应用浮动冲击平台考核舰载设备响应分析

为研究安装甲板模拟器的浮动冲击平台系统考核舰载设备的机理,对整个系统建立有限元模型进行数值模拟并建立力学模型进行了理论分析。根据船体甲板结构产生的垂向低通滤波特性,提出甲板模拟器具有减缓高频冲击并满足设备安装频率要求的作用。将被试设备的浮动冲击平台考核系统简化为有阻尼的三自由度系统强迫振动模型,通过拉普拉斯变换方法求解了不同冲击环境下被试设备的响应。数值模拟与理论计算结果比较吻合,被试设备响应迅速达到峰值后逐渐衰减,振动频率由高频向低频过渡,在分析浮动冲击平台舰载设备考核系统长时间响应时需考虑阻尼的影响。     

OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF EIMD FOR IRREGULAR HIGH-RISE BUILDING STRUCTURE VIA GENETIC ALGORITHM 1)

为了解决应用新型电磁惯性质量阻尼器于偏心高层结构控震工程中的优化布置问题,提出一种基于遗传算法的优化配置策略。首先建立地震动作用下新型电磁惯性质量阻尼器(electromagnetic inertial mass dampers,EIMD)偏心高层结构的动力学方程,其次选取合适的适应度函数并基于遗传算法得到EIMD最优配置数量及集成位置信息,最后提出一种可行的半主动控制策略对优化的结构进行控震分析。以一个24层实体不规则高层结构为例,仿真分析结果表明优化配置后的EIMD 对结构的控震效果明显优于随机布置。     

An Alternative Mechanism of Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury During Jump-landing: In-vitro Simulation

In the United States, an estimated 100,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur every year. Despite decades of research, to this date, the mechanism or mechanisms of non-contact ACL injuries are not well understood. This is primarily because trials cannot be conducted on live subjects to understand the injury mechanism, and it is difficult to instrument a live human knee to measure the response of tissues during dynamic activities. In this paper, we present a dynamic knee injury simulator capable of in-vitro modeling of the ACL injury during jump-landing activity. This system was used to simulate jump-landing on cadaveric knees and to successfully test which conditions would result in isolated ACL injury. A restricted flexion of the hip (a hip that flexes minimally or not at all during landing), combined with low quadriceps and hamstring force levels during landing were found to be conducive to ACL injury. Elevated levels of quadriceps force prevented the injury from occurring even under restricted hip flexion conditions. The measured strain rates in the ACL tissue during injury causing activities were over 250%/s.     

滑动模式对超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦磨损行为的影响

在自行研制的髋关节模拟试验机上,以交叉滑动及单向滑动2种方式对比考察了蒸馏水润滑条件下超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了UHMWPE的磨损表面形貌并探讨其磨损机理.结果表明:在相同载荷条件下,UHMWPE在交叉滑动方式下的磨损率明显高于单向滑动方式;在交叉滑动方式下,UHMWPE的主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损及塑性变形引起的表层剥落,而在单向滑动下其磨损形式主要为磨粒磨损伴随着少量的疲劳剥片;不同滑动方式所导致的磨损机理差异是造成UHMWPE磨损性能变化的主要原因.与其它试验方式相比,在髋关节模拟试验机上所得出的试验数据更接近临床观测结果.     

三轴液压仿真转台非线性多输入多输出QFT控制器设计

三轴液压仿真转台本质上是非线性变参数多输入多输出系统.系统负载、油源压力、增益的变化及耦合作用随速度,加速度的变化造成很大的参数不确定性.针对液压转台提出一种基于SIMULINK模型线性化的多输入多输出非线性定量反馈设计方法.其本质是找到液压伺服系统一系列控制特性最差的运行点,直接用它们的频率响应集合来综合非线性定量反馈控制器.这种方法简化了目前的QFT多输入多输出控制系统设计方法,显示了很大的优越性.文中举例说明这种方法的效果.     

An experimental study on wind loads acting on a high-rise building model induced by microburst-like winds

In the present study, an experimental investigation is conducted to quantify the characteristics of the microburst-induced wind loads (i.e., both static and dynamic wind loads) acting on a high-rise building model, compared to those with the test model placed in conventional atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds. The experimental study is performed by using an impinging-jet-based microburst simulator available at Iowa State University. In additional to conducting flow field measurements to quantify the flow characteristics of the microburst-like wind, both mean and dynamic wind loads acting on the test model induced by the microburst-like wind are assessed in detail based on the quantitative measurements of the surface pressure distributions around the test model and the resultant aerodynamic forces. It is found that the microburst-induced wind loads acting on high-rise buildings would be significantly different from their counterparts in conventional ABL winds. Both the static and dynamic wind loads acting on the high-rise building model were found to change significantly depending on the radial locations and the orientation angles of the test model in respect to the oncoming microburst-like wind. The dynamic wind loads acting on the test model were found to be mainly influenced by the periodical shedding of the primary vortices and the high turbulence levels in the microburst-like wind. The findings derived from the present study are believed to be useful to gain further insight into the underlying physics of the flow–structure interactions of high-rise buildings in violent microburst winds for a better understanding of the damage potential of microburst winds to high-rise buildings.     

新型外包钢混凝土组合梁框架结构抗震性能的试验

为克服型钢混凝土柱-钢梁组合框架结构体系存在的缺点,提出了一种新型外包钢混凝土组合梁-型钢混凝土柱组合框架结构体系。设计制作了一榀一跨两层型钢混凝土柱-外包钢砼梁的组合框架结构模型,并通过施加恒定竖向荷载和低周反复水平荷载,对模型框架进行了抗震性能试验研究。结果表明,基于现行规范及作者新研究外包钢组合梁计算理论所设计的型钢混凝土组合框架在地震时能形成梁铰破坏机制,框架的变形能力、承载能力、延性、耗能能力等均满足延性框架的抗震要求,且模型框架的有效延性系数达到了7.93。可见,新型型钢混凝土组合柱-外包钢混凝土组合梁框架结构的抗震性能优于钢框架结构和型钢混凝土柱-钢梁框架结构,可在高层建筑中应用。     

多脉冲激光动态全息和散斑技术

应用多脉冲红宝石激光器,可在动态事件中记录四幅不同瞬时的全息图或散斑图。这为不可重复性的动态力学问题研究提供了一种新的有效技术。文中有典型实例,并讨论了有关试验原理和方法。     

Reduction of Kinematic: Inequality and Optimization of Perfectly Plastic Frameworks

Abstract

In the kinematic theory of structures consisting of perfectly plastic elements, an inequality between the plastic dissipation work and the load work is used. This inequality, which we will term “the kinematic inequality,” must hold for all kinematically admissible mechanisms. These mechanisms are generated by certain parameters which usually remain in the kinematic inequality and which thereby preclude the general application of the kinematic approach. In this paper we overcome this difficulty in the case of frames and provide various applications of the method. By using new theorems we eliminate the parameters and reduce the kinematic inequality to a finite system of inequalities which depend only on frame geometry and on loads. Based on these theorems, a procedure is offered for deriving a system of independent inequalities for general multistory multibay frames. New theorems are then obtained regarding the existence and the rotation of certain plastic hinges in collapse mechanisms. The overall theory is illustrated by a specific example. Finally, the formulations obtained following our method are used to minimize the mass of a fixed-base rectangular portal frame for any length, height, and system of loads.     

An experimental technique to measure projectile deceleration history during normal penetration into plain concrete

The present paper presents a new experimental method to measure the deceleration time history of projectiles penetrating into concrete in full-size test. The experiment can be carried out by using an onboard accelerometer to measure the projectile deceleration history and the data are transmitted to a ground recording system. With this experimental method, a series of tests on hemisphere-nose steel projectiles penetrating normally into plain concrete at the velocity region 150–400 m/s have been executed and the deceleration histories obtained. The high frequency portion in the deceleration data has been investigated and proved to be the structure response of projectile. The characteristics of deceleration history have also been analyzed and discussed.     

光学目标模拟器总体结构方案分析及关键技术

光学目标模拟器是光学成像制导仿真系统中的关键设备之一。本文在介绍圆弧导轨式和框架式两种光学目标模拟器机械结构方案的基础上，详细分析了框架式机械结构的诸多优点。最后，总结了框架式目标模拟器研制中的一些关键技术     

风作用下单元式幕墙的振动控制分析

本文主要对安装在高层建筑中每层楼面上单元式幕墙的优化设计开展研究，在研究时应用文中所提出的高层建筑物的主体结构与单元式幕墙协同作用的状态控制方程，以及使用振动员优控制方程来优化设计单元式幕墙结构，通过对协同结构的优化控制方程进行最佳控制方案的寻取，从而可以使单元式幕墙在高层建筑工程的设计上给予更安全和经济的应用。所以本文所提出的高层建筑工程中单元式幕墙的优化控制方程在设计中具有很实际的意义，文中最后用一实例来讨论。     

Predicting the behaviour of structures under impact loads using geometrically distorted scaled models

When a scaled structure (model or replica) is used to predict the response of a full-size compound (prototype), the model geometric dimensions should relate to the corresponding prototype dimensions by a single scaling factor. However, owing to manufacturing technical restrictions, this condition cannot be accomplished for some of the dimensions in real structures. Accordingly, the distorted geometry will not comply with the overall geometric scaling factor, infringing the Π theorem requirements for complete dynamic similarity. In the present study, a method which takes geometrical distortions into account is introduced, leading to a model similar to the prototype. As a means to infer the performance of this method, three analytical problems of structures subjected to dynamic loads are analysed. It is shown that the replica developed applying this technique is able to accurately predict the full-size structure behaviour even when the studied models have some of their dimensions severely distorted.     

Stereo-DIC Calibration and Speckle Image Generator Based on FE Formulations

Stereo digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) is being accepted by the industry as a valid full-field measurement technique for measuring shape, motion and deformation, and it is therefore of utmost importance to provide uncertainties on the obtained measurements. However, the influences on a stereo-DIC measurement are not fully understood; indeed, stereo-DIC is a complex optical-numerical process and it is not always clear how errors are propagating throughout the measurement chain. In order to investigate the magnitude of the different error-sources a simulator for stereo-DIC is proposed. This simulator is able to generate realistic synthetic images as if they were made during a real set-up, so the error sources can be investigated separately and an optimal set-up can be chosen before any physical test is performed. We present in this paper the mathematical approach to the DIC simulator including details on how to convert FE displacement field results to stereo-DIC images. The simulator includes the ability to control the lighting and to create synthetic calibration images. The synthetic images are compared to simulations for a bulge test as a validation of the simulator. Synthetic calibration images are compared to experimental calibration studies to verify those. Finally a brief look at how the simulator could be used for looking at calibration quality is conducted.     

Development of efficient and accurate skeletal mechanisms for hydrocarbon fuels and kerosene surrogate

In this paper,the methodology of the directed relation graph with error propagation and sensitivity analysis(DRGEPSA),proposed by Niemeyer et al.(Combust Flame 157:1760-1770.2010).and its differences to the original directed relation graph method are described.Using DRGEPSA,the detailed mechanism of ethylene containing 71 species and 395 reaction steps is reduced to several skeletal mechanisms with different error thresholds.The 25-species and 131-step mechanism and the 24-species and115-step mechanism are found to be accurate for the predictions of ignition delay time and laminar flame speed.Although further reduction leads to a smaller skeletal mechanism with 19 species and 68 steps,it is no longer able to represent the correct reaction processes.With the DRGEPSA method,a detailed mechanism for n-dodecane considering low-temperature chemistry and containing 2115 species and8157 steps is reduced to a much smaller mechanism with249 species and 910 steps while retaining good accuracy.If considering only high-temperature(higher than 1000 K)applications,the detailed mechanism can be simplified to even smaller mechanisms with 65 species and 340 steps or48 species and 220 steps.Furthermore,a detailed mechanism for a kerosene surrogate having 207 species and 1592 steps is reduced with various error thresholds and the results show that the 72-species and 429-step mechanism and the66-species and 392-step mechanism are capable of predicting correct combustion properties compared to those of the detailed mechanism.It is well recognized that kinetic mechanisms can be effectively used in computations only after they are reduced to an acceptable size level for computation capacity and at the same time retaining accuracy.Thus,the skeletal mechanisms generated from the present work are expected to be useful for the application of kinetic mechanisms of hydrocarbons to numerical simulations of turbulent or supersonic combustion.     

Dislocation dynamics and acoustic emission during plastic deformation of crystals

A soliton approach to acoustic emission during plastic deformation of crystals is presented. The approach is based on a microscopic Frenkel-Kontorova model where the rigidity of the substrate is removed in order to establish the interaction mechanism between a dislocation and both longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves. It is shown that this interaction is described by a sine-Gordon-d' Alembert system. Within the framework of this system, two basic mechanisms of acoustic emission are investigated both analytically and numerically. One mechanism is related to nonstationary dislocation motion and the other one to the annihilation of dislocation kink-antikink pairs during Frank-Read source operation. In both cases, computer simulations are obtained which illustrate graphically the analytical considerations and model the acoustic radiation. The obtained results are in agreement with existing experimental data and may provide a better physical insight to the acoustic emission mechanisms during plastic deformation of crystals.     

考虑控制延时影响的相邻建筑结构的离散变结构振动控制方法

研究了基于离散变结构控制算法的考虑控制延时影响的相邻建筑结构体系地震反应半主动控制的基本设计和计算方法。首先,建立了相邻结构体系的力学模型及连续运动状态方程,并将其离散化成标准离散状态方程形式。其次,简要地讨论了离散变结构控制器的设计方法,包括切换平面的选择及离散趋近率的构成．最后,应用本文方法对主楼12层,裙房5层的实例结构进行了数值仿真分析,结果表明,该控制方法不仅能有效抑制相邻结构地震反应的鞭梢效应,而且在控制延时存在的情况下,仍能保证系统的减震性能和稳定性。     

Minimum Weight Design of Multistory,Multispan Plane Frames Subject to Reaction Constraints

Abstract

This paper presents the necessary and sufficient conditions for the minimum weight design of multistory, multispan plane building frames subject to foundation reaction constraints. It proposes a general, analytical, and explicit constructive law with which exact solutions can be derived for a broad class of frames of practical interest subject to compressive reaction constraints only. It is proved that the classical Foulkes mechanism must be modified for this problem so as to include artificial settlements and/or upward displacements wherever the reactions attain the prescribed limiting values. The bay shear distribution law compactly expressed in terms of the enlarged and reduced span lengths defined in this paper clarifies the general features of the minimum weight design.     

A macro-element to simulate 3D soil–structure interaction considering plasticity and uplift

In structural engineering, soil–structure interaction (SSI) is an important phenomenon that has to be taken into account. This paper presents a 3D non-linear interface element able to compute SSI based on the “macro-element” concept. The particularity of the macro-element lies in the fact that the movement of the foundation is entirely described by a system of generalised variables (forces and displacements) defined at the foundation centre. The non-linear behaviour of the soil and the uplift mechanism of the foundation are reproduced using the plasticity theory. The failure surface is defined using an adequate overturning mechanism. Coupling of the different mechanisms is straight forward following the theory of multi-mechanisms. The macro-element is able to simulate the 3D behaviour of a rigid shallow foundation of circular, rectangular or strip shape, submitted to cyclic loadings. It is implemented into FEDEASLab, a finite element MATLAB toolbox. Comparisons with experimental results under cyclic loadings show the performance of the approach.     

影响含硫化物的地下工程围岩中锚固体系侵蚀的主要因素研究(英文)

采用复合式衬砌的隧道及地下工程,锚喷支护系统的耐久性直接影响结构的稳定性和运营年限。锚杆主体属于钢构件,极易遭受侵蚀。从采用复合式衬砌的隧道及地下工程的结构特点可知,对于一定形式的锚杆,所遭受的侵蚀作用主要取决于锚杆与来自围岩的侵蚀性地下水的相互作用。本文探讨了含硫化物围岩中影响锚杆侵蚀的主要因素,描述了侵蚀性地下水的形成,以及锚杆侵蚀作用的物理化学机理,并提出了基于此机理的含硫化物围岩中锚杆使用年限的估算方法。