A symmetry relating certain processes in 2-and 4-dimensional space-times and the value α0 = 1/4π of the bare fine structure constant

The symmetry manifests itself in exact relations between the Bogoliubov coefficients for processes induced by an accelerated point mirror in 1 + 1 dimensional space and the current (charge) densities for the processes caused by an accelerated point charge in 3 + 1 dimensional space. The spectra of pairs of Bose (Fermi) massless quanta emitted by the mirror coincide with the spectra of photons (scalar quanta) emitted by the electric (scalar) charge up to the factor e ²/ħc. The integral relation between the propagator of a pair of oppositely directed massless particles in 1 + 1 dimensional space and the propagator of a single particle in 3 + 1 dimensional space leads to the equality of the vacuum-vacuum amplitudes for the charge and the mirror if the mean number of created particles is small and the charge e = √ħc. Due to the symmetry, the mass shifts of electric and scalar charges (the sources of Bose fields with spin 1 and 0 in 3 + 1 dimensional space) for the trajectories with a subluminal relative velocity β₁₂ of the ends and the maximum proper acceleration w ₀ are expressed in terms of the heat capacity (or energy) spectral densities of Bose and Fermi gases of massless particles with the temperature w ₀/2π in 1 + 1 dimensional space. Thus, the acceleration excites 1-dimensional oscillation in the proper field of a charge, and the energy of oscillation is partly deexcited in the form of real quanta and partly remains in the field. As a result, the mass shift of an accelerated electric charge is nonzero and negative, while that of a scalar charge is zero. The symmetry is extended to the mirror and charge interactions with the fields carrying spacelike momenta and defining the Bogoliubov coefficients α^B,F. The traces trα^B,F, which describe the vector and scalar interactions of the accelerated mirror with a uniformly moving detector, were found in analytic form for two mirror trajectories with subluminal velocities of the ends. The symmetry predicts one and the same value e ₀ = √ħc for the electric and scalar charges in 3 + 1 dimensional space. Arguments are adduced in favor of the conclusion that this value and the corresponding value α₀ = 1/4π of the fine structure constant are the bare, nonrenormalized values. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Particle-hole calculations in4He and16O with centre of mass subtracted kinetic energy

It is found that in light nuclei it is very important to use a relative kinetic energy operator. This kinetic energy is mass number dependent and contributes in all odd parity (J*,T) channels. In particular it is seen to produce the spurious state exactly at zero energy in the (1⁻, 0) channel in TDA both in⁴He and¹⁶O. The effect of the relative KE is to decrease the central force attraction and increase the relative importance of the tensor force. The latter is important in RPA. Sussex matrix elements without the hard core are used.     

Stability of QED Vacuum and 3+1 Dimensional Scattering Problem in the Presence of a Coulomb Scalar Potential and Vector Field

We show that, in the presence of a scalar field the range of the value of external field parameters a and b, at which corresponding Hamiltonian operator is hermitian, essentially wider than in its absence. It allows us to study precisely the question on stability of QED vacuum in the presence of a strong electric field of a point charge Z|e| and external scalar Coulomb field with respect to electron-positron pair production. Also, we consider the scattering of Dirac particle by the specified fields in 3+1 dimensions. The phase shift and wave functions are obtained exactly. We calculate the scattering amplitude in a quasi-classical approximation as a partial wave series. By means of figures obtained for the cross section σ(θ) in general and special cases, such as a≠b and a=b, we find that σ(θ) is not exactly symmetric about θ=π.     

Schwarzschild black hole with global monopole charge

We derive the metric for a Schwarzschild black hole with global monopole charge by relaxing asymptotic flatness of the Schwarzschild field. We then study the effect of global monopole charge on particle orbits and the Hawking radiation. It turns out that existence, boundedness and stability of circular orbits scale up by (1−8πη ²)⁻¹, and the perihelion shift and the light bending by (1−8πη ²)^−3/2, while the Hawking temperature scales down by (1−8πη ²)² the Schwarzschild values. Hereη is the global charge.     

Interpretation of the recent Kolar events

We give plausible interpretations of the unusual events seen in the proton decay detector at Kolar Gold Fields indicating the existence of a massive (≳2GeV) long lived (10⁻⁸−10⁻⁹s) particle. We show that it is possible to accommodate the particle in the standard model as a fourth generation neutrino, or inE ₆ grand unified theory as a neutral fermion occurring in27 representation or in supersymmetric theory as a scalar neutrino. However, there is a difficulty in explaining the large production rate for the particle.     

Strange hadron production in Σ-<Emphasis Type="Italic">A</Emphasis> interactions in the SELEX experiment

We report our observations on the resonance signals of masses of 1520, 1670, 1810 (1 820), and 2100 MeV c ⁻², produced inclusively in the reaction Σ⁻ + C(Cu) → p + K⁻ + X, and the signals of masses of 1020 and 1525 MeV c ⁻², produced inclusively in the reaction Σ⁻ + C(Cu) → K⁺ + K⁻ + X, with a 600-GeV c ⁻¹- momentum hyperon beam in the SELEX experiment at the Fermilab. The masses, widths, and branching ratios were measured. The resonance signal of mass of 1520 MeV c ⁻² correspond to the known Λ(1520) hyperon. The signals of masses of 1020 and 1525 MeV c ⁻² in the K⁺K⁻ system correspond to the φ⁰(1020)- and f ₂′(1525) mesons, respectively. The branching ratio of the resonance of mass of 1670 MeV c ⁻² relative to Λ(1520) is (24.92 ± 0.45 ± 0.48)%, while that of the resonance of mass of 1810 (or 1 820) MeV c ⁻² relative to Λ(1520) is (16.13 ± 0.38 ± 0.45)%. The branching ratio of the f ₂′(1525) resonance relative to φ⁰(1020) is (10.75 ± 0.25 ± 0.45)%. Data analysis was performed over 6 × 10⁷ trigger events registered by the SELEX setup on the FNAL Tevatron.     

Momentum spectra of identified hadrons at e+e? annihilations: comparison with QCD calculations

Charged particle momentum distributions are studied in the reaction e⁺e⁻ → hadrons, using data collected with the AMY detector at center of mass energy of 58 GeV. The measured distributions and derived quantities in combination with the corresponding results obtained at both lower and higher center of mass energies are compared to QCD predictions in theoretical approach to study the energy dependence of the strong interaction, and to test QCD as the theory describing it. To achieve this, the mean charged particle multiplicity, the charged particle momentum spectrum and its peak position are compared with predictions of the modified-leading logarithmic approximation. In general, good agreement is observed between the data and the above approximation in the regions where the model is expected to be valid. In addition the strong coupling constant α _s is determined from a fit of the QCD prediction to x _p distribution of the Feynman scaling. When we leave α _s as a free parameter in the fit we obtain α _s = 0.115 ± 0.008.     

Empirically correct electrodynamics

The electrodynamics that predicts all known relevant observations is based upon the force F=(qq ′R/R³) [1 − 2v·v′/c² + 3(v·R) (v′·R)/c²R² + (a — a′)·R/c²] on charge q at r with the absolute velocity v and acceleration a due to charge q′ at r′ with absolute velocity v′ and acceleration a′, where R=r − r′. This force yields Ampere’s original empirical law for the force between current elements, which predicts the many effects due to Ampere tension between colinear current elements. It yields Faraday induction as well as Müller’s localized unipolar induction. The force on an accelerating charge due to a stationary charge yields Lenz’s law for the induced back emf; and, when applied to gravitation, qq′ being replaced by — Gmm′, it yields the inertial force ma, confirming Mach’s priniciple. For charge velocities approaching the velocity of light c it predicts the results of the Kaufmann-Bucherer experiments and the Bertozzi experiment, assuming neomechanics, or mass change with velocity. It is readily written as a field theory. Introducing time retardation, it yields waves and radiation. It predicts the observed zero self-torque on the Pappas-Vaughan Z-shaped antenna. Energy is conserved. The Weber electrodynamic theory is shown to fail.     

Associated production of light gravitinos in e+e? and e?γ collisions

Light gravitino productions in association with a neutralino (selectron) in e ⁺ e ⁻ (e ⁻ γ) collisions are restudied in a scenario that the lightest supersymmetric particle is a gravitino and the produced neutralino (selectron) promptly decays into a photon (electron) and a gravitino. We explicitly give the helicity amplitudes for the production processes by using the effective goldstino interaction Lagrangian, and present the cross sections with different collision energies and mass spectra. We also examine selection efficiencies by kinematical cuts and beam polarizations for the signal and background processes, and show that the energy and angular distributions of the photon (electron) can explore the mass of the t-channel exchange particle as well as the mass of the decaying particle at a future e ⁺ e ⁻ (e ⁻ γ) collider.     

Coordinate-dependent 3+1 formulation of the general relativity equations for a perfect fluid

This paper defines mass, momentum, and energy densities for a perfect fluid, and derives a coordinate-dependent 3+1 decomposition of the equation of motion in terms of a scalar potential c ² [(–g _g44) 1/2 –1] and a vector potentialA _i cg _4i /(–g ₄₄)^1/2. The momentum equation has the form of the Euler equation except there is an additional force proportional to the vector potential and the rate of change of kinetic energy per unit volume. The momentum and energy equations are integrated to obtain the equations previously derived for a particle. The momentum equation is solved for the total acceleration of a fluid element. The equations are exact and do not depend on the choice of coordinate system.     

Measurement of total angular momentum values of high-lying even-parity atomic states of samarium by spectrally resolved laser-induced fluorescence technique

Spectrally resolved laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to uniquely assign total angular momentum (J) values to high-lying even-parity energy levels of atomic samarium. Unique J value assignment was done for seven energy levels in the energy region 34,800–36,200 cm⁻¹, recently observed and reported in the literature.     

Spontaneous current and DC bias induced current in nickel–metal hydride secondary battery

The responses to biasing a nickel–metal hydride secondary battery with a dc pulse train, as well as to spontaneous discharging, are studied. A comparison is made between the current during biasing, i _e, and the current during off-biasing, i _g. It is suggested that both currents arise from the motion of the same charge carriers in the electrolyte, possibly the OH⁻ ions. The only difference is that the motive force for i _e is a bias voltage, while the motive force for i _g is an open-circuit voltage of the battery. It is suggested that battery action proceeds by a single electrochemical reaction. In the course of discharging, the current drops abruptly by the formation of a resistive layer, possibly by depletion of the OH⁻ ions in the vicinity of the positive electrode.     

Regge behavior of DIS structure functions in scalar theories

The Bethe-Salpeter formalism is used to incorporate the valence Regge behavior into the total DIS amplitude. For a special case of scalar quarks with massless scalar exchange, the model is solved both analytically and numerically and exact scaling is found for the valence quark contribution F ₂(x) ∼ (1/x) ^l(0)−1 which mimicks the ρ-trajectory term. The solution solves a long-standing problem by showing that the coefficient in the Regge pole expansion is indeed fine-tuned to give the expected scaling. The method allows for generalization to the region of nonzero momentum transfer and calculation of the DVCS amplitude. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Mass absorption coefficients and range of beta particles in Be,Al, Cu,Ag and Pb

It is demonstrated that the practical range of a beta spectrum (E _max=E) in any material can be obtained from mass absorption coefficient (μ/ρ) values. It is further shown that a semiempirical relation likeμ/ρ =AE ^−B in whichA andB are related to the atomic numberZ, of the absorber can be used for determiningμ/ρ of any material of known atomic numberZ. Theβ particle ranges are compared with theoreticalcsda and practical ranges from literature.     

Josephson and single-particle currents between partially dielectricized superconductors with charge-density waves

The amplitudes of the nonstationary Josephson current I ¹, the interference current I ², and the quasiparticle current J through symmetric and asymmetric tunnel junctions, including superconductors with charge density waves, are calculated. In the symmetric (s) case the dependence of the Josephson current I _s ¹ on the voltage V on the junction has a logarithmic singularity at |eV|=2Δ, Δ+D, and 2D, where , Δ and Σ are the superconducting and dielectric order parameters, and e is the unit charge. At temperatures T≠0 jumps appear in the current-voltage characteristics I _s ¹ (V) at |eV|=D−Δ. Jumps and singularities are observed in the currents I _s ² and J _s at the same voltages at which singularities and jumps appear in I _s ¹ , respectively. In the nonsymmetric (ns) junctions which include an ordinary superconductor, singularities and jumps occur at |eV|=D+Δ_BCS, Δ+Δ_BCS, and (for T≠0) |D−Δ_BCS| and |Δ−Δ_BCS|, where Δ_BCS is the order parameter of an ordinary superconductor. The quasiparticle current J _ns is an asymmetric function of the voltage V and does not depend on the sign of Σ. The results are compared with experiment. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 991–999 (June 1997)     

An experimental limit on the coupling of a light neutral pseudoscalar particle to hadrons

Detailed results of an experiment, looking for a short-lived neutral particle decaying by ane ⁺ e ⁻ pair in the decay of the 3.68 MeV (3/2) state in¹³C, whose decay is predominantly M1, are presented. An upper limit of 7 × 10⁻⁵ has been placed on the branching ratio for decay through such a particle with a mass in the range 1.7 to 1.9 MeV/c². This leads to an upper limit of 10⁻⁶ for the coupling of such a particle to nucleons. Such a limit rules out the explanation of thee ⁺ ande ⁻ peaks recently observed in heavy ion collisions, as due to the decay of a neutral particle.     

Associated single photons and doubly-charged scalars at linear <Emphasis Type="Italic">e</Emphasis><Superscript>−</Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">e</Emphasis><Superscript>−</Superscript> colliders

Doubly-charged scalars, predicted in many models having exotic Higgs rep-resentations, can in general have lepton-number violating (LFV) couplings. We show that by using an associated monoenergetic final state photon seen at a future linear e ⁻ e ⁻ collider, we can have a clear and distinct signature for a doubly-charged resonance. The strength of the ΔL = 2 coupling can also be probed quite effectively as a function of the recoil mass of the doubly-charged scalar.      

Current Reservoirs in the Simple Exclusion Process

We consider the symmetric simple exclusion process in the interval [−N,N] with additional birth and death processes respectively on (N−K,N], K>0, and [−N,−N+K). The exclusion is speeded up by a factor N ², births and deaths by a factor N. Assuming propagation of chaos (a property proved in a companion paper, De Masi et al., ) we prove convergence in the limit N→∞ to the linear heat equation with Dirichlet condition on the boundaries; the boundary conditions however are not known a priori, they are obtained by solving a non-linear equation. The model simulates mass transport with current reservoirs at the boundaries and the Fourier law is proved to hold.     

On the electric activity of superfluid systems

The Keldysh theory of the superfluidity of a diluted electron-hole gas has been generalized to the case of the possible polarization of the pairs. It has been shown that the inhomogeneity of the system induces the dipole moment, which appears near the system boundaries and is proportional to the gradient of the particle density. It has been found that the quantized vortices in the magnetic field carry a real electric charge. The charge density in He II rotating at a rate of 10²s⁻¹ in a magnetic field of 10 T is about 10⁴ e cm⁻³, where e is the elementary charge.     

Ionic compressibilities and ionic radii - systematic trends

Ionic radii and compressibilities have been calculated for a number of monovalent and divalent ions and radicals on the basis of the compressible ion theory. In this theory, the compression energy of an ion is given as a two-parameter function of its radius,A exp (−r/p), the radius and compressibility of the ion being monotonically decreasing functions of the compressing force acting on it. Choosing a standard force reflecting the average environment in the alkali halides, univalent radii and compressibilities have been calculated. This is the first theory to estimate ionic compressibilities. The values show systematic trends among groups of related ions. Anions are found to be significantly more compressible than cations (e.g., the compressibilities of Ca⁺⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻ and S^{− −} are respectively 0.8530, 1.342, 2.952 and 5.150 × 10⁻¹² cm²/ dyne). Multivalent or ‘crystal’ radii and compressibilities have also been calculated by scaling the standard force by the square of the ionic charge. The calculated ionic radii are closer to experimental values than the classical empirical radii.