes at inlet, which represent the last turbine rotor. The model has been tested on a wind tunnel facility developed at the University of Perugia with inlet speed around 80 m/s, allowing satisfactory accuracy for flow measurements and similarity with the PGT10 diffuser in terms of Reynolds number. Static pressure taps located at various streamwise positions on the hub and the casing allowed the estimation of pressure recovery development. A Pitot tube and a hot split-film anemometer were used to determine static and total pressure inside the diffuser at different axial positions. The comparison between the two cases, with and without the struts, was made also by the use of global parameters, which correlate static and total pressure.

In a previous paper, a detailed three-dimensional analysis of the flow path inside the diffuser was presented and the detrimental effect of the struts, in terms of flow separation and unsteadiness, was discussed. The stationary flow measurements and the investigation of the diffuser without the struts are presented in this paper. The whole research project represent a complete diffuser investigation available to develop an optimal design and to advance the computational and design tools for gas turbine exhaust diffusers.     

Accurate Turbine Inertia Measurement

High fidelity power measurements in free wheel devices require accurate inertia measurements. To evaluate the turbine efficiency, a new experimental technique to measure the momentum of inertia has been developed at the von Karman Institute (VKI). This experimental methodology allows the determination of the inertia of complex shape bodies without being dismounted from their rotating housing.     

The development of wheels for the Lunar Roving Vehicle

The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was developed for NASA’s Apollo program so astronauts could cover a greater range on the lunar surface, carry more science instruments, and return more soil and rock samples than by foot. Because of the unique lunar environment, the creation of flexible wheels was the most challenging and time consuming aspect of the LRV development. Wheels developed for previous lunar systems were not sufficient for use with this manned vehicle; therefore, several new designs were created and tested. Based on criteria set by NASA, the choices were narrowed down to two: the wire mesh wheel developed by General Motors, and the hoop spring wheel developed by the Bendix Corporation. Each of these underwent intensive mechanical, material, and terramechanical analyses, and in the end, the wire mesh wheel was chosen for the LRV. Though the wire mesh wheel was determined to be the best choice for its particular application, it may be insufficient towards achieving the objectives of future lunar missions that could require higher tractive capability, increased weight capacity, or extended life. Therefore lessons learned from the original LRV wheel development and suggestions for future Moon wheel projects are offered.     

A method of optimal wheel torque determination for independent wheel drive vehicles

A method of optimal wheel torque determination for electric motor vehicles is presented. Electric motor vehicles are increasing with the rise of public interest in environmental protection. In the case of vehicles driven by controllable motors on each individual wheel, the determination of the wheel torque is an essential factor for efficient driving. In this research, a method of optimal torque determination has been formulated by using the variational principle to minimize frictional work done by the tires with the ground contact. Optimal torque on each wheel for a four-wheel vehicle was numerically obtained by solving the equations under several driving conditions. The result of the numerical simulation is useful as a guide to control the motor torque of electric vehicles for efficient driving.     

力电耦合偏场理论：回顾、比较与展望

力电耦合固体的非线性连续介质理论最早出现于20世纪50年代,而成熟于70年代.80年代末、90年代初则因智能材料与结构的兴起而又得到了新的发展,引起了较为广泛的关注,但应用上以线性分析为主.21世纪初以来,力电耦合软材料因其潜在的应用前景激发了众多的研究兴趣.由于牵涉到大变形,必须在一般非线性连续介质力学的框架内进行问题的建模和开展定量分析,因此力电耦合固体的非线性理论重新得到了大家的重视,出现了很多新版本.本文旨在阐述力电耦合固体非线性连续介质理论一般框架的基础上,采用3个构型的表述方式,较为详细地给出拉格朗日描述和更新拉格朗日描述下的力电耦合偏场理论,甄别不同理论表述版本之间的异同,以廓清目前文献中的混乱现象,为今后的相关研究提供理论指导.最后,本文讨论和展望了力电耦合偏场理论在不同研究领域的若干研究重点及其未来发展趋势.     

Theory of electroelasticity accounting for biasing fields: Retrospect,comparison and perspective

力电耦合固体的非线性连续介质理论最早出现于20世纪50年代,而成熟于70年代.80年代末、90年代初则因智能材料与结构的兴起而又得到了新的发展,引起了较为广泛的关注,但应用上以线性分析为主.21世纪初以来,力电耦合软材料因其潜在的应用前景激发了众多的研究兴趣.由于牵涉到大变形,必须在一般非线性连续介质力学的框架内进行问题的建模和开展定量分析,因此力电耦合固体的非线性理论重新得到了大家的重视,出现了很多新版本.本文旨在阐述力电耦合固体非线性连续介质理论一般框架的基础上,采用3个构型的表述方式,较为详细地给出拉格朗日描述和更新拉格朗日描述下的力电耦合偏场理论,甄别不同理论表述版本之间的异同,以廓清目前文献中的混乱现象,为今后的相关研究提供理论指导.最后,本文讨论和展望了力电耦合偏场理论在不同研究领域的若干研究重点及其未来发展趋势.     

接触状态对叶根轮槽应力分布影响的研究

汽轮机叶片叶根、轮槽连接区域常因加工误差及磨损等原因导致接触状态的改变,从而改变整个区域应力分布并大大降低汽轮机的使用寿命。本文运用数字光弹性技术实验测试了长叶片叶根、轮槽在不同接触状态下的应力分布情况,同时结合有限元进行了仿真计算。结果表明,叶根、轮槽对称接触时,全部齿同时接触的应力集中系数最小且分布较均匀;而当部分接触齿产生间隙时,接触状态发生显著变化,应力集中系数明显增大;尤其是当左右齿非对称接触时,最大应力集中系数明显增大且应力分布不均匀。本文研究可为叶根、轮槽的优化设计、加工以及叶片的装配、维护提供实验依据。     

Chaos in a non-autonomous nonlinear system describing asymmetric water wheels

We derive a water wheel model from first principles under the assumption of an asymmetric water wheel for which the water inflow rate is in general unsteady (modeled by an arbitrary function of time). Our model allows one to recover the asymmetric water wheel with steady flow rate, as well as the symmetric water wheel, as special cases. Under physically reasonable assumptions, we then reduce the underlying model into a non-autonomous nonlinear system. In order to determine parameter regimes giving chaotic dynamics in this non-autonomous nonlinear system, we consider an application of competitive modes analysis. In order to apply this method to a non-autonomous system, we are required to generalize the competitive modes analysis so that it is applicable to non-autonomous systems. The non-autonomous nonlinear water wheel model is shown to satisfy competitive modes conditions for chaos in certain parameter regimes, and we employ the obtained parameter regimes to construct the chaotic attractors. As anticipated, the asymmetric unsteady water wheel exhibits more disorder than does the asymmetric steady water wheel, which in turn is less regular than the symmetric steady state water wheel. Our results suggest that chaos should be fairly ubiquitous in the asymmetric water wheel model with unsteady inflow of water.     

A fracture mechanics study of the turbine wheel in the space shuttle auxiliary power unit

A review of fracture mechanics concepts relevant to safe life analysis of fatigue loaded parts was given. For the fracture control on the Shuttle APU turbine wheel, an environmental crack growth test program was conducted on candidate wheel materials exposed to decomposed hydrazine. The decomposed hydrazine was found to be no more severe in causing crack growth than an environment of high temperature air. A fatigue crack growth experimental and analytical study was conducted on the final design of the wheel, and the results indicated that special NDE was required for the wheel to have adequate safe life.     

Calculation of three-dimensional fluid flow in a radial-axial turbine

Several studies have been made concerning the calculation of three-dimensional fluid flow in turbomachines [1–9, 11].The results of [13] are based on the idea proposed in [9, 12] of the possibility of representing the streamline with the aid of two stream surfaces. In this method the problem for the equations of motion (second order) reduces to a variational problem. The author has used the method of [9] to calculate the flow in the interblade passage of a radial-axial water turbine wheel.A curvilinear nonorthogonal coordinate system is introduced in place of the cylindrical system. As the first family of coordinate surfaces we take surfaces of revolution that are similar in form to the turbine housing, and as the second family we take cylindrical stream surfaces that have directrices in the plane perpendicular to the turbine axes which are logarithmic spirals. The introduction of the curvilinear nonorthogonal coordinate system complicates the form of the equations describing the fluid flow and increases the volume of the computational work, but it does give the possibility of calculating the fluid flow in a turbomachine with radial-axial flow.Results are presented of the calculation of the vortical flow of an incompressible inviscid fluid in a turbine with a total pressure gradient at the channel inlet.     

两种水基摩擦改性剂对轮轨黏着和损伤性能的影响

利用MJP-30A滚动磨损与接触疲劳试验机研究了两种水基摩擦改性剂(分别记为FM1和FM2)的最佳涂敷量,分析了FM1和FM2在最佳涂敷量下对轮轨磨损和损伤的影响. 结果表明:FM1和FM2单次的最佳涂敷量分别为14和8 μl. FM1介质下轮轨试样的磨损率明显降低,仅为干态下的23%和41%;FM2介质下车轮试样的磨损率略高于干态下,钢轨试样的磨损率为干态下的64%. 干态和FM2介质下轮轨试样表面出现起皮、剥落及明显的疲劳裂纹,试样剖面出现多层裂纹、支裂纹和次表层裂纹;FM1介质下轮轨试样损伤轻微,试样表面出现轻微起皮和点蚀,试样剖面出现少量的单层微裂纹,FM1可有效减缓轮轨的磨损与损伤.      

第三介质作用下坡道对轮轨黏着特性影响

利用JD-1轮轨模拟试验机,通过设计坡道试验夹具实现了不同坡道接触条件的轮轨模拟试验,研究了第三介质条件下坡度对轮轨界面黏着特性的影响规律.结果表明:在干态、水介质和防冻液介质条件下,上下坡道工况的轮轨黏着系数均低于平直轨道工况;随坡道坡度的增加,黏着系数呈下降趋势且下坡道的黏着系数下降更为明显;与水介质相比较,轮轨界面存在防冻液时更容易引起低黏着现象;上坡道工况下,随速度和轴重的增加轮轨界面黏着系数呈略微下降的趋势.     

近40年光力学进展的回顾

近40年来,由于激光的出现,使光力学测试的理论和技术有了快速的发展,测试技术丰富多彩。特别是数字图像处理硬件和软件的飞速发展,使光力学方法成为了常规的技术,在基础研究的探索和解决工程实际问题中,都发挥了重要的作用。本文对该阶段的主要进展,做一个简要的回顾。上世纪60年代激光的问世推动了光测实验力学的发展;70～80年代光测方法的发展着重于信息获得方面;90年代以后,数字图像处理技术的迅速发展,在信息提取的能力方面有了质的变化。如今,光测实验力学不仅灵敏度大大提高,而且已发展为常规的测试手段和现场测试技术。     

自然环境条件下轮轨接触黏着特性研究进展

轮轨黏着是铁路运输中的关键基础性科学问题之一,而轮轨接触界面良好的黏着状态是列车安全和高品质运行的根本保障. 轮轨系统作为1个开放的系统,受到各种自然环境因素的影响,如湿度、温度、水、风沙甚至铁氧化物,而所有的这些环境因素都会影响轮轨接触界面的黏着状态和损伤行为. 本文中综述了水、湿度、温度和风沙等自然环境因素对轮轨黏着特性影响规律的研究进展,分析了自然环境因素下轮轨界面铁氧化物特征,重点探讨了自然环境因素对铁氧化物形成的影响及其对轮轨接触黏着特性的影响规律和作用机理,并提出了轮轨黏着的未来研究方向.      

重型燃气轮机高温透平叶片热障涂层系统中的应力和裂纹问题研究进展

燃气轮机是清洁高效火电能源系统的核心动力装备之一,是关乎国家能源安全和国防安全的战略高技术,是国家重大装备制造水平的标志,被誉为制造业王冠上的明珠。透平前燃气温度代表了燃气轮机的技术水平,人们一直在不断地追求燃气温度的提高。目前,国际最先进的重型燃气轮机的透平前燃气温度已达1600?C,未来还将向1700?C及以上发展。这种极端高温服役环境对高温透平叶片的设计和制造提出了严峻挑战,热障涂层（TBC）技术是解决这一问题的核心技术之一,在燃气轮机发展进程中发挥了重要作用,它不仅具有热障效果,而且还能防止氧化、腐蚀、外来物冲蚀等对叶片造成的损伤。因此,深入研究TBC的失效机理及其影响因素,对TBC的设计、制备及强度评价具有重要意义,对燃气轮机的安全服役具有重要作用。本文拟介绍重型燃气轮机高温透平叶片TBC系统中应力和裂纹问题的国内外最新研究进展,涉及理论、实验和数值分析几个方面。主要内容包括：TBC制备过程中的热应力,热生长氧化物（TGO）及其诱发的生长应力,TBC中的表面裂纹、界面裂纹及表界面裂纹间的竞争,TBC双轴强度评价方法,先进层级TBC中的表面和界面裂纹及其竞争,表面环境沉积物（CMAS）渗入诱发的涂层脱粘行为,陶瓷层烧结及其对TBC开裂的影响等。     

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling of transfer chutes: Assessment of viscosity,drag and turbulence models

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been successfully applied to evaluate potential dust emissions from bulk material transfer chutes. The implementation of appropriate models and modelling parameters is shown to be critical to the overall accuracy of the simulation results. This paper presents the influence of different models on the CFD simulation of transfer chutes and follows from an earlier study that details the influence of model parameters. The aim of this paper is to offer guidance to select models, and provide a better understanding of their influence in order to evaluate the most appropriate viscosity model, drag model and turbulence model for this application. A two-phase three-dimensional Euler–Euler model in commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT has been selected to model the granular and air flow in the transfer chute. The simulated air velocity profiles are discussed by comparing with each other and against experimental data obtained from Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) results. The simulated particle velocity distributions were compared with results obtained using a well-established continuum method which was developed by Roberts. Furthermore, the air mass flow rates were analysed to evaluate the influence of different models. The results show that the granular viscosity model had a strong influence on the predictions of both air and particle flow. It was observed that both the drag model and turbulence model had limited influence on the outlet air velocities. The results also indicate that the Di-Felice drag model and SST k–ω turbulence model provide solutions closer to the experimental values than the other models investigated.     

基于傅里叶级数的汽轮机叶根轮槽结构设计

提出了一种基于傅里叶级数的枞树型叶根轮槽的优化设计方法。在叶根轮槽构型表征方面,采用傅里叶级数-直线法,与传统的圆弧-直线法相比,不但具有高保真度和完备性,还扩大了优化的搜索空间,减少了设计变量数目,有效降低计算代价。在优化设计方面,为避免以最小化峰值应力为目标函数引起的迭代震荡和不收敛现象,采用KS函数凝聚应力值,降低了优化问题的非线性程度,保证优化快速稳定收敛。以三齿枞树型叶根轮槽为实例,优化结果表明,傅里叶级数-直线法和KS凝聚法优化可有效降低汽轮机叶根轮槽的应力水平,提高汽轮机结构的可靠性。同时,提出的结构表征和优化设计方法具有较高的通用性和实际工程应用价值,可方便扩展至其他工程结构型线设计。