碱性土壤对Pb的吸附特性:内圈吸附和形成沉淀的XAFS证据

采用批平衡法和X射线吸收精细结构光谱(XAFS)研究了碱性土壤吸附Pb的特性和机理.土壤对Pb的吸附过程表现出明显的非线性,符合Langmiur模型.XAFS分析表明土壤对Pb的吸附机制有三种:内圈吸附、形成含Pb碳酸钙(PbCaCO3)沉淀和外圈吸附.内圈吸附和形成PbCaCO3沉淀说明土壤中的碳酸钙对Pb具有强烈吸附作用.土壤对Pb的吸附随初始Pb浓度的增大(500～1 000 mg·L-1),第一配位层(Pb-O)半径减小(0.169 2～0.166 8 nm),说明内圈吸附比重加大.     

用XAFS谱研究隧道颗粒物中元素的种态

用XAFS谱研究了上海某隧道内外3个不同位置的PM₁₀颗粒物样品中铁和铅元素的化学种态.运用IFEFFIT程序对实验数据进行处理分析, 结果显示: 隧道不同位置的颗粒物中铁主要以氧化亚铁、硝酸铁、氧化铁和四氧化三铁的种态存在, FeO, Fe(NO₃)₃的含量, 随着隧道的不断深入, 百分比含量不断增加, 而Fe₂O₃却不断减少; 对于铅元素,主要以二氧化铅、硫酸铅、磷酸铅和少量的氧化铅的种态形式存在, 二氧化铅和硫酸铅的含量, 随着隧道的不断深入, 百分比含量不断增加, 磷酸铅则不断减少.     

基于光谱识别技术的土壤铁锰结核对镉的吸附行为研究

铁锰结核是具有高反应活性的矿物复合体;与海洋铁锰结核不同,土壤铁锰结核常在干湿交替、水气干扰条件下存在,形成了独具特色的地球化学特征.作为土壤"新生体",不同地区铁锰结核常表现出较大差异.研究典型区域土壤铁锰结核与重金属的结合行为,有助于深入了解铁锰结核的微生态属性,对于后续土壤的开发利用、保育改良、污染修复等都具有战...     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的土壤泥浆中Pb元素检测

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)作为一种新兴的元素分析技术,具有实时在线、非接触、多元素同时探测等渚多优点.将LIBS技术引入土壤泥浆重金属污染的检测分析,力图发展一种针对泥浆重金属污染监测的原位传感技术.实验选择Pb作为探测元素,Mn为内标元素;采用重复频率10 Hz的Nd:YAG调Q激光器的二倍频(532 nm)输出作为激发光源,OCD收集信号,对实验室配制的不同浓度Pb泥浆样品的LIBS信号进行了探测分析.获得了各种浓度下Pb泥浆样品在Pb 405.78 nm和Mn 403.07 nm处的原子线强度比IPb/IMn及其随浓度变化的规律.结果显示IPb/IMn与样品的含铅浓度有着很好的线性关系,线性拟合相关系数R2达到0.994 9.初步证实了采用内标法对土壤泥浆中重金属Pb进行LIBS检测分析的可行性.文章还对泥浆重金属LIBS检测的影响因素进行了讨论.     

XAFS和XRD研究高能球磨对Fe70Cu30合金结构的影响

利用XRD和XAFS方法研究机械合金化Fe70Cu30二元金属合金随球磨时间的结构变化.XRD结果表明,球磨2 h后,部分金属Fe与Cu生成Fe-Cu合金;球磨20h后,金属Fe与Cu已完全合金化生成Fe-Cu合金,并只在2θ=44°处出现一个宽化的弱衍射峰,认为是在球磨20h后的Fe70Cu30合金中共存着fcc和bcc结构的Fe-Cu合金相.XAFS结果进一步表明,在球磨的初始阶段(2h),fcc结构的Cu颗粒的晶格产生较大的畸变,其无序度σ(σ＝σT+σS)为0.0190nm.球磨5h后,部分fcc结构的Cu原子进入了无序度相对较小的bcc结构的α-Fe相,导致Cu原子的平均无序度σ降为0.0108 nm.球磨10h后,样品中很大比例的Fe原子处于fcc结构的Fe-Cu合金相,其无序度为σ=0.0119 nm;而大部分Cu原子依然保持fcc结构,无序度为σ=0.0110 nm.这是由于扩散到bcc结构α-Fe相的Cu原子超过某一浓度后(约30%-40%),Cu原子能诱导其产生fcc结构相变所致.球磨时间增加到20h,样品中Cu原子和Fe原子在fcc和bcc相的比例与球磨10h基本相同,生成的Fe-Cu合金混合相的组成和结构分别近似于bcc结构的Fe80Cu20和fcc结构的Fe60Cu40.     

壳聚糖对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机理研究

用壳聚糖(CTS)与硝酸铅在酸性介质中反应制备壳聚糖-Pb(Ⅱ),用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(IR)对壳聚糖、壳聚糖-Pb(Ⅱ)进行结构表征,探讨壳聚糖对Pb2+的吸附机理。研究表明,Pb2+与壳聚糖的—NH2发生了配位反应,而其中的—OH未参与反应。     

XAFS研究Ni-P和Ni-Ce-P超细非晶合金的退火晶化

采用原子配位分布函数为Gaussian函数Ｐ_G和指数函数P_E直积的非 对称模型进行拟合计算,XAFS定量地研究化学还原法制备的Ni-P和Ni-Ce-P超细非晶合金大 无序度体系中Ni原子的局域环境结构随退火温度升高而产生的变化.结果表明Ni-P和Ni-Ce-P 原样的Ni-Ni配位的平均键长Ｒ_j、配位数N、热无序度σ_T、结构无 序度σ_S分别为0271nm,100,00060nm,0028n 关键词： XAFS Ni-P Ni-Ce-P 超细非晶合金 局域结构     

荧光XAFS研究Si可稀浓度杂质的区域结构

荧光ＸＡＦＳ研究Ｓｉ晶体中等电子，缺电子和富电子杂质原子的区域环境结构。结果表明杂质原子的电子构型决定了杂质原子对Ｓｉ区域晶格形变的影响。相对于共价键长ＲＳｉ－Ｓｉ（０．２４０ｎｍ）来说，富电子杂质Ａｓ导致Ｓｉ晶格在Ｓｉ（１１１）方向的ＲＡｓ－Ｓｉ键长产生０．００４ｎｍ的反应增长，等电子杂质Ｇｅ的Ｒ－Ｇｒｅ－Ｓｉ和缺电子杂质Ｇａ和ＲＧａ－Ｓｉ键长收缩０．００２ｎｍ。     

ICP-MS研究黄河河曲段表层沉积物对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附-解吸特性

表层沉积物易于富集和释放水中重金属,是污染水体中重金属的源和汇,研究表明黄河河曲段水体中Pb和Cr重金属污染严重。以电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)为检测手段,研究了在优化实验条件下,黄河河曲段表层沉积物对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性和解吸特性。结果表明：黄河河曲段沉积物对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)具有较强的吸附作用,在吸附初始5 min时吸附率均达到98%以上,且是自发的吸热过程(ΔG<0,ΔH>0)。动力学实验显示,两种离子的吸附过程均符合准二级吸附动力学。等温吸附方程拟合发现,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmuir模型,而Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Freundlich模型。解吸过程符合Elovich方程,且受pH的影响较大。Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)二元体系竞争效应研究表明,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附率大于Cr(Ⅵ),且均低于单离子吸附率。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和孔径及比表面积分析显示,黄河河曲段表层沉积物表面结构不规则,且具有相对较高比表面积。该研究揭示了Pb(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)在黄河河曲段沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为,对评估沉积物污染风险和污染修复、掌握重金属离子与沉积物之间的作用机理具有一定指导意义。     

XAFS和XRD研究高能球磨对Fe70Cu30合金结构的影响

利用XRD和XAFS方法研究机械合金化Fe₇₀Cu₃₀二元金属合金随球磨时间的结构变化.XRD结果表明，球磨2 h后，部分金属Fe与Cu生成Fe-Cu合金；球磨20h后，金属Fe与Cu已完全合金化生成Fe-Cu合金，并只在2θ=44°处出现一个宽化的弱衍射峰，认为是在球磨20h后的Fe₇₀Cu₃₀合金中共存着fcc和bcc结构的Fe-Cu合金相.XAFS结果进一步表明，在球磨的初始阶段(2h)，fcc结构的Cu颗粒的晶 关键词： XAFS XRD 70Cu₃₀合金')" href="#">Fe₇₀Cu₃₀合金 机械合金化     

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) study of melt-spun Fe85Ga15 ribbons

The local structure in melt-spun Fe₈₅Ga₁₅ ribbons with a width ∼3 mm and thickness ∼60 μm produced in argon atmosphere was studied by analyzing EXAFS and XANES data. The following results were obtained: Ga–Ga bonds were not detected excluding the tendency to form clusters of Ga atoms; Ga substitutes Fe creating a local strain of about +1% on the first shell Fe–Ga bond, whereas on the second Fe–Ga shell strain quickly relaxes down to +0.3%; XANES spectra are compatible with a random substitution of Fe atoms by Ga atoms in the A2 structure. From the AFM investigation, we observed that at the surface (free side) of the ribbon the particles are elongated along the ribbon (∼2 μm×∼5 μm) and each particle is formed by small grains of average size of 200 nm.     

神光III原型上扩展X射线吸收精细结构谱实验研究

介绍了在大型激光装置上进行 扩展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)谱压缩物态参数测量的基本原理,以及为获得高质量EXAFS谱在神光III原型装置上进行的实验研究。实验采用玻璃靶球、CH靶丸和金球作为EXAFS谱测量的背光源,通过多发次叠加、光子数累积的方法获得了信噪比良好的金属Ti在常温常压下的EXAFS谱,数据处理结果表明,实验测得的金属Ti EXAFS谱拟合结果与同步辐射实验拟合结果相吻合,表明实验设计的正确性与可靠性。对实验结果的分析表明,影响EXAFS谱质量的因素主要是光子计数、测量系统谱分辨率、噪声以及实验器件上的瑕疵。

     

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of CaSO4:Dy phosphors

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements have been carried out on CaSO₄:Dy phosphors at the Dy L₃ edge with synchrotron radiation. The data have been analysed to find out the Dy-S and Dy-O bond lengths in the neighborhood of the Dy atoms. Measurements have been carried out over several samples thermally annealed for different cycles at 400 °C in air for 1 h and the change in bond lengths in samples with increasing number of annealing cycles have been studied by analyzing the EXAFS data.     

Effects of proton irradiation on structure of NdFeB permanent magnets studied by X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure

The effects of proton irradiation on the structure of NdFeB permanent magnet were investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The results reveal that proton irradiation has no effect on the long-range structure, but significantly affects the atomic local structure of the NdFeB magnet. The alignment degree of the magnet decreases and the internal stress of the lattice increases after proton irradiation. XAFS results show that the coordination number of Fe-Nd in the first neighboring coordination shell of the Fe atoms decreases and the disorder degree increases.     

Many-particle-effects in the theory of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure

The Lee-Beni-procedure for the calculation of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) is extended so as to include the effects of the electronic charge density outside the localized muffin-tin potentials. In our scheme EXAFS is caused by back-scattering of an elementary excitation of a homogeneous electron gas by localized energy dependent many-particle muffin-tin potentials. The difference between the two schemes is negligible at large k's, as expected from physical grounds. However, at small and intermediate k-values the difference is quite large. The effect of the outer electrons as compared to the Lee-Beni-model is twofold. First, they renormalize the scattered electron in the usual way. Second, they are missing within the scattering muffin-tins. Hence, we avoid to count some of the electrons twice. Results are presented for Cu as an example.     

X-ray absorption near-edge structure study on the configuration of Cu~(2+)/histidine complexes at different pH values

The local configurations around metal ions in metalloproteins are of great significance for understanding their biological functions. Cu~(2+)/histidine(His) is a typical complex existing in many metalloproteins and plays an important role in lots of physiological functions. The three-dimensional(3D) structural configurations of Cu~(2+)/His complexes at different p H values(2.5, 6.5, and 8.5) are quantitatively determined by x-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES). Generally Cu~(2+)/His complex keeps an octahedral configuration consisting of oxygen atoms from water molecules and oxygen or nitrogen atoms from histidine molecules coordinated around Cu~(2+). It is proved in this work that the oxygen atoms from water molecules, when increasing the p H value from acid to basic value, are gradually substituted by the Ocarboxyl, Nam,and Nimfrom hisitidine molecules. Furthermore, the symmetries of Cu~(2+)/His complexes at pH 6.5 and pH 8.5 are found to be lower than at pH 2.5.     

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure study of MnFeP_(0.56)Si_(0.44) compound

The Mn Fe P0.56Si0.44 compound is investigated by x-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements, and x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. It crystallizes in Fe2P-type structure with the lattice parameters a = b = 5.9823(0)  and c = 3.4551(1)  and undergoes a first-order phase transition at the Curie temperature of 255 K. The Fe K edge and Mn K edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectra show that Mn atoms mainly reside at 3g sites, while 3f sites are occupied by Fe atoms. The distances between the absorbing Fe atom and the first and second nearest neighbor Fe atoms in a 3f-layer shift from 2.65  and 4.01  in the ferromagnetic state to 2.61  and 3.96  in the paramagnetic phase. On the other hand, the distance between the 3g-layer and 3f-layer changes a little as 2.66 –2.73  below the Curie temperature and2.68 –2.75  above it.     

Effects of alloying elements on the electronic structure and ductility of NiAl compounds investigated by X-ray absorption fine structure

The Ni L_3,2-edge spectra of the pure Ni, pure NiAl and alloying-element-doped NiAl compounds were obtained by synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). Due to orbital hybridization effect, directional covalent-type bonds formed and decreased the ductility during forming NiAl. Combining the XAFS spectra analysis and electronegativity comparison, the effects of alloying elements on the electronic structure and then the ductility of the NiAl compounds were obtained. The results showed that Cr, Co, Mo, Ru and W doping could be beneficial to the ductility by both weakening the directional bonds along the <111> direction and enhancing the d–d interactions of the transition metals–Ni atom pair, namely by the transition from covalent bonds to metallic bonds which was beneficial for dislocation to migrate. The results agreed well with the available experimental data and other theoretical results, proving that the model linking the electronic structure and ductility is reliable and can be used as guidance for alloy design.     

High temperature extended x-ray absorption fine structure study of multiferroic BiFeO(3)

Local atomic structure modifications around Fe atoms in polycrystalline multiferroic BiFeO(3) are studied by Fe K edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy as a function of temperature across the Néel temperature (T(N)?=?643?K) in order to reveal local structure modifications related to the magnetic transition. This work demonstrates that on crossing T(N) the local structure around Fe shows peculiar changes: the Fe-O bond lengths get shorter, the ligand symmetry increases and the Fe-O bond length disorder (σ(2)) deviates from Debye behaviour. These results suggest that the structural transition at the ferroelectric Curie temperature (T(C)?=?1103?K) is anticipated by early local rearrangement of the structure starting already at T(N).     

Local structure of Fe-doped In 2 O 3 films investigated by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

$(\mathrm{In}_{1-x}\mathrm{Fe}_{x})_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ $(x=0.07, 0.09, 0.16, 0.22, 0.31)$ films were deposited on Si (100) substrates by RF-magnetron sputtering technique. The influence of Fe doping on the local structure of films was investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Fe K-edge and L-edge. For the $(\mathrm{In}_{1-x}\mathrm{Fe}_{x})_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ films with $x=0.07, 0.09 \mbox{ and } 0.16$ , Fe ions dissolve into $\mathrm{In}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ and substitute for $\mathrm{In}^{3+}$ sites with a mixed-valence state ( $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}/\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ ) of Fe ions. However, a secondary phase of Fe metal clusters is formed in the $(\mathrm{In}_{1-x}\mathrm{Fe}_{x})_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ films with $x=0.22 \mbox{ and } 0.31$ . The qualitative analyses of Fe-K edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) reveal that the Fe–O bond length shortens and the corresponding Debye–Waller factor ( $\sigma^{2}$ ) increases with the increase of Fe concentration, indicating the relaxation of oxygen environment of Fe ions upon substitution. The anomalously large structural disorder and very short Fe–O distance are also observed in the films with high Fe concentration. Linear combination fittings at Fe L-edge further confirm the coexistence of $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ with a ratio of ${\sim}3:2$ ( $\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}: \mathrm{Fe}^{3+}$ ) for the $(\mathrm{In}_{1-x}\mathrm{Fe}_{x})_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ film with $x=0.16$ . However, a significant fraction ( ${\sim}40~\mbox{at\%}$ ) of the Fe metal clusters is found in the $(\mathrm{In}_{1-x}\mathrm{Fe}_{x})_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ film with $x=0.31$ .