On reasons for the hysteresis of melting and crystallization of nanoparticles

The specific features of the EPR spectra of Tm³⁺ impurity ions in synthetic forsterite have been studied by continuous-wave EPR spectroscopy in the frequency range of 270–310 GHz at a temperature of 4.2 K in weak magnetic fields. Narrow resonance signals unrelated to the modulation of the resonance conditions of EPR under the modulation of the external magnetic field have been discovered in measurements at frequencies corresponding to the zero field splitting between the ground and first excited singlet electron states of Tm³⁺ ions in zero magnetic field. The origin of these narrow lines is discussed.     

利用胶体研究晶体的熔化和结晶

晶体的熔化和结晶尽管有上百年的研究历史,但还缺乏基础层面上的理论,实验上则难以看到晶体内部单分子的运动.近二十年来,均匀微米大小的胶体粒子为研究这些问题提供了一个良好的实验平台.通过光学显微镜可以直接观察胶体粒子组成的晶体的表面和内部,研究相变在最初小尺度上的成核过程,并用图像处理得到单个粒子的运动轨迹,为复杂的结晶和熔化过程提供了丰富的微观信息.     

利用胶体研究晶体的熔化和结晶

晶体的熔化和结晶尽管有上百年的研究历史,但还缺乏基础层面上的理论,实验上则难以看到晶体内部单分子的运动。近二十年来,均匀微米大小的胶体粒子为研究这些问题提供了一个良好的实验平台。通过光学显微镜可以直接观察胶体粒子组成的晶体的表面和内部,研究相变在最初小尺度上的成核过程,并用图像处理得到单个粒子的运动轨迹,为复杂的结晶和熔化过程提供了丰富的微观信息。     

Thermal energy storage behaviour of nanoparticle enhanced PCM during freezing and melting

The present research work aimed to investigate the melting and solidification characteristics of NPCM. The NPCM was prepared using paraffin as the PCM and high conductive MWCNT as the nanomaterial without using any dispersant. The NPCM was prepared by dispersing MWCNTs with volume fractions of 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% in PCM as the base PCM. SEM morphology showed the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs in the paraffin wax. The MWCNT nano-additives PCMs showed two peaks in the heating curve by DSC measurement. Lessening in melting and solidification time of 30% and 43% was attained in the case of NPCM with 0.3% and 0.9%, respectively. It is observed from the DSC analysis that the latent heat of pure paraffin during freezing and melting cycle was 139.2 J/g (at 56.61 °C) and 131.8 J/g (at 57.55 °C), respectively. Whereas, the latent heat of NPCM with 0.9% of nanofluid was 150.7 J/g (at 56.36 °C) and 148.3 J/g (58.35 °C). It is construed that a maximum change in latent heat of 7.6% and 11% was observed between pure PCM and NPCM during freezing and melting cycle. For the lesser nanoparticle concentration (0.3% and 0.6%), the percentage change in latent heat was lesser than 0.9%.     

Thermal magnetic hysteresis of nickel-doped pyrrhotites

The magnetic properties of polycrystalline natural pyrrhotite samples with low-nickel contents and synthesized Fe_0.675Ni_0.2S and Fe_0.475Ni_0.4S pyrrhotites are investigated. All of the investigated pyrrhotites are shown to have a thermal magnetic hysteresis in the region of 298–623 K. As a result, there is not only an increase in the difference between the magnetic moment values of the materials after a heating-cooling regime, but also a change in their magnetic state.     

Thermodynamic model of crystallization and melting of small particles

The size dependence of the nanocrystal melting temperature has been investigated based on a nonequilibrium thermodynamics approach. An expression has been derived for the melting temperature that, contrary to the classical Tomson formula, takes into account the metastable character of the crystal nucleus-melt shell equilibrium. Quantitative estimations have been carried out for small spherical particles of aluminum, tin, and lead.     

Acoustic studies of melting and crystallization of nanostructured decane

Acoustic studies of melting and crystallization of decane loaded in porous glasses (Vycor and laboratory-produced glass) have been performed. Measurements of the temperature dependences of the ultrasound velocity have revealed a decrease in the melting and crystallization temperatures of decane as compared to the melting point of bulk decane and a diffuseness of these phase transitions. The results obtained are compared with the predictions of the models describing melting of individual small particles. The specific features revealed in the acoustic properties of nanocomposites based on decane-loaded porous glasses are discussed.     

Correlation between the size-dependent melting and crystallization temperatures of metal nanoparticles

The correlation between the melting and crystallization temperatures of metal nanoparticles is investigated by means of the thermodynamic approach. Size-dependent variations in the melting temperature of aluminum, tin, and copper nanoparticles are calculated with allowance for the corresponding size dependences of surface tensions in solid and liquid phases and interfacial tension. Size-dependent variations in crystallization temperature are determined under the assumption that a certain effective surface layer (skin-layer) arises before melting.     

Thermal properties of defect melting

Using mean field theory and high temperature expansions the transition temperature, entropy jump and heat capacity are calculated in the recent microscopic model of defect melting proposed by Kleinert. The results are compared with the experimental data for almost isotropic substances.     

A thermodynamic multiphase scheme treating polymer crystallization and melting

A comparison of transition and melting temperatures of n-alkanes with experimentally determined ticknesses and melting points of polyethylene lamellae shows that the variation of the thickness with the crystallization temperature virtually agrees with the chain length dependence of the crystalline-mesomorphic phase transition in n-alkanes. Mesomorphic polyethylene layers are stable objects up to the thickness set by this phase transition. The findings lend further support to the view that polymer crystallization generally uses a route which includes a passage via a mesomorphic phase. We construct a thermodynamic scheme dealing with the transitions between melt, mesomorphic layers and lamellar crystallites, assuming for the latter ones that they exist both in an initial “native” and a final “stabilized” form. Application of the scheme in a reconsideration and quantitative evaluation of SAXS and DSC results previously obtained for PE, sPP, iPS and P(epsilonCL) yields the equilibrium transition temperatures between the various phases, latent heats of transition and surface free energies. According to the results the mesomorphic phases are not liquid-like, but have thermodynamic properties which place them truly intermediate between melt and crystals.     

Temperature dependence of the kinetics rate of the melting and crystallization of aluminum

Using the molecular dynamics method, heterogeneous melting–crystallization of aluminum is simulated under conditions when the phase front propagates over the overheated-overcooled phase. The dependence of the phase front velocity on the temperature deviation from the equilibrium melting temperature is determined. The dependence obtained from atomistic simulation is used as an approximating function to obtain the temperature dependence of the kinetic rate in the analytical form. The steady-state temperature dependence of the kinetic rate v(T _s? ) for extreme values of aluminum overheating-overcooling is constructed for the first time.     

Structural features of a Lennard-Jones system at melting and crystallization

The structural features of the crystallization and melting of a system of particles whose pair interaction is described by the Lennard-Jones potential have been considered. The bond order parameter method is used to quantitatively describe the orientational short-range order. The rotational invariants of the second (q _l ) and third (w _l ) orders are calculated for each particle of the system. These calculations require only information on the snapshot of atom positions, which is quite easily obtained in experiments, and provide the distribution functions of particles in q _l and w _l (where l is the rank of an invariant; the results for l = 4, 6 are presented), which are important characteristics of the phase state of the system. It has been shown that the cumulant of the distribution of particles in w ₆ is very sensitive to the destruction/formation of the short-range orientational order in the Lennard-Jones system and, correspondingly, can be used as a criterion of the melting and crystallization of this system.     

Thermal hysteresis and memory effects in TIInS2

The dielectric susceptibility of layered TlInS₂ was studied in the temperature range of successive phase transitions. Thermal hysteresis was observed in the incommensurate phase. It was shown that after annealing the crystal at a fixed temperature within the incommensurate phase, the existing temperature interval of this phase reveals noticeable broadening. The thermal memory effect is discussed using a defect density wave model.     

Peculiarities of melting and crystallization of n-decane in a porous glass

Melting and crystallization of n-decane embedded into porous glass with the mean pore size of about 6.4 nm were studied using acoustic and DSC methods. Smearing of the phase transitions, decrease of melting and freezing temperatures, pronounced hysteresis between melting and crystallization were revealed by both methods. In DSC measurements for the pore filling factors 70% and higher double peaks were observed upon cooling while only single peaks were present upon heating. Also a high reduction of the corresponding phase transition heats was revealed. Melting and freezing intervals determined by acoustic and DSC methods strongly differed from each other. A model which qualitatively explains the observed anomalies is proposed. It supposes the formation of liquid layers on the surface of the pores.     

Thermal hysteresis of permanent magnets of alnico-type alloys

A study is made of the thermal magnetic hysteresis of permanent magnets of the alloy YuNDK25BA in the residually magnetized state with different operating points after two cycles (+20° to 400° to 20°C) and (+20° to –195° to 20°C). The results are interpreted with the model developed earlier by the present authors for thermalhysteretic magnetization reversal in dispersion-hardened alloys. The results can be useful in evaluating the thermal stability of magnets and systems.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizkia, No. 7, pp. 35–38, July, 1979.     

低密度Ar熔化及结晶的分子动力学模拟

采用有位移力的ＬｅｎｎａｒｄＪｏｎｅｓ（１２－６）势对微正则系综下低密度Ａｒ系统（简约数密度为ρ＝０．８５）的一级相变过程进行了细致的分子动力学模拟,发现Ａｒ系统的熔化过程是原子的崩塌过程,结晶过程和理想的完整晶体不同,是一活化过程：形核长大过程随温度的降低进行,原来均匀分布在系统中的自由体积呈集中分布,由此系统达到了更稳定的结晶状态。     

Some characteristics of the crystallization of a liquid formed by contact melting

The crystallization of a liquid formed by the contact melting of adjacent thin films and that of a liquid flowing from the junction between cylindrical samples of Sn-Bi, Cd-Bi, and Sn-Pb alloys are studied. The structure of the crystallized layer is determined by x-ray microradiography. The liquid phase formed by contact melting is inho-mogeneous in composition even for a melting point close to the eutectic value. The concentration of the liquid so formed may vary according to whether the pure components or their solid solutions are in contact. Computed thermodynamic data are presented in support of this.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 7–12, August, 1971.The author wishes to thank Doctor of Technical Sciences Professor Il'e vasil'evich Saili for direction and help in discussing the results.