偏振-米散射激光雷达对卷云的探测

研制了一台偏振-米散射激光雷达,用于卷云和沙尘气溶胶后向散射光退偏振比的探测研究。介绍了偏振-米散射激光雷达的探测原理,叙述了偏振-米散射激光雷达的结构、技术参数、测量方法和数据处理方法。给出了偏振-米散射激光雷达对合肥市西郊上空卷云的结构、退偏振比垂直廓线以及光学厚度的典型探测结果,对这些结果进行了分析和讨论。初步探测结果表明,合肥西郊上空高度在6～10 km的卷云的退偏振比在0.2～0.5之间,该激光雷达可以对卷云进行有效的探测,能较好地反映卷云及其光学特性的时空分布。     

偏振-米散射激光雷达的研制

研制的偏振-米散射激光雷达（PML）,可用于探测卷云和沙尘气溶胶的后向散射光退偏振比以及研究流层大气气溶胶的消光特性。采用窄带滤光片和光阑,将接收到的激光大气回波信号谱线（米散射和瑞利散射光谱）从天空太阳背景噪声中分离出来,以提高系统的白天探测能力。介绍了偏振-米散射激光雷达的结构、技术参数、测量方法和数据处理方法。对偏振-米散射激光雷达的性能参数进行了测定,并对测定结果进行了分析与讨论,给出了偏振-米散射激光雷达对合肥市地区(117.16°E, 31.90°N)上空大气气溶胶的消光特性和卷云的结构、退偏振比垂直廓线以及光学厚度的典型探测结果,对这些结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明：研制的偏振-米散射激光雷达性能可靠,能对大气气溶胶和卷云的物理和光学特性进行有效的探测。     

基于回波信号仿真的瑞利-喇曼-米激光雷达研制

 在分析瑞利、喇曼和米散射仿真回波信号的基础上,研制了一台探测大气温度、气溶胶和卷云的瑞利-喇曼-米散射激光雷达,实现了一台激光雷达针对大气温度、气溶胶和卷云光学特性的多参数探测。为提高瑞利和喇曼微弱回波信号信噪比,采用了极高灵敏度的R4632光电倍增管和光子计数技术;为实现对大气气溶胶和卷云的探测,532 nm回波信号采取高低分层技术、高层通道回波衰减方法和探测器门控技术。瑞利-喇曼-米散射激光雷达的探测结果证明了利用仿真回波信号指导激光雷达设计的可行性。     

基于回波信号仿真的瑞利-喇曼-米激光雷达研制

在分析瑞利、喇曼和米散射仿真回波信号的基础上,研制了一台探测大气温度、气溶胶和卷云的瑞利-喇曼-米散射激光雷达,实现了一台激光雷达针对大气温度、气溶胶和卷云光学特性的多参数探测。为提高瑞利和喇曼微弱回波信号信噪比,采用了极高灵敏度的R4632光电倍增管和光子计数技术;为实现对大气气溶胶和卷云的探测,532 nm回波信号采取高低分层技术、高层通道回波衰减方法和探测器门控技术。瑞利-喇曼-米散射激光雷达的探测结果证明了利用仿真回波信号指导激光雷达设计的可行性。     

光学器件性能参数对激光雷达探测气溶胶和云退偏比的影响

二向色镜及偏振分光棱镜作为常用的光学器件，近年来在大气探测偏振激光雷达中得到了广泛使用。但两种光学元件性能上的非理想特性与安装时存在的偏振误差夹角等问题在一定程度上会对大气探测后向散射光的退偏比造成影响。针对偏振激光雷达标定中通常只考虑偏振分光棱镜影响的问题，通过仿真模拟分别分析了二向色镜、偏振分光棱镜以及二者级联下对大气中气溶胶的退偏比影响，并给出了误差分析。以532 nm和1064 nm两种波长下的沙尘粒子与卷云的后向散射光作为输入进行模拟计算，结果显示，常用的长波通二向色镜对模拟输入光源在1064 nm透射通道下有7.111%的退偏比变化，在532 nm反射通道下有3.012%的退偏比变化。对偏振分光棱镜而言，输入为532 nm及1064 nm处探测的沙尘粒子退偏比会分别产生21.333%和27.3%的相对误差变化，532 nm处探测的卷云退偏比会产生14.2%的相对误差变化。两种光学元件在存在偏振误差夹角时均会带来额外的退偏比误差增量，在两种光学元件级联条件下，对模拟光源的退偏比也表现出累加性的误差增大。     

偏振-米散射激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶光学特性

利用偏振-米散射激光雷达探测对流层大气气溶胶的光学特性及其时空分布.介绍了该雷达的结构、技术参数和探测原理.获得了气溶胶的消光系数垂直廓线和光学厚度,并对这些结果进行了分析和讨论.结果表明,该雷达能较好地探测对流层大气气溶胶的光学特性及其时空分布.     

探测大气气溶胶消光系数的便携式米散射激光雷达

 介绍了一种新型的便携式米散射激光雷达的总体结构及其各部分的功能，分析讨论了该激光雷达在夜晚与白天探测大气气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线的性能。其夜晚的探测高度达到15km左右，白天的探测高度达到10km左右。还可对卷云进行探测，获得卷云的厚度及其峰值消光系数。该激光雷达具有结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、自动化程度高、探测速度快等优点。     

三波长激光雷达探测合肥地区卷云特性

卷云对地气辐射收支平衡有重要影响。根据三波长激光雷达系统于2011年1月~2012年10月在合肥西郊的观测资料,对比分析了不同波长对卷云的探测能力,并研究了合肥地区卷云的云结构和光学厚度等特征。结果表明,在所用的三波长(355、532、1064nm)中,激光雷达的波长越长,其对卷云的探测能力就越强。合肥地区卷云的云峰平均高度在8km左右,冬季较低,夏季较高;卷云平均厚度在1~2km之间。三个波长探测所得的卷云光学厚度基本一致,从而验证了卷云的消光系数与波长无关的理论。合肥地区的卷云以光学厚度小于0.3的薄卷云为主,平均光学厚度在0.12左右。     

星载高光谱分辨率激光雷达大气气溶胶和云探测研究

为实现对全球气溶胶光学参数剖面的高精度测量,采用基于碘分子滤波器的高光谱分辨率探测技术。结合欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的大气再分析数据集（ERA5）的温度和压强数据,选取在轨期间途经撒哈拉沙漠和加拿大山火区域的星载高光谱分辨率激光雷达（HSRL）的观测数据,对沙尘类气溶胶和烟尘类气溶胶的光学特性进行分析,包括气溶胶的后向散射系数、消光系数、退偏振比和雷达比。结果表明：撒哈拉沙漠地区近地面5 km以内的气溶胶分布主要以沙尘类气溶胶为主,其退偏振比集中在0.2～0.4,雷达比数值集中在40～60 sr;加拿大山火地区的气溶胶主要以烟尘类气溶胶为主,其退偏振比集中在0.02～0.15,雷达比在50～70 sr范围。激光雷达特有的高光谱探测技术,在气溶胶和云的精细化探测和分类方面具有重要应用,将在环境监测中发挥重要作用。     

银川上空大气气溶胶光学特性激光雷达探测研究

小型米散射激光雷达是广泛使用的探测大气气溶胶光学特性的有效工具。作者研制了一台小型米散射激光雷达,并利用该激光雷达于2009年4月1日至4月10日期间对宁夏银川地区(北纬38°29′, 东经106°06′)上空的大气气溶胶光学特性以及时空分布进行了观测。系统选用532 nm波长激光作为光源,采用Fernald法对接收到的大气回波信号进行反演,得到了气溶胶消光系数的高度分布廓线及24 h内气溶胶消光系数相对浓度的时空变化特性;并对期间一次明显的沙尘天气进行了观测和分析。观测结果表明,该小型米散射激光雷达能够对大气气溶胶及其时空分布情况进行有效、连续的观测,其观测结果有利于分析该地区气溶胶及沙尘天气的变化趋势。     

Measurements of cirrus clouds with a three-wavelength lidar

A three-wavelength lidar system is set up. The backscatter signals of 355, 532, and 1 064 nm are mea- sured simultaneously to derive the optical depth, lidar ratio, and backscatter color ratio of cirrus clouds, respectively. The lidar configuration and the data processing are described. The case study shows that the optical depths of cirrus clouds are not dependent on wavelength while the backscatter color ratios are.     

Sensitivity of depolarized lidar signals to cloud and aerosol particle properties

Measurements from depolarized lidars provide a promising method to retrieve both cloud and aerosol properties and a versatile complement to passive satellite-based sensors. For lidar observations of clouds and aerosols, multiple scattering plays an important role in the scattering process. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to investigate the sensitivity of lidar backscattering depolarization to cloud and aerosol properties. Lidar parameters are chosen to be similar to those of the upcoming space-based CALIPSO lidar. Cases are considered that consist of a single cloud or aerosol layer, as well as a case in which cirrus clouds overlay different types of aerosols. It is demonstrated that besides thermodynamic cloud phase, the depolarized lidar signal may provide additional information on ice or aerosol particle shapes. However, our results show little sensitivity to ice or aerosol particle sizes. Additionally, for the case of multiple but overlapping layers involving both clouds and aerosols, the depolarized lidar contains information that can help identify the particle properties of each layer.     

Depolarization properties of cirrus clouds from polarization lidar measurements over Hefei in spring

A new polarization lidar has been developed for detecting depolarization characteristics of aerosol and cirrus over Hefei (31.90°N, 117.16°E), China. The fundamental principle of polarization lidar is briefly introduced.     

Transmittance ratio constrained retrieval technique for lidar cirrus measurements

This letter describes a lidar retrieval technique that uses the transmittance ratio as a constraint to determine an average lidar ratio as well as extinction and backscatter coefficients of transparent cirrus clouds. The cloud transmittance ratio is directly obtained from two adjacent elastic lidar backscatter signals. The technique can be applied to cirrus measurements where neither the molecular scattering dominant signals above and below the cloud layer are found nor cloudfree reference profiles are available. The technique has been tested with simulated lidar signals and applied to backscatter lidar measurements at Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia.     

Experimental determination of the calibration factor of polarization-Mie lidar

A ground-based polarization-Mie lidar has been developed to measure backscattering signals from the atmosphere and linear depolarization ratios at 532 nm. To retrieve depolarization properties of clouds and aerosols, the calibration factor (k) of two polarization channels at 532 nm must be calculated. In this paper three different experimental methods are presented to determine the calibration factor (k) in this polarization-Mie lidar. Some measured examples are presented and discussed. Experimental and validated results indicate these methods are feasible.     

An algorithm to determine cirrus properties from analysis of multiple-scattering influence on lidar signals

A Monte Carlo-based evaluation of the multiple-scattering influence on ground-based Raman lidar measurements is presented. The lidar returns from cirrus clouds are analyzed in order to evaluate vertical profiles of the extinction and backscattering coefficients. Results show that for the typical cirrus cloud, the presence of the multiple scattering can lead to an underestimation of the extinction coefficient by as large as 200% whereas the backscattering coefficient is almost unaffected for the Raman lidar technique. An algorithm to select one or a set of phase functions which fit to the lidar data is also presented. It is an iterative procedure based on Monte Carlo scattering simulation. By comparison of the experimental value of the lidar ratio, corrected for the multiple scattering influence, and the phase function used in the Monte Carlo simulation, one can determine a suitable phase function. The validity and sensitivity of the algorithm have been demonstrated by applying it to simulated cases. The application to some real cases indicates that our procedure allows for the establishing of a practical scattering model for the cirrus clouds.     

1/2波片对机载激光雷达偏振探测影响的研究

利用平面平行板模型和晶体膜层理论定量分析了1/2波片对机载激光雷达回波信号偏振探测的影响。计算结果表明:当入射光波长为532nm时,1/2石英波片对机载激光雷达回波信号平行分量与垂直分量透过率比值的影响幅度为0.82～1.196,1/2方解石波片对机载激光雷达回波信号的平行分量与垂直分量透过率比值的影响幅度为0.86～1.27;若用1/2石英波片测得的k=1.2,当考虑石英波片对五的影响时,则偏振探测两通道k的真实值应在1.003～1.463之间;若用1/2方解石波片测得的k=1.2,当考虑方解石波片对k的影响时,偏振探测两通道k的真实值应在0.945～1.395之间。由于1/2波片对k的影响,使机载激光雷达反演得到卷云等探测目标的退偏振比有较大的系统误差。