用分光光度法连续测定血清中微量铜、锌的研究

研究了在ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００存在下,在ＰＨ８．０的乙醇介质中,用５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ作为显色剂,应用分光光度法连续测定血清中的铜,锌。本法具有较高的灵敏度,Ｃｕ＾２＋－５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ的ε为８．５０＊１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１,Ｚｎ＾２＋－５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ的ε为９．６５＊１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。铜线性范围为０－０．４５ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１,锌线性范围为０－０．４０ｍｇ．     

薄层色谱溶剂系统的优化设计

采用复合形法,根据色谱优化函数对肾上腺皮质激素类、磺胺类药物及银杏粉针剂的薄层溶剂系统进行了最优化设计。肾上腺皮质激素类药物的最佳溶剂系统为１,２－二氯乙烷－苯－甲醇（４．８１４．４２０．７８）;磺胺类药物的最佳溶剂系统为甲苯－无水乙醇－二氯乙烷－氯仿（２．３０１．４６３．３２２．９２）;银杏粉针剂的最佳溶剂系统为氯仿－甲醇－乙酸乙酯（３．３０３．２９３．４１）,实验结果与计算结果一致。     

二极管阵列检测—偏最小二乘吸光光度法同时测定铜锌

研究了以２－（５－溴－２－噻唑偶氮）５－二乙氨基苯酚（５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ）作显色剂,ＣＣＤ（Ｃｈａｒｇｅ Ｃｏｕｐｌｅｄ Ｄｅｖｉｃｅ,电荷耦器件）二极管阵列检测分光光度装置采及收光谱,用偏最小二乘法解析,同时测定了粮食中铜和锌。方法的线性范围锌为０．０５～０．４０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,铜为０．０２～０．６０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１;检出限铜为０．０２μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,平均加标回收率锌为９３．３％～９５．７     

珠江三角洲蔬菜中的锰

珠江三角洲蔬菜中锰的含量范围为５．０１＊１０＾－６－３４６．８＊１０＾－６,平均６２．９１＊１０＾－６,大多数蔬菜中锰的含量为２０＊１０＾－６－７０＊１０＾－６,叶菜类锰的平均含量为６９．２０＊１０＾－６,头菜类平均为１９．８５＊１０＾－６,果蔬菜类,花菜类平均为３８．９０＊１０＾－６。蔬菜中锰的含量与蔬菜种类和土壤性质有密切关系。     

气相色谱法测定环境空气和废气中的2-丁酮和苯

用活性炭吸附环境空气和废气中的2－丁酮和苯，经二硫化碳解吸后用气相色谱法测定。方法的回收率2－丁酮为86．2％－104．6％， 为91．3％－105．7％。相对标准偏差2－丁酮为2．5％－2．8％，苯为2．5％－3．8％，当采样体积为20L，解吸液体积为2.00ml，进样体积为2μl时，2－丁酮和苯的最低检测浓度分别为0.03mg.m^-3和0.01mg.m^-3。     

5-(对-羟基苯基):-5-苯基乙内酰脲的反相高效液相手性分离测定法

以β－ＣＤ为手性流动相添加剂、苯巴比妥为内标,于ＦＬＣ－Ｃ８反相柱上建立了鼠肝微粒体中５－（对－羟基苯基）－５－苯基乙内酰脲（ｐ－ＨＰＰＨ）外消旋体的拆分方法。测得ｐ－ＨＰＰＨ对映体的线性范围为０．５～１１０ｍｇ／Ｌ（ｒ＝０．９９９６）;最低检出量为５ｎｇ（Ｓ／Ｎ＝３）;Ｓ－ｐ－ＨＰＰＨ的回收率为９３．６％±２．８％,Ｒ－ｐ－ＨＰＰＨ的回收率为９４．７％±１．８％;日内和日间精密度ＲＳＤ值均小于２％。所建立的方法具有结果准确、操作方便等特点。     

示波极谱法连续测定食品中微量锌铁锰铜铅镉砷

研究了三乙醇胺－乙二胺－硫氰酸钾－乙酸－碘经钾－盐酸－酒石酸锑钾体系示波极谱法在同一份食品试样中连续测定七种微量元素。在该体系中,七种微量元素可分别产生稳定的极谱二阶导数波,空白无峰出现。锌、铁、锰、铜、铅检出限为０．０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１,砷、镉检出限为０．００５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１。锌、铁、铜、铅０．０１～０．８０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,镉０．００５～０．８０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,锰０．０１～０．５０μｇ．ｍｌ     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定锰电解液中铜锌镉铅

在酸性和低温条件下,用适量乙醇使锰电解液中的ＭｎＳＯ４沉淀分离,用火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定锰电解液中铜,锌、镉和铅含量。方法简便、快速,实用,具有较高的精密度和准确性。相对标准偏差３．８％－４．５％,回收率９０．５％－１０６．５％,特征浓度铜为０．４９μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１／１％,锌为０．００８μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１／１％,镉为０．０１５μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１／１％,铅为０．１８μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１／１％。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定番茄中5种类胡萝卜素

用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定了番茄中的α－胡萝卜素、β－胡萝卜素、γ－胡萝卜素、番茄红素及斑蝥黄素。采用１１（Ｖ／Ｖ）丙酮－石油醚混合液直接提取,提取液减压蒸干后,用甲醇溶解,经μ－ＢｏｎｄａｐａｋＣ１８色谱柱,以乙腈－二氯甲烷－甲醇（８５１０５）为流动相,在４５０ｎｍ下进行检测,其保留时间依次为１５．２５,１６．１２,１２．８７,１０．３８和５．３７ｍｉｎ,最小检出限分别为０．２５,０．２２,０．１８,０．１４和０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

有机阴离子的人工接受体的合成

报道以Ｄ－天冬酰胺为起始原料经９步反应合成旋光活性的（２Ｒ，８Ｒ）－二羟甲基－１，５，９－三氮双环〔４．４．０〕癸－９－烯盐酸盐，总产率为２５．４％．     

人参种类鉴别的傅里叶变换红外光谱法

用傅里叶变换红外光谱法对白参、高丽参、西洋参、红参、野山参等不同种类的人参进行了鉴别；结果表明，不同种类的人参都具有类同的人参皂苷吸收峰，根据红外指数I值、特定位置的吸收峰峰形以及峰位偏移情况可以很好地鉴别人参的种类；该法简便、实用、可靠。     

Rapid Discrimination and Prediction of Ginsengs from Three Origins Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with SVM

Ginseng, which contains abundant ginsenosides, grows mainly in the Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang in China. It has been reported that the quality and traits of ginsengs from different origins were greatly different. To date, the accurate prediction of the origins of ginseng samples is still a challenge. Here, we integrated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) with a support vector machine (SVM) for rapid discrimination and prediction of ginseng from the three main regions where it is cultivated in China. Firstly, we develop a stable and reliable UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS method to obtain robust information for 31 batches of ginseng samples after reasonable optimization. Subsequently, a rapid pre-processing method was established for the rapid screening and identification of 69 characteristic ginsenosides in 31 batches ginseng samples from three different origins. The SVM model successfully distinguished ginseng origin, and the accuracy of SVM model was improved from 83% to 100% by optimizing the normalization method. Six crucial quality markers for different origins of ginseng were screened using a permutation importance algorithm in the SVM model. In addition, in order to validate the method, eight batches of test samples were used to predict the regions of cultivation of ginseng using the SVM model based on the six selected quality markers. As a result, the proposed strategy was suitable for the discrimination and prediction of the origin of ginseng samples.     

Determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots by liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection

A liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots by using evaporative light-scattering detection. Eighteen ginsenosides were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column with water-ammonium acetate-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The method is suitable for the routine determination of ginsenosides in P. ginseng roots and extracts. The validation of the method was comprehensive for efficiency and recovery optimization of the P. ginseng roots extraction, specificity by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, linearity, stability, reproducibility, repeatability, intermediate precision, and robustness.     

Dissipation,Processing Factors and Dietary Risk Assessment for Flupyradifurone Residues in Ginseng

The massive use of pesticides has brought great risks to food and environmental safety. It is necessary to develop reliable analytical methods and evaluate risks through monitoring studies. Here, a method was used for the simultaneous determination of flupyradifurone (FPF) and its two metabolites in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, ginseng plants, and soil. The method exhibited good accuracy (recoveries of 72.8–97.5%) and precision (relative standard deviations of 1.1–8.5%). The field experiments demonstrated that FPF had half-lives of 4.5–7.9 d and 10.0–16.9 d in ginseng plants and soil, respectively. The concentrations of total terminal residues in soil, ginseng plants, dried ginseng, and ginseng were less than 0.516, 2.623, 2.363, and 0.641 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these results, the soil environmental risk assessment shows that the environmental risk of FPF to soil organisms is acceptable. The processing factors for FPF residues in ginseng were 3.82–4.59, indicating that the concentration of residues increased in ginseng after drying. A dietary risk assessment showed that the risk of FPF residues from long-term and short-term dietary exposures to global consumers were 0.1–0.4% and 12.07–13.16%, respectively, indicating that the application of FPF to ginseng at the recommended dose does not pose a significant risk to consumers.     

Two-phase partition chromatography using soybean oil eliminates pesticide residues in aqueous ginseng extract

This study was carried out to develop a cost-, labor- and efficiency-effective elimination method of pesticide residues in ginseng extract. A two-phase partition method between soybean oil and distilled water or aqueous ginseng extract was employed for the elimination of pesticide residues. Content of the pesticides was determined by gas chromatography with electron capture or nitrogen phosphorus detector. A total of 15 pesticides representing four categories (organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, pyrethroid) were spiked (ca. 2 ppm) to 2 ml soybean oil in a test tube and the oil was mixed with 6 ml distilled water or 10% aqueous ginseng extract. The test tubes were then vortexed (2 min) and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min to separate the oil and aqueous layers. Each layer was harvested and subjected to quantitative analysis of pesticides. The average distribution ratio of the pesticides to the oil layer was 94.4 +/- 6.7% in the mixture of the oil and distilled water, and 105.5 +/- 6.6% in the mixture of the oil and ginseng extract. No significant qualitative and quantitative change of ginsenosides, the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, was observed in the ginseng extract before and after the oil treatment. These results suggest that two-phase partition chromatography between soybean oil and the aqueous phase is a cost-, labor- and efficiency-effective reliable method for the elimination of pesticide residues in ginseng extract.     

Development of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Rapid Quality Assessment of Red Ginseng

Near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) was developed as a rapid analysis method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the quality of red ginseng. Discriminant analysis(DA) based on principal component analysis and Mahalanobis distance was used to distinguish red ginseng from counterfeits non-destructively. The result shows that the proposed method could distinguish red ginseng from counterfeits correctly and no misclassified sample was found in both training and test sets. The partial least squares(P...     

矿物元素指纹图谱的建立及在西洋参产地鉴别中的应用研究

采用电感稱合等离子体质谱法测定了山东、吉林、美国和加拿大4个产地西洋参中50种矿物元素的含量,研究了不同产地西洋参矿物元素的差别和转换系数,构建了西洋参的矿物元素指纹图谱.以各产地矿物元素含量的平均值构建了山东、吉林、美国和加拿大产西洋参的矿物元素标准指纹图谱.采用SPSS 20.0计算了各西洋参矿物元素指纹图谱与其矿...     

Optimisation of preparation conditions and properties of phytosterol liposome-encapsulating nattokinase

Phytosterol liposomes were prepared using the thin film method and used to encapsulate nattokinase (NK). In order to obtain a high encapsulation efficiency within the liposome, an orthogonal experiment (L9 (3)(4)) was applied to optimise the preparation conditions. The molar ratio of lecithin to phytosterols, NK activity and mass ratio of mannite to lecithin were the main factors that influenced the encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes. Based on the results of a single-factor test, these three factors were chosen for this study. We determined the optimum extraction conditions to be as follows: a molar ratio of lecithin to phytosterol of 2?:?1, NK activity of 2500?U?mL?1 and a mass ratio of mannite to lecithin of 3?:?1. Under these optimised conditions, an encapsulation efficiency of 65.25% was achieved, which agreed closely with the predicted result. Moreover, the zeta potential, size distribution and microstructure of the liposomes prepared were measured, and we found that the zeta potential was -51?±?3?mV and the mean diameter was 194.1?nm. From the results of the scanning electron microscopy, we observed that the phytosterol liposomes were round and regular in shape and showed no aggregation.     

液质联用测定人参与五灵脂、莱菔子配伍的人参皂苷

采用液质联用(HPLC-ESI-MSn)技术,对不同比例的人参、五灵脂和人参、莱菔子的水煎液、沉淀和药渣进行研究,共鉴定了10种人参皂苷,并对这10种人参皂苷配伍前后的变化进行了系统的研究。实验结果表明,在共煎液中,除Ro外,其它皂苷的含量都有所下降。五灵脂或莱菔子的加入对人参皂苷的影响不同,莱菔子影响人参皂苷的溶出,而与五灵脂配伍,部分人参皂苷生成沉淀。     

Effects of Different Extraction Methods in Pharmacopoeia on the Content and Structure Transformation of Ginsenosides

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), a perennial herb, possesses immunostimulatory, anticarcinogenic, antiemetic, and antioxidative biological activities. In recent years, more and more people have paid attention to the extraction methods and quality evaluation of ginseng. China, the United States, Europe, Japan, and Korea have all had the quality standards and content determination methods of ginseng. The different treatment methods are adopted before the determination of ginseng samples and the content limits of the index components, such as ginsenoside Rb₁, ginsenoside Rg₁, and ginsenoside Re exist differences. The similarities and differences of ginseng content detection methods in pharmacopoeias of different countries have been analyzed by a research group, but the comparison of the effects of different methods on the ginsenoside content and structural transformation has not been reported. In this paper, ginsenosides in ginseng were extracted according to four national pharmacopoeias and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS and HPLC-UV. It was illustrated that the pretreatment method has a significant influence on the content determination of ginseng. The yield of rare saponins was increased by heating concluded from both the qualitative and quantitative comparison. Finally, a simple and feasible extraction method was optimized by response surface method at room temperature. The analysis of the preparation method and process optimization of the four pharmacopoeias can provide important reference information for the revision of ginseng standards.