Nondipole optical scattering from liquids and nanoparticles

Nondipolar contribution to optical scattering in liquids and nanoparticle suspensions has been discerned for the first time from the dominant electric dipole scattering by assigning the observed polarization and azimuthal angular distribution of scattered polarized light to pure magnetic dipole and/or electric quadrupole radiation and ruling out other (the impurity of laser polarization, multiple scattering, optical activity, and optical anisotropy) explanations. The observed scattering has potential use in the optical study of nanoparticles.     

Polarization-anisotropic scattering lines in LiNbO3

Lines of light-induced scattering with extraordinary polarization from two ordinary polarized pump waves in LiNbO₃:Fe crystals are observed. A nonlinear mixing of four copropagating waves in the crystal with photovoltaic charge transport is shown to be the reason for parametric amplification of the seed radiation scattered from optical imperfections of the sample.     

Approximate solution for describing polarization characteristics of radiation in a Rayleigh scattering medium

An approximate analytical solution for the 4 × 4 Green’s matrix of the problem of polarized radiation transfer in a plane-parallel layer of an absorptive Rayleigh scattering medium is proposed. It permits one to perform fast estimates of angular distributions of the Stokes parameters that are created by an incident beam with an arbitrary polarization state at different levels in a layer when the layer thickness, absorption magnitude, and albedo of the underlying surface are varied. The developed solution is compared with data obtained by the numerical doubling method. The value of the scattering coefficient for a circularly polarized radiation is shown to be somewhat smaller than that for linearly polarized radiation.     

On the derivation of vector radiative transfer equation for polarized radiative transport in graded index media

Light transport in graded index media follows a curved trajectory determined by Fermat's principle. Besides the effect of variation of the refractive index on the transport of radiative intensity, the curved ray trajectory will induce geometrical effects on the transport of polarization ellipse. This paper presents a complete derivation of vector radiative transfer equation for polarized radiation transport in absorption, emission and scattering graded index media. The derivation is based on the analysis of the conserved quantities for polarized light transport along curved trajectory and a novel approach. The obtained transfer equation can be considered as a generalization of the classic vector radiative transfer equation that is only valid for uniform refractive index media. Several variant forms of the transport equation are also presented, which include the form for Stokes parameters defined with a fixed reference and the Eulerian forms in the ray coordinate and in several common orthogonal coordinate systems.     

Resonance radiation in electromagnetic wave scattering by a fast electron in the external magnetic field

The resonance radiation in Compton scattering of an electromagnetic wave by a fast relativistic electron moving in a given magnetic field is investigated with allowance for deceleration by the radiation. A general expression for the electric field of an arbitrarily polarized scattered wave is derived within the framework of small-perturbation theory. It is shown that the resonance peak in the scattering cross-section is caused by the small radiation friction. The dependence of the resonance line width on the characteristic parameters of the problem is examined. The scattering of a given polarized wave is considered, and the degree of linear polarization of the radiated wave under resonance is determined.Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, Armenian Academy of Sciences, Erevan. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 1001–1011, October, 1995.     

光子偏振度受大气散射影响的分析

采用矩阵形式描述光子的偏振态和大气散射理论, 分析了“BB84协议”中四个不同偏振光子经单次散射后光子的偏振度与前向散射角的关系。发现单次散射不改变偏振光子的总偏振度, 但改变偏振光子的线偏振度与圆偏振度, 尤其对垂直偏振光子的线偏振度与圆偏振度改变明显; 当前向散射角小于0.25 rad时, 四个不同偏振光子的线偏振度基本保持不变, 量子信息仍然保持; 同时分析了大气散射对不同波长的垂直偏振光子线偏振度的影响, 发现长波光子偏振度保持度高。     

Time correlations of coherent radiation propagating through a randomly inhomogeneous layer

The intensity and the time correlation function of radiation transmitted through a layer of a randomly inhomogeneous medium are determined by numerical simulation of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for scalar and electromagnetic fields. The results of simulation agree well with the available experimental data. The domain of validity is determined numerically for the hypothesis of the diffusion approximation on the replacement of the extinction length by the transport length as a characteristic spatial scale for systems with the anisotropic scattering cross section. The polarized and depolarized components of the time correlation function of the transmitted light are calculated for the first time for different anisotropy parameters. It is shown that, to describe the residual polarization of transmitted light taking into account anisotropy, it is insufficient to perform the scale replacement of the extinction length by the transport length.     

沙尘气溶胶粒子群的散射和偏振特性

根据Mie散射理论,以对数正态分布函数描述沙尘气溶胶粒子群的粒径尺度分布,计算了沙尘气溶胶粒子群在0.2～40μm波段间对太阳短波辐射和地球大气长波辐射的单次散射反照率、散射相矩阵函数,揭示了不同相对湿度时,沙尘粒子群对入射辐射的散射和偏振的特征。结果表明,沙尘粒子群的单次散射反照率随着入射波长的增加有较大起伏,不同相对湿度条件下,变化趋势基本一致;在可见光、近红外波段单次散射反照率随湿度增加而变大,湿度95%时非常接近于1;大于10μm的热红外波段单次散射反照率随相对湿度增加而减小,具有较强的吸收辐射能力。散射辐射强度受湿度影响较小,随散射角的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且增大的趋势随着波长的增加而减弱;不同波段上,线偏振和圆偏振随散射角和相对湿度变化存在差异;在前向和后向仅对入射辐射为圆偏振辐射产生圆偏振散射;散射光的偏振特性及其湿度差异主要表现在后向散射区,多以拱形形式体现。拱顶峰值散射角位置存在差异,且峰值散射角随相对湿度的降低向后向漂移。     

On the problem of polarization characteristics of radio waves in a randomly inhomogeneous magnetoactive plasma

Expressions for the Stokes parameters when radio waves propagate in a turbulent magnetoactive plasma have been obtained using a refractive scattering method. The problem of the spatial coherence of polarized radiation is considered. Expressions for the correlation functions and fluctuation dispersions of the Stokes parameters are found in the case of saturated wave field fluctuation. It is shown that the fluctuation of the circular polarized component will be observed in the received radiation even if the circular polarization is absent in the radiation that is incident on the magnetoactive plasma slab. A method is proposed to define the preference orientation of the magnetic field in the inhomogeneous layer of space plasma, which is biased on the simultaneous measurement of the space correlation functions of the I, V Stokes parameter fluctuation and Faraday rotation of the radiation polarization plane from the source with known polarization characteristics.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 39, No. 8, pp. 1007–1013, August, 1996.This work was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research under Project No. 96-02-18632.     

Ultimate degree of residual polarization of incoherently backscattered light for multiple scattering of linearly polarized light

By invoking ideas about the distribution of the optical paths of partial components of the scattered field, we obtain an expression for estimating the degree of residual polarization of light that is incoherently backscattered from a disordered multiply scattering semi-infinite medium illuminated by linearly polarized light. In the backscattering regime, the depolarization length of the linearly polarized light in the disordered medium becomes smaller with the passage from the isotropic to anisotropic scattering. Experiments with model media featuring substantially anisotropic scattering (the anisotropy parameter of 0.90 ≤ g ≤ 0.95) demonstrated that for backscattering of linearly polarized light, the depolarization length is close to the transport length of the scattering medium.     

基于AirMSPI多光谱多角度传感器的地物偏振特性研究

偏振是电磁波的重要特性,利用偏振信息研究地物的状态和性质被证明是一种有效的手段。地物属性研究是地球观测中重要的课题,偏振技术作为一种新兴手段,逐渐得到国内外遥感界的关注。目前,国际上普遍缺乏使用广、精度高的偏振传感器。AirMSPI(Airborne Multiangle Spectro Polarimetric Imager)作为新型机载偏振传感器,能够获取多波段多角度的偏振数据,空间分辨率可达10 m。选取2013年美国Tracy地区的航飞数据,分析了线偏振度(degree of linear polarization,DOLP)与偏振二向反射因子(polarized bidirectional reflectance factor,pBRF)在470,660和865 nm三个波段、九个探测天顶角的变化规律。研究发现,地物前向散射方向包含大量偏振光,其在入射主平面附近表现出强烈的非朗伯体效应。同时,DOLP与pBRF和入射天顶角及探测天顶角的相对位置有关。DOLP在入射及探测天顶角90°夹角附近最大,pBRF随着探测天顶角的增大而增大。受大气影响,蓝光波段的DOLP及pBRF数值相对较高,但红光及近红外波段可有效减弱大气分子偏振散射效应,包含更多地物偏振细节。水体、人工建筑、居民区、裸土和绿地偏振特性迥异,偏振图像中地物甄别度高。且由于分子多次散射的退偏作用,传感器接收到的地物辐射中,线偏振度与反射比具有高度负相关性,相关系数普遍大于-0.8。因此,AirMSPI能够提供高质量偏振数据,作为地面、星载偏振数据的有力验证,为大气及地物参数反演提供重要支持。     

On normalization of scattering matrices of polarized radiation

The condition of normalization of scattering matrix is derived when the polarized radiation is described by the Stokes parameters I, Q, U, V. The normalization of the matrix is based on energy conservation. It has a probabilistic meaning also. When the scattering particle is nonspherical, scattered radiation may depend not only on the angle between incident and scattered radiation but on orientation of the scattering plane also. In these cases, the known change of the Stokes parameters Q, U of the incident radiation with respect to various scattering planes influences the normalization. The derived normalization includes all elements of the first line of scattering matrix and the characteristics of polarization of the incident radiation. Dependence on this polarization is appeared because the polarization influences intensities of scattered radiation and, therefore, is included in energy conservation. The routine normalization includes the first element of the scattering matrix only. These two normalizations determine the different normalizing constants of the scattering matrix. The simple computational example of scattering by the particle that has the shape of a finite cylinder is considered. This example shows that the values of normalizing constants of the routine normalization may considerably differ from the ones of the obtained normalization. The results of the study may be useful in various investigations of radiation scattering, especially in the cases when the scattering particles are nonspherical.     

Relationship between cross section and matrix normalization of polarized radiation scattering

A simple relationship between the total scattering cross section and the normalizing constant of the scattering matrix for the general case of an arbitrary scattering particle and elliptically polarized incident radiation is obtained. The polarized radiation is described by the Stokes parameters I, Q, U, V. The obtained relationship is a consequence of two forms of energy conservation. The first one is in terms of the total scattering cross section. The other one involves the normalizing constant of the scattering matrix. The obtained relationship contains dimensionless integrals of the radiation scattered over all directions of scattering. The integrals depend on the elements of the first row of the scattering matrix and on the relative values of the Stokes parameters of the incident radiation. In the case of cross section, the incident radiation is assumed to be a plane wave. In the case of normalization constant, the incident radiation is assumed to be a convergent beam. The possible dependence of the scattering integrals on specificities of the particle illumination is taken into account in the obtained relationship. The relationship may be helpful in the various cases. So, the relationship allows one to determine any of the two characteristics of the scattering process under investigation, cross section or normalizing constant, via the other one. The relationship can be used for obtaining the scattering integrals and for analyzing the influence of the incident radiation polarization on cross section and normalizing constant.     

Backscattering of linearly and circularly polarized light in randomly inhomogeneous media

The scattering of linearly or circularly polarized light from a semibounded randomly inhomogeneous medium is considered. A new technique for simulating the electromagnetic radiation transport using the Monte Carlo method is proposed, which makes it possible to avoid cumbersome calculation of Muller matrices. Expressions are obtained for the co- and cross-polarized components of backscattered light for incident light of arbitrary polarization. The coherent and incoherent backscattering components are calculated for arbitrary combinations of incident and scattered light polarizations. It is shown that the main contribution to coherent backscattering is from the co- and cross-polarized components for linearly and circularly polarized light, respectively. The backscattering from an optically active random medium is calculated.     

Multiple scattering of elliptically polarized light in two-dimensional medium with large inhomogeneities

For elliptically polarized light incident on a two-dimensional medium with large inhomogeneities, the Stokes parameters of scattered waves are calculated. Multiple scattering is assumed to be sharply anisotropic. The degree of polarization of scattered radiation is shown to be a nonmonotonic function of depth when the incident wave is circularly polarized or its polarization vector is not parallel to the symmetry axis of the inhomogeneities.     

Visualization of scattering media upon backscattering of a linearly polarized nonmonochromatic light

The method of polarization visualization of multiply scattering macroinhomogeneous media, based on analysis of the spatial distributions of polarization characteristics of a linearly polarized radiation backscattered from a medium, is discussed. The effect of optical characteristics of the medium and the scattering geometry on the quality of the images obtained in the case of visualization of an absorbing heterogeneity immersed into a multiply scattering medium is considered. The comparative analysis of the quality of formed images was performed with the use of different polarization characteristics of the backscattered radiation as a visualization parameter. The theoretical interpretation of the obtained experimental results is given within the framework of the phenomenological approach based on the concept of the distribution of the effective optical paths of partial components of the scattered optical field. To calculate the probability density of the effective optical paths, the statistical simulation method was used.     

Scattering of partially polarized light by aligned atoms

A compact expression for the cross section of scattering of an arbitrarily polarized light by aligned atomic systems is obtained, in which the dependence on the geometric parameters and the Stokes parameters specifying the state of partial polarization of the incident radiation is represented in explicit form. The effect of atomic alignment and the processes of dissipation of the light energy on the polarization specific features and the angular distribution of the scattered light is investigated. In particular, it is shown that, if a dissipative channel is accessible, the angular distribution and the degree of linear polarization of scattered light depend on the degree of circular polarization of the incident radiation η₂. Dissipative processes also induce the circular polarization of the light scattered by aligned atoms when η₂=0.     

Polarized radiation deep in an atmosphere

The polarized radiation field components I and Q deep within an optically semi-infinite, homogeneous atmosphere containing no interior sources are examined for the Rayleigh-Cabannes (Rayleigh plus isotropic) scattering model that depends on the single scattering albedo and the depolarization factor. Five different parameters are considered as a function of the albedo: the asymptotic attenuation coefficient common to both radiation components and, for each polarization component, the outward-to-inward flux ratio and the mean cosine of the radiance. These parameters depend only very weakly on the amount of depolarization in the atmosphere, which indicates that any inversion algorithm for inferring the depolarization factor and the single scattering albedo will be extremely ill-conditioned.     

Theory of polarization phenomena in the hyper-Raman effect

This paper describes a general theory of the polarization state of hyper-Raman emission. In particular an examination is made of the azimuth and ellipticity of hyper-Raman scattered radiation relative to that of a general elliptically polarized source.

It is shown that a distinction may be made between infra-red active and inactive vibrations in the hyper-Raman effect by an analysis of the ellipticity of the scattered light. For a circularly polarized source, the scattering from infra-red inactive vibrations exhibits full reversal of circularity; infra-red active vibrations scatter with no change in circularity. In hyper-Rayleigh scattering a similar analysis is given for non-polar and polar molecules.